臺灣

實驗發現，在高溫並排鋸條之齒面上可以形成懸浮水珠，而水珠具有爬坡的現象。當鋸條齒面溫度達四百度且鋸條傾斜角低於二十度時，水滴均可向上爬坡，特別的是，角度在十二度內，大小水滴的爬升速度皆有隨著角度提高而變快的趨勢，且質量較小的水珠爬升速率較快。 水珠之所以能向上爬坡與其表面受熱快速蒸發和齒廓曲線有關。首先，水珠因受熱在周圍形成一層很薄的蒸氣層，阻隔熱的傳遞，使得在鋸齒面上可以形成懸浮水珠，持續一段時間而不會立即蒸發；而水珠爬坡的現象，肇因於蒸氣壓力和蒸發所產生的反向動量，配合不對稱的齒廓曲線，造成水珠會受到一個沿斜坡向上之淨力，進而可以爬坡。綜合前述的原因，我們可以合理的解釋各項實驗結果。

無疣蝎虎（Hemidactylus bowringii）與蝎虎（Hemidactylus freuatus）分類上屬蜥蜴目守宮科蝎虎屬，為本島住家附近常見且生態地位相近的壁虎，近年來因人為因素使原本有地理區隔的兩種壁虎在北部地區產生共域現象。本研究利用問卷來調查兩種壁虎分佈狀況，並用「體型大小」、「食物競爭能力」兩種指標，設計實驗評估種間競爭程度，來探討兩種居家壁虎種間競爭程度。問卷調查及物種採集結果顯示，在台北市各行政區確實存在共域現象，且分佈數量互有消長。體型大小比較上，蝎虎體型較無疣蝎虎稍大，但在統計上無顯著差異。食物競爭能力強弱比較上，以斷尾後尾巴增長量為指標，結果兩者大致相等，無顯著差異。綜合以上研究結果，顯示兩者共域後會出現種間競爭現象，程度大致相等，有互相消長現象。Hemidactylus bowringii and Hemidactylus freuatus are commonly seen in Taiwan, and their habitats are very near the area people live. Recently, two species have inhabited the same or overlapped geographical areas in northern Taiwan. This sympatric phenomenon resulted from the geographical isolation being broken by people. This research investigated their distributions in Taipei city by using questionnaire, and evaluated the degree of interspecific competitions by using indexes of the body size comparison and the food competition to design our experiments.According to results of questionnaire and animal sampling, two geckos did inhabit closely in some areas in Taipei city, and their population distributions were changing with time. According to the result of the body size comparison, Hemidactylus freuatus is bigger than Hemidactylus bowringii. But there is not a statistically significant difference between two species. The degree of food competition of two species was all square. In summary, it was occurred the interspecific competition between Hemidactylus bowringii and Hemidactylus freuatus, and the degree of competitions was almost equal.

在我們週遭環境中常可見到許多種類的植物，然而可以叫出名字的卻少之又少，或許我們可以查閱植物百之類的書籍，但是這類書籍通常多不在手邊，就算有了植物百科，也不易翻到顯示該種植物的正確章節。假如我們可以將想要認識的植物葉片影像取得後，透過網路將該影像傳送至植物葉片資料庫查詢，經過電腦的自動分析辨識後，再將結果傳送回來，這樣不是比查閱植物百科方便多了嗎？本研究提出一種利用輸入葉片的影像來進行植物資料庫辨識查詢的方法，藉著兩階段處理的策略及最佳權重組合式的特徵值來調校系統，以達到較佳的整體辨識效能，從實驗測試的結果得知，我們的策略與方法確實有效，有82%的查詢葉片可以被精確的辨識出來，而每次查詢的平均反應時間只要17.22 秒。In our living environment, there are many kinds of plants, but we can only name a few. We may consult an encyclopedia about plants, we always can’t find any encyclopedia with us. Besides, even if we have one, it won’t be easy to find out the proper section or the exact page immediately. How should we solve this problem? One significant improvement can be expected if the plant recognition can be carried out by a computer. First, we take a picture of the unknown plant’s leaf. Then, we transmit this image into a leaf database to recognize. After the recognition we will get the answer easily. By using a computer-aided leaf recognition system, non-professionals can also identify many plant species. Isn’t it much more convenient than checking the encyclopedia? In this study, we present an efficient method for leaf database retrieval by inputting leaf images. We use a two-stage approach and combined features with optimized weight to adjust the system to get the best system performance. The result of the experiment shows that our approach is workable and efficient. 82% leaves of the query images can be recognized accurately. And in general, the average response time only takes 17.22 sec per query.

本研究分析1960~2009年侵襲臺灣的165個颱風資料，探討颱風的強度、降雨量、路徑、聖嬰與反聖嬰的變化情況。比較前後二十五年資料顯示：1.侵臺颱風的次數略有增加，颱風生成的區域有擴大的趨勢，但雨量無顯著差異（t=0.68，P>0.05）；2.在南海區域生成的颱風有增加的趨勢；3.東向西的颱風移動路徑降雨量有增加趨勢。4.聖嬰與反聖嬰年時，侵襲臺灣的颱風較少，但聖嬰年的颱風降雨量顯著高於平時年（F＝3.25，P

一顆純水水滴落在水面上通常會立刻與水面結合，但當液滴以固定高度朝向有界面活性劑的液面釋放時，這顆水滴會較在沒有添加界面活性劑的水面上時生存更久。根據統計結果，不同釋放高度和界面活性劑的有無及水滴大小均會影響水滴的生存期。當液面垂直振動或是被風吹動時，因為水滴和液面之間的氣墊會不斷地被更新，結合的時間可以被延長。當液面垂直振動時，可觀察到漂浮水滴在液面上產生上下振動、在2點間來回運動(束縛)、行進、跳動等運動行為，在運動期間水滴本身也會伴隨著振盪變形。當水滴在振動液面產生行進所對應的加速度門檻值，在特定頻率下會出現極小值，此時水滴與水浴會形成共振現象。當兩顆漂浮液滴在垂直振動的液面互相靠近時，除了會有結合、彈開的現象外，兩者間也會產生互繞質心轉動及排斥的現象。漂浮水滴在振動液面上的多種運動現象很類似Couder’s團隊針對在油面上跳動油滴(walker)所做的研究，但兩者間仍然存在著差異。

自從九二一集集大地震以後，中、小學對於防震教育是更加的重視，一次又一次的防震演習\r 還不夠，還讓學生到地震演練室去體會更逼真的地震實境。在地震演練室的下面就有一個六\r 軸動感平台，六軸動感平台的運作是各軸的伸縮長度不同而模擬地震的，而用彈簧製成的震\r 動台也可以達到模擬地震的效果，去做一些關於地震的研究實驗。地震有各種不同的震動方\r 式，多半是垂直的上下移動或是水平移動，不同的地震對於相同的建築物的影響也有所不同；\r 而地面上有各式各樣的建築物，有的高有的低，所以相同的地震對於不同的建築物的影響也\r 會有差別。\r Since the disastrous Earthquake 921 happened three years ago, the primary schools and junior high\r schools have stressed on the anti-earthquake education and training. Except for the anti-earthquake\r drills they take the students to an earthquake show room to experience more realistic earthquakes.\r Beneath the earthquake show room there’s a 6 degree of freedom Steward platform. The platform\r simulates the earthquakes by varying the length of the 6 axis. We also designed a platform by springs to\r simulate the earthquakes. There’re several types of earthquakes mostly horizontal or vertical .\r Different earthquakes have different effects on the same buildings. Earthquakes of the same amplitude\r will have different effects on different buildings.

本研究利用偏振片、量角器為刻度盤、雷射光為光源，及照度計為偵測器，組裝一個簡易且可靠的旋光度計。我們利用單位時間旋光度的變化量當作反應速率，來測量蔗糖的水解速率，同時求出蔗糖水解反應的反應級數、速率常數(k)。利用糖類的旋光度具有加成性之特性，找出不同混合比例時的旋光度，追蹤實際蔗糖水解的每個狀態，找出最後平衡狀態，同時將蔗糖水解平衡結果顯示，旋光度與濃度有線性關係，而蔗糖水解反應對蔗糖而言為一級反應。接著，我們在蔗糖水溶液中加入不同種類的酸，探討催化劑的種類與蔗糖水解反應速率的關係。 In this research, in order to measure the optical rotation accurately without expensive equipments or complex process, we assembled a polarimeter by ourselves. With simple materials which can be found in ordinary senior high school laboratories, including a calibrated scale, a simple Luxmeter, a laser as the photo source, and other side devices. The Polarimeter ended up operating fluently and accurately. We put the laser under a tube, which has two pieces of polar screens on the top of it and on the bottom of it, ,and put a luxmeter just above the tube. When we slowly rotate the polar screen on the top, the figure shown on the luxmeter changes. By numerical analysis, we can get information about the hydrolysis of polarized substance. Secondary, we measured the optical rotation of glucose, fructose, malt sugar, galactose, and sucrose to get their specific rotation. Then we measured the optical rotation of sucrose every five minutes. By doing this, we could keep track of the hydrolysis rate of sucrose, figure out the order of reaction, and the rate constant (k) and the equilibrium constant (K). Thirdly, we used different kinds of acids into sucrose solution as the catalyst, and observed the effect. The result showed that hydrochloric acid is a better catalyst to this reaction than sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The polarimeter of this research can be used in science education of junior and senior high school. By teaching students to assemble and operate the self-made polarimeter, students can know better about optical rotation and polarized substance. Also, the interest in this experiement will add to students’ motivation to do science research.

安德遜蠅虎的卵期和幼蛛期共約需 22~26 天，需經歷 6 齡（6 次脫皮）而成年，每齡需要時間為23~32 天，從卵期到成蛛約3~4 個月左右，成蛛約可再活 3~5 個月，為不完全變態。安德遜蠅虎喜歡在食物充足和陰暗的草叢和牆壁底層活動，能適應的溫度範圍在 15~33℃之間。安德遜蠅虎的行為項目目前已知 14 種，其中 4 種與捕食行為有關（例如：頭胸部升降、潛行、撲擊、迂迴），3 種與爭鬥行為有關（例如：Z形舞蹈1、前足斜舉、奔逃）；5 種與求偶行為有關（例如：觸肢擺動、前足斜舉、繞行、Z 形舞蹈 2、交尾） 。但牠不獵捕比自己體型過大的獵物，主要以小型蠅類或彈尾蟲為食，其捕食獵物主要靠視覺或感覺毛，中前眼最遠可看到超過12cm距離的東西，跳躍力最遠可跳出15cm 的距離。對於蠅虎的分佈區域就觀察提出【蠅虎集中發散推論】 ：一區域內的各種蠅虎，必有其集中地。各種蠅虎由其集中地向外發散、擴張形成發散地，並與其他種蠅虎勢力範圍重合，形成多種蠅虎共存的共存區。Hasarius adansoni’s egg development and postembryonic development require 22~26 days. It takes 6 stadiums to become adults. Every stadium needs 23~32 days . The adults can live to about 3~5 months . There are 3~4 months from egg development to adult. Hasarius adansoni like to move in grass and at the bottom of wall where there is plenty of food and no light.The scope of temperature is 15℃ to 33℃.There are 14 elements of behaviors known for Hasarius adansoni, including 4 predatory elements（such as Raise andlowered cephalothorax、Stalk、Leap and bit、Detour） , 3 agonistic behavior elements （such as Zigzag dance 1、First leg erect、Suddenly run and leap）, and 5 courtship behavior elements（such as Palp waving、First leg erect、Circular detour、Zigzag dance 2、Copulation）.But they don’t catch captures which are bigger than themselves；their main captures are little flies and Homidia sp. Relying on their vision and sensation hair，Hasarius adansoni’s Anterior Median eyes can identify for up to 12cm；long jump can for up to 12cm. The inference of jumping spider’s distribution could be that different species of jumping spiders in an area are sure to have their respective center habitats. They spread from the center habitats to disseminated areas. Then they overlap with those of their species and form a shared section of multiple species.

長期以來，臨床研究發現會影響人類胚胎的正常發育，造成胚胎畸形、成長遲緩等現象，稱為胎兒酒精症候群（fetal alcohol syndrome），但是其病理機制仍不清楚。最近的研究發現斑馬魚胚胎對於酒精有非常靈敏的反應，出現明顯的發育異常現象，例如心臟膨大、眼睛縮小、骨頭變形等現象，與人類胎兒酒精症候群相似，顯示斑馬魚非常適合作為研究胎兒酒精症候群的模式動物。在本實驗中，我們針對酒精影響視網膜神經發育的現象進行探討，並且也利用基因晶片篩選出胚胎發育時期受酒精影的的基因轉錄子，藉以了解酒雞造成胚胎畸形發育的機制。實驗結果顯示在眼睛發育過程中，1.5% 酒精浸泡會抑制視網膜神經細胞的分層（Lamination），而進一步利用RNA定位雜交的方式以眼睛的標示基因rx1、pax6b、six3b、alpha-crystallin、rho、neuroＤ、huC觀察他們的表現，發現酒精會減少視網膜神經細胞的分化，造成眼睛發育的缺陷。在基因晶片的分析中，我們發現酒精處理會抑制許多控制眼睛發育的基因調控子的表現，包括了crx、rybp、irx4a、optx2、rx1、brn3b1 與 vsx1等，此外約有16%的眼睛相關基因液受到酒精的抑制，遠高於其他基因受抑制的比例，顯示眼睛是酒精傷害最嚴重的區域之一。我們從實驗結果得知酒精並未對胚胎發育初期眼睛的發育造成明顯的影響，但是隨後由於控制細胞分化的幾個重要基因受到酒精抑制作用，造成視網膜神經細胞的分化停止，引起眼睛的異常發育的情況。It was known that prenatal alcohol exposure may cause serious birth defects and developmental disabilities. The molecular mechanism of this fetal alcohol syndrome still remains unclear. Here we used zebrafish embryo as a model to investigate the toxic effect of alcohol in retinal development. The histochemical analysis revealed that the cell lamination was prohibited by alcohol incubation. It appears that the retinal cell differentiation was inhibited. As revealed by whole mount RNA in situ hybridization, it appears that the transcription of a number of retinal-related regulatory genes, including rx1, pax6b, six3b, alpha-crystallin, rho, neuroD and huC, were all inhibited in zebrafish embryo by alcohol exposure. The transcriptional profile of alcohol-exposed embryos was also compared with normal embryos by microarray analysis at different stages. It appears that 16% of retinal-related genes were all repressed by 1.5% alcohol incubation, including several retina-related transcriptional factors, including crx, rybp, irx4a, optx2, rx1, brn3b1and vsx1. Our results suggest that alcohol did not interfere the early development of the eye, but has inhibited the final cell differentiation of retina cells. This study helps us understand the molecular mechanism of alcohol-mediated retinal malformation.

本文藉由模糊數學理論所提的分類方式，來設計一套對於DNA序列的分類方法，並利用了40筆人工已分完的樣本，分別作為測試及學習樣本。\r 發現可以順利的將每筆DNA序列中的鹼基每3個一組轉成胺基酸序列，再利用模糊分類方式將所有胺基酸序列進行分類，最後並利用原先滾動方式的環狀排列方式，來對同一筆鹼基的3組胺基酸資料進行檢核，發現可以有效提高分類的正確性。\r 之後我們再利用182筆自然樣本進行檢檢，也發現模糊分類方式亦可正確完成此次分類結果。