全國中小學科展

臺灣

探討多人玩的井字棋_Otrio是否有必勝方法

傳統井字棋在兩人不犯錯的情況下遊戲會平手;另外2款傳統井字棋的延伸版:奇雞連連與棋蹟連連,有人研究過,當玩家都擁有全部種類的棋子時,遊戲是不公平的。 因此,傳統井字棋是公平,但變化少;而兩款井字棋延伸版變化多,但先手必勝;因此,我們想研究的是四人版的井字棋Otrio,且玩家都分別有大中小棋可以連線。 為了研究是否公平,我們設計了動態棋譜,根據場上狀況自動評估得分,玩家可依據下棋,評估的標準是連線數量與阻擋機會,而我們透過這方式研究,可以節省掉製作全部可能樹狀圖的任務,以更有效的方式研究是否公平,而目前為止,我們發現兩人遊戲是先手必勝,但在三人與四人遊戲中,先手玩家沒有絕對優勢會必勝,所以遊戲具可玩價值。

具備節能協定之智慧型開關裝置的設計與研究

本研究參考智慧型3C產品之節能協定,將其應用於電源開關裝置上,此開關裝置將具備工作模式、待機模式及睡眠模式,利用此三種模式並結合即時輪詢的技術,發展出適合智慧型節能開關裝置的節能協定,達到全自動且節能的目標。此智慧型節能開關裝置主要包括固態開關電路、電流感測電路、RC濾波器電路以及控制電路,本研究針對上述幾種主要電路進行電路的研究及實作,並建立模擬的電路模型,根據此模型設計出完整的智慧型節能開關裝置,進行其節能效率及未來大量應用的可行性分析。經過實作證明,此種具備節能協定的智慧型節能開關的確能有效地省下家電待機耗電,與市面上不具備節能協定的開關相比,有更高的使用便利性。

兄弟樹性質探討 - 偶完全三連結、漢米頓可蕾斯圖

設n 為正整數,引人興趣的兄弟樹BT(n)是由高欣欣和徐力行教授不久前在[10]所提出的三正則二分圖。本報告證明在兄弟樹BT(n)中,任兩異色點之間存在三條連結線,彼此不相交且經過所有的點;若除去圖中任一點,則與此點同色之任意兩點之間也存在三條連結線,且彼此不相交並經過所有的點。此外,證明在BT(n)中,任兩異色點之間存在一條路徑並經過圖中所有點;若除去圖中任一點,則與此點異色之任意兩點之間也存在一條路徑並經過圖中所有點。除此之外,還證明兄弟樹中存在一漢米頓圈經過任三條邊。

斬不斷,理還亂—方塊切割

看到環球城市數學競賽2003年春季賽國中組試題中,一題有關方格遊戲的問題: \r \r 在一塊9 × 9的正方形方格紙板中,最多可以挑選幾個小方格, \r 使得沿著這些小方格的二條對角線割開後,原正方形方格紙板 \r 不會分裂為二片或二片以上(即沒有小片紙板會從原正方形紙板 \r 中“掉下來”)?\r \r 原題目雖然只有一種圖形解,但我們發覺在其他方格紙板中,圖形解不一,在對幾個圖形分析和研究過後,發覺“似乎”有其特定作圖法,而且可挑選的小方格數也頗有發展的地方,令我們覺得相當有趣,而且此題目和之前看過方格類的問題不大一樣,因此,決定以此問題當作科展主題,加以延伸、研究,自我挑戰。

新網路模式對抗無尺度流行病傳染A New Network Model to Fight Against Scale-Free Epidemi

流行病的傳染如同一個無尺度網路,但有一些特殊特性在發展一套新傳播模式時,是需要被詳加考慮的。我採用時間位移(t 與ti 分別以t?(ti?1)與ti?(ti?1)來取代)至無尺度網路模式中,再引入一個非連續強力函數H(t; ti?1, L+ti?1)來描述流行病傳播的特定時段與強度,並重新定義機率p 為無效傳染率。之後,我建立了新模式「無尺度流行病模式」-SFE-1與SFE-2。模擬六種病原的傳染途徑,結果證實SFE-1與SFE-2模式是正確與確切可用。案例研究結果,顯示傳染強度H可為固定值或為變數;p可以是一固定值、雙固定值或為新增病例的函數。更進一步解析美國AIDS病例在不同族群與行為上的差異,獲知亞裔/太平洋裔與印第安人/阿拉斯加人的H值低於其他族群,其原因可能是由於小的族群具有較高的接觸所致。異性性接觸的H值低於其他,顯示性交易是傳播HIV的主要途徑。SFE-1與SFE-2模式也可被用在流行病的預測上,因為SFE-2使用已知值而非估算值,所以SFE-2模擬結果較佳;但是SFE-1更可以明確提供一個流行病在失控或控制下的預測結果。無尺度流行病模式可以協助所需警戒的程度與政策決定的計畫結果。因此在幫助政府評估社會經濟成本與健康憂慮上是一個有用的工具。所以我提出一個確切可行的對抗無尺度流行病傳染新方法,並詳細說明運作流程。The course of epidemics resembles a scale-free network, but some specific elements should be considered in developing a new model. I introduced a time shifting (replacing t and ti by t?(ti?1) and ti?(ti?1)) and a discontinuous forcing function H(t; ti?1, L+ti?1) into the scale-free network model to fit the specific period and intensity of the infection, and redefined the probability p as an invalid infection rate. Then I proposed the new Scale-Free Epidemic Models, SFE-1 and SFE-2. The simulation results of six types of epidemic transmission showed that the SFE models were accurate and useful. In the case studies, the results showed that H were constant or variable, and p were a fixed constant, a dual constant, or a function of new addition cases in the epidemic periods. The further studies for comparisons of the difference races/ethnics and the difference transmission category of AIDS cases in USA were analyzed. The H value for Asian/Pacific and Indian/Alaska Native race were lower than others, it may be due to small clusters with constant high contact rates. The H value for heterosexual contact was lower than the others, indicating that whoredom was the main transmission for HIV. Both SFE models can be used to predict epidemics, SFE-2 is better than SFE-1 due to SFE-2 using given indices and not conjectured values, but SFE-1 can more clearly suggest results of epidemics when under control or not. SFE models can help the government to determine the level of caution needed and the projected results of policy decisions. They are useful tools in assisting to balance socio-economic and health concerns. I hereby propose a new method to fight against epidemics with detailed procedures of using the SFE models.

高中各學期成績與指定考科相關性

在升學主義越來越興盛的社會中,考試成績成為人人關心的重點,這\r 次研究就是藉由數理資優班同學的各學期在校成績和指定考科成\r 績,透過迴歸分析,找出各學期成績與指考成績之間的關係,並利用\r 圖表來解釋各種科目在各學期的課程,在高中三年所學的重要性,在\r 藉由此結果,希望能對目前老師的教育重點及學生學習方式能有所幫\r 助,亦可了解學生在高中求學過程中,哪些階段對指考成績較有正面\r 影響,進而強化該學習階段,以有助在指定考科時能充分發揮所學。\r \r In a society that emphasize on degrees, examination scores become the\r spotlight, and the ultimate goal for a high school student who had worked\r so hard for three years is to achieve high scores in the J.C.E.E. In the\r three years of high school, each subject has different topics each semester,\r but which semester has the most decisive effect on the J.C.E.E. score?\r This research is to study the effect of each semester on the J.C.E.E. by\r analyzing the grades of a science and math talented class in Senior High\r School using Regression analysis to find out the connections between\r term grades and the J.C.E.E. Then finding out which term grades had the\r most decisive effect in each subject. By using the result, we hope it can\r help teachers in their teaching and students in their learning. Also, it can\r provide the information about which stage in high school has positive\r effects on J.C.E.E. grades, therefore enabling students to emphasize on\r that stage in order to perform well on the J.C.E.E.

長方體中切割正立方體之研究

在1940 年代,Bouwkamp 提出一系列有關如何將矩形切割成若干個正方形的研究報告,但是如何找出正方形個數最少的方法仍是長久以來懸而未決的問題。在本研究報告中,首先引進「四角切割」的方法,並結合輾轉相除法的概念,來研究矩形的切割問題。我們的方法能大幅度降低正方形的個數,也適合做為此問題的上界函數。有關如何在長方體中切割出正立方體的組合,我們也將輾轉相除法的概念延伸到三維空間,進而建立所切割出最少個正立體數的一個上界模式。此外,藉由四角切割概念的延伸,我們也發現這個上界亦可再予修正。In 1940’s, Bouwkamp proposed the study of dissecting squares from rectangles. Among the study, the problem of the least number of dissected squares has been open for decades. In this project, we first propose a corner dissection method, associated with the famous Euclidean algorithm. By reducing nearly three fourths of the number dissected by the primitive Euclidian algorithm, our method indeed establish a suitable upper bound of the minimal number of dissected squares from the given rectangles Meanwhile, the Euclidean algorithm has also been considered to dissect the cubes from cuboids. We analyze the fundamental properties of the method and establish a prototype of upper bound function for the minimal number of dissected cubes. Moreover, the method of corner dissection has also been implemented for some cuboids, which also exhibits the acceptable improvement being a suitable upper bound.

「膠」流電-黏度及外加電壓對電解質溶液離子暫穩態通道之影響

在本次實驗中,我發現膠狀電解質溶液中的帶電離子,會因為離子團的熱運動,和電偶極的庫倫吸引力 (electric dipole) 的交互作用下,使溶液的I-V curve (電流-電壓曲線),具有類似磁滯曲線(Hysteresis curve) 的效果;而膠狀溶液之濃度越高,電解起始點的對應I-V 值也越大。此外,白金電極與銅箔電極的距離若改變,也會使溶液的I-V curve 變的不一樣。另一方面,我也發現,在給予膠狀電解質溶液一緩慢外加的電壓或衝擊電壓並持續維持此一定額外加電壓時,會因為該溶液的黏度持續增高、帶電離子濃度增高且反應不斷變化下,而使該溶液的對應電壓,形成一重複出現「先降-後升-再降」的震盪現象,且電壓值節節升高。最後,我利用掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)及能量分散光譜儀(EDS)觀察銅箔電極之表面變化並分析其上之化學組成,藉此嘗試解釋上述這些有趣的現象。In this experiment, with the interaction of the heating action of ionic atmosphere and electric dipole, I find that ions in the gel make the I-V curve in the colloid electrolyte liquor show up with the effect similar to Hysteresis curve. The higher concentration of the colloidal solution, the bigger value of I-V at the initial electrolysis reaction was found. Furthermore, the shape of I-V curve is dependent on the distance between platinum electrode and cupper electrode. On the other hand, I find that when I apply a gradual extra-voltage or a fast extra-voltage to the colloidal electrolyte solutions and then maintain to a fixed value, this will make a unique ‘two peaks’ state oscillation of corresponding voltage. The reason is owing to the climbing viscosity and ion concentration in the solution. With the methods of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), I observe the change and analyze the components of chemicals on the surface of the cupper electrodes. Finally, I present the interesting results and try to interpret these phenomena.

「鹽」來不一樣――碳酸鹽與鹽酸反應特性之研究

本研究主要是釐清碳酸鹽類與鹽酸反應後的吸放熱現象。以實驗室常見的三種藥品碳酸鈣、碳酸鈉和碳酸氫鈉做為探討對象,並自製暗箱,結合感測器測量反應後的二氧化碳、濕度和水溫,經過反覆實驗後,發現(一)異相和均相反應的結果不完全相同,吸放熱與物質狀態有關,特別是碳酸氫鈉,不宜簡化成“酸+鹼必放熱”的論述。(二)異相反應時,碳酸鈣和碳酸氫鈉有粉塵效應,但碳酸鈉的粉塵效應不明顯。(三)比較溼度與二氧化碳的變化曲線,可說明碳酸鹽與鹽酸反應產生的水主要是以液態為主,可以清楚輔助說明化學反應式的狀態。 綜上所述,本研究自製的觀測器,不僅可以即時監測化學變化,還可驗證物質的基本反應熱和狀態的特性。

顆粒體對流現象之探討