黑暗的力量
We study the magic power of dark energy and dark matter by using theoretical derivation and numerical simulations. We found that: 1. The dark energy will gain kinetic energy from the moving dark matter through gravitational interaction. Due to the law of energy conservation, the motion of the dark matter will slow down and satisfy Ek(t)−Ek0 ∝ρDE1.92 t, where Ek(t) is the kinetic energy of the dark matter, Ek0 is its initial kinetic energy, ρDE is the energy density of the dark energy, and t is the time. 2. The formation history and the structure of galaxies will be different due to the existence of dark energy. The more the dark energy, the earlier the formation of the galaxy core. In addition, the kinetic energy Ek(R) as a function of R will be different if the ρDE is different. Thus we can observationally measure the Ek(R) of galaxies, compare it will our results here, and then deduce the ρDE in our universe. The results here can be applied to the observations in the near future.
我們藉由理論的推導,配合電腦模擬的手段,來探討宇宙中黑暗物質和黑暗能量的神祕力量。我們發現:一、黑暗能量會透過重力交互作用而從運動中的黑暗物質獲得力學能,而且因力學能守恆,致使黑暗物質的速率減慢,滿足 Ek(t)−Ek0 ∝ρDE1.92 t, 其中 Ek(t) 為黑暗物質的動能, Ek0 為其初始動能, ρDE 為黑暗能量的密度,t 為時間。二、星系的形成過程及結構,會因黑暗能量的存在而改變。黑暗能量越多時,星系的核心會越早形成。而且動能 Ek(R) 隨著至星系中心距離 R 的變化,會因 ρDE 的不同而不同,因此可以試圖量測宇宙中星系的 Ek(R) ,然後和這裡的結果比對,即可推導出宇宙中的 ρDE 。這些研究成果,將可直接應用在未來的觀測結果上。
電解與磁場的秘密.
金屬離子在磁場中的流動速率會略有改變,尤其是在強磁場中時,其影響更是顯著,即 【MHD 磁流動效應】,造成整體電解液中離子的流動,此流動比擴散速率佔優勢。再利用「磁 矩」具有向量性質,探討不同金屬離子(Na+、K+、Fe3+、Al3+、Mg2+)及MnO4 -在磁場角度 相同但強度不同的情況下;及磁場角度不同但強度相同的情況下,對電解速率的影響。 經實驗發現有以下結論: 一、由法拉第電解第一定律出發,加以實驗數據分析,可推導出一關係式: 電解速率Rρ= k ×∫〈∣H 向量∣×∣cosθ∣〉×∣E 向量∣ (k 單位:g / C˙weber˙s) 二、電解效率隨價數增高而增快。 三、較強的電解質,其對磁場的感應也越大,如果就同一族而言,往 下其活性越強,對磁場的感應也越強。 The flowing rate of Metal ion changes slightly in magnetic field. This influence is especially remarkable while the magnetic force is very strong, that’s【MHD (magneto Hydrodynamic Effect ), which gives rise to ionic flowing all over the electrolyte. This flowing rate is superior to expanding rate. Further, basing on the magnetic torque ’s vector trait, this research studies how electrolysis velocity affects different metal ions (Na+、K+、Fe3+、Al3+、Mg2+) and MnO4 - under following situations: Some results are found through the experiment. 1. Begin with Farad Electrolysis First Law, and take the experimental analysis into account, then a relative formula comes out as bellow. Electrolysis Rate Rρ= k ×∫〈∣H∣×∣cosθ∣〉×∣E∣ (k:g / C˙weber˙s) 2. Electrolysis efficiency accelerates by the increasing price amount. 3. Active electrolytes get strong response to the magnetic field. For the same group, the more active the electrolytes are, the stronger it responds to magnetic filed.
變形的橢圓—從距離及距離和談起
給定一平面E,A為平面上一點。取r>0,則我們知道到其距離為定值的點形成一圓,而A為此圓圓心。如果把A改成一平面圖形,則到其距離為定值的點形成的集合會是什麼樣子?類似地,給定平面上兩焦點F1及F2在平面上,則到其距離和為定值的點形成橢圓。同樣的,若把F1及F2改成平面圖形,其圖形會是什麼樣子?藉著GSP的輔助,到目前為止,我們得到了以下的結果: \r 1. 給定一平面E及此平面上的一個凸多邊形, 我們描繪出在此平面上到此凸多邊形之距離為定值的點所形成的圖形。\r 2. 設F1和F2分別為平面E上之點或線段或多邊形(未必是凸多邊形),我們利用包絡線描繪出所有滿足d(P,F1)+d(P,F2)=k(k夠大)的點所形成的圖形。 \r 3. 設C1,C2為平面E上之兩圓,我們討論所有滿足 d(P,C1)+d(P,C2)=k\r (k夠大)的點形成的圖形並討論其性質。 \r 4. 設L1和L2分別為平面E上之兩線段,我們討論所有滿足d(P,L1)+d(P,L2)=k(k夠大)的點形成的圖形並討論其性質。 \r 5. 設A為平面E上之一點,Γ為平面上一凸多邊形,我們討論所有滿足d(P,A)+D(P,Γ)=k(k夠大)的點形成的集合並討論其特性。 \r 6. 藉由和圓作比較,我們研究了變形圓的光學性質;而對變形橢圓也做類似的討論。\r Let E be a plane and A a fixed point on E. Given , it is known that all of the points on E with distance to 0r>rA form a circle and the point A is called the center of this circle. What is the corresponding graph if we replace the point A with a set (for example,a segament or a polygon) contained in FE? Similarly, what is the case when we modify the two focuses and in the definition of an ellcpse to sets and (or example,two segments or two polygons) contained in 1F2F1F2FE ? Taking advantages of GSP and analytic geomety, we research related situations and so far we have obtained the following results:\r 1. Let Γ?E be a segment, a convex polygon or a circle , etc. and r>0 be fixed. We sketch the graph of points on E with distance r to Γ and study properties of such graphs.\r 2. Let F1 and F2 be singletons, line segments , polygons(may not be convex), or circles,etc., on E Taking advantage of envelopes, we sketch the graph of those points P on E satisfying d(P,F1)=k(K>0 is large enough).\r 3. Let C1 and C2 be circles on 1C2CE. We sketch the graph of the points P on E that satisfiy d(P,C1)6d(P,C2)=k (k>0 is large enough) and study properties of this graph.\r 4. Let L1 and L2 be two line segments on E and be a large enough constant. We sketch the graph of points P on E that satisfy d(P,L1)+d(P,L2)=k(k >0is large enough) and research properties of this graph. 0k>\r 5. Let A?E and be a convex polygon on ΓE. We sketch the graph of points on E that satisfy d(P,L1)+d(P,L2)=k(k>0 is large enough) and research properties of this graph.\r 6.We compare the optical properties of metamorphic circles with circles and we deal with metamorphic ellipses similiarly.
會變色的金屬—神奇的奈米科技
本報告研究內容,是利用電化學氧化還原方法合成金、銀、銅三種奈米粒子,以及探討電流是否會影響電解合成奈米粒子,在前半部成功地利用控制電解的部份條件,如界面活性劑、以及電流值大小,而合成出金、銀、銅三種奈米粒子,利用UV-VIS的光譜分析,鑑定其三種奈米粒子不同的吸收波長,其光譜出現吸收的現象是因為金屬表面特殊的表面電漿共振吸收現象而產生的。但是在本實驗中發現在UV-VIS的光譜中,電壓值的大小對金奈米粒子吸收波長並沒有關係,這些奈米粒子在水溶液中藉由界面活性劑的包覆,而溶解的相當好。 The content of thesis focuses on using electrochemistry oxidation-reduction reaction to synthesis gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles. We confer whether current of the electrolysis is an influence for the synthesis of nanoparticles. We succeed in synthesizing nanoparticle by controlling some terms of the electrolysis, like the micelle concentration, and current value. Using UV-VIS spectrum to analyse wavelength of three kinds of nanoparticles. The special phenomenon of absorption spectra is appeared because the surface plasma resonance on the surface of metal. From the UV-Vis spectra, we didn’t find the exact relationship between the potential value and the absorption spectra of gold nanoparticles. Finally, we also obtained good results in spectra observation, which meant that these nanoparticles encapsulated with surfactants were well solved in the solution.