全國中小學科展

臺灣

當急驚風遇上「玻璃片」-以簡單原理研製便宜準確風速計

本專題研究之目的,在於運用簡單的原理自製出準確、廉價、適用於低風速範圍的風速計;方法是藉由將一連接轉軸的玻璃片迎風,探討迎風時,玻璃片偏轉夾角和風速之間的關係。實驗過程中同時發展出可以用馬達旋臂的裝置與v=rω的原理,產生穩定可計算風速的環境。研究結果發現:在低風速的環境下,θ 範圍小時玻璃片與地夾角和風速大略成正比的關係,所以我們可以得到近似式” v≒aθ+b”,參數(a,b)依玻璃片而定。另外θ 範圍大時,我們可以使用二次逼近曲線的方程式與內插法來作角度與風速的對應。藉由控制玻璃片的厚度、質量與形狀,我們可以製造出相對應風速範圍的風速計。The purpose of our research is to use easy theorems to make accurate and inexpensive anemometer which is available in low wind velocity. To make such anemometers, we made a piece of glass, which was connected to a axle, to face wind; then, we could figure out the corresponding relation between wind speed and the angle created by the original and the resulting positions of the piece of glass. While we were experimenting, we found that we could make a steady-wind-speed environment by using motors, sticks, and the theorem ”v=rω”. The research showed that the angle created by the original and the resulting positions of the piece of glass and wind speed are in direct proportion in low wind velocity in small θ range. Consequently, we\r can derive the formula ” v≒aθ+b” , for each piece of glass (a,b) can be different. In addition, when in bigger θ range, we can use quadratic approximate equation and interpolation to describe the corresponding relation between the angle and wind speed. By adjusting the thickness, mass , and the shape of the glass, we can make anemometers corresponding to different wind velocity ranges.

筆筒樹凋萎病防治法 -病原Ophiodiaporthe cyathease sp. nov.拮抗菌之篩選與應用

近在台灣新發現的筆筒樹萎凋病,造成大量筆筒樹(Cyathea lepifera)枯萎死亡,對於此疾病的防治已成亟需解決的問題。先前的研究中,已確認病原菌為新屬真菌並命名為Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae sp. nov.。本研究則在於以生物交互作用方式進行防治,尋找拮抗菌,針對特性實際應用。 研究中因實驗素材與操作方法的差異分為細菌與真菌類拮抗菌兩大主軸,且皆成功自土壤中各分離出數種有應用潛力的拮抗菌。細菌方面,尋獲並經鑑定為Burkholderia gladioli,對於病原菌有良好抑制效果,然由於此菌本身安全性有疑慮,實用上仍有待商榷。真菌方面,拮抗菌以超寄生方式與快速的生長能力制伏了病原菌,期待透過比較消除病原菌的速度,篩選出其中最強大適切的拮抗菌種,運用於實際田間病殘株處理。

「游泳池救生員最佳設置位置問題」之探討及其延伸

金奈米粒子的合成與其光譜特性

當世界各國正全力朝奈米科技發展,而奈米微粒對環境及人類健康影響與否未明朗之際,有關奈米微粒對人類健康影響之探討是刻不容緩之事。本研究的近程目標是合成金奈米粒子,遠程目標是擬探討金奈米粒子的生物毒性。此份研究主要是描述金奈米粒子的最大表面電漿吸收光譜特性及其最大吸收波長,而金奈米粒子的合成是利用四氯金酸( HAuCl4 )與還原劑—硼氫化鈉( NaBH4 )、聯胺水合物( N2H5OH )或檸檬酸鈉在陽離子界面活性劑的溶液( CH 3(CH2)15N+(CH3)3Br– ,溴化十六烷基三甲基銨,CTAB ) 當保護劑中,利用氧化還原方法直接生成金奈米粒子,並探討四氯金酸的濃度、還原劑的濃度、界面活性劑的濃度及反應溫度,對金奈米粒子生成之影響,另外也探討金奈米粒子的穩定性。有關金奈米粒子的光譜特性則利用UV/Vis 光譜儀測試。研究結果發現在相同的條件下,利用冰浴,以NaBH4 當還原劑所合成出的金奈米粒子之平均粒徑為11.70 nm ,而以N2H5OH 當還原劑所合成出的金奈米粒子之平均粒徑為20.25 nm, 有關金奈米粒子之結構及大小藉由穿透式電子顯微鏡( TEM ) 拍攝出的影像得以驗證。;This study mainly focused on the properties of the maximum surface plasmon absorption of gold nanoparticles and their wavelengths. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles made use of HAuCl4 aqueous solution and reducing agent, through the oxidation reduction method, with reductant, sodium borohydride ( NaBH4 ), hydrazine ( N2H5OH ) or sodium citrate solution in the presence of the cetytrimethylammonium bomide ( C19H42BrN,CTAB ) aqueous solution as protecting agent. The influence of concentration of HAuCl4, reductant, surfactant, and temperature on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles were explored. In addition, the stability of the gold nanoparticles was also explored. Measurements of spectral properties of gold nanoparticles were done by UV/Vis spectrometer.When NaBH4 was used as a reductant, the average diameter of gold nanoparticles was 11.70 nm. When N2H5OH was used as a reductant, the average diameter of the synthesized gold nanoparticles was 20.25 nm. The structures and sizes could be identified by the transmission of electron micrograph (TEM) images.

長期服用安非他命對小鼠腦部紋狀體內蛋白質表

安非他命的濫用在台灣是非常嚴重的公眾健康及社會問題。安非他命會導致一連串的行為異常,包括在中腦紋狀體內釋放多巴胺及阻止多巴胺回收來增加使用者的活動力。由於安非他命會對腦細胞造成傷害,本研究的目的為探討低劑量、無立即毒性之安非他命(類似於人類使用習慣)長期施打下,是否會對C57BL6 小鼠大腦紋狀體內的蛋白質表現有影響。因此利用西方點墨法分析施打低劑量安非他命(2 到6 mg/kg) 約一星期之後,C57BL6 小鼠的大腦紋狀體中一些重要蛋白質(包括腺.酸受體A2A-R、第五亞型腺.酸環化.AC5、caspase-8 及PARP) 的表現是否有改變。實驗結果顯示,低劑量安非他命處理對這些蛋白質的表現並沒有明顯的差異。但利用二維電泳法可看到有少許蛋白質,在經過安非他命處理下有顯著的差別,如KIAA0193 homolog 、GOS-28、gammacrystallin A、malate dehydrogenase 和phosphoglycerate mutase isozyme B (PGAM-B)。這些蛋白質中,malate dehydrogenase 和PGAM-B 與代謝和產生ATP 有關,但前者是增加的,而後者減少,推測安非他命會影響神經細胞的能量代謝,因此長期施打安非他命對紋狀體造成的影響值得進一步探討。;The wide spreading use of amphetamine (AMPH) in Taiwan has become a serious public health and social problem. AMPH evokes a series of behavior abnormality including enhanced locomotor behavior by releasing dopamine and inhibiting dopamine-uptake in the striatum. Since AMPH is known to cause brain damage, the purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of several important proteins in the striatum of C57BL6 mice after chronic treatment with low and non-toxic dosages of AMPH (mimicking the common usage pattern of AMPH addict). C57BL6 mice were daily IP-injected with various dosages of AMPH (0 to 6 mg/kg) for one week. Expression levels of A2A adenosine receptor (A2A-R), adenylyl cyclase type V (AC5), caspase-8 and PARP in the striatum were analyzed by Western blotting analysis. Most proteins examined were not affected by this 1-week AMPH treatment. By the aid of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, expressions of a few striatal proteins (such as KIAA0193 homolog, GOS-28, gammacrystallin A, malate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate mutase isozyme B (PGAM-B) in AMPH-treated mice were altered. Note that malate dehydrogenase and PGAM-B are two enzymes involved in energy metabolism and ATP generation. Interestingly, the former was increased and while the latter was decreased in AMPH-treated mice. Collectively AMPH may affect the energy metabolism in neuronal cells. These results suggest that the injury induced by long-term AMPH exposure warrants our further concerns and investigation.

間歇泉的研究

間歇泉是一種十分奇特的地質景觀,地下水受到火成岩入侵所帶來的穩定熱源加熱,產生水蒸氣,利用水蒸氣形成的空氣柱壓力推動水由地底噴發出地表,也因為熱源穩定使得噴發時間差接近一定值,形成所謂的「週期性」。而根據實驗結果發現,管壁較薄的管子,在噴發之後,會使管中殘餘的水稍作降溫,加上補充的冷水使系統降溫;管長愈長時,蓄水槽中的水量較多,提高溫度所需的時間也較長,而延長了噴發的週期,最後歸納出間歇泉形成及存在的三個主要條件:(1)穩定的熱源;(2)細長的孔道;(3)豐沛的地下水。 The geyser is a very amazing sort of geologic scenery. Its principle is that the heat source of invasive volcanic rock heats the underground water to produce steam that results an air-columnar with a large pressure to erupt through the underground on the surface. Because of the steady supply of heat source, the period between eruptions is closed to a constant called “periodicity.” According to the result of the experiments, the tube that have thin wall can lower the remaining water’s temperature a little and the cold water’s supply can also lower the plumbing system’s temperature after eruption. Besides, the water in the longer tube needs more time to higher its temperature to protract the period because it have more water in its reservoir. Eventually, there are 3 essential conditions of the geysers’ existence concluded: (1) steady supply of heat; (2) a thin and long standpipe; (3) abundant underground water.

轉譯在延長階段所做的調控

高中生物課本內對於轉譯機制所舉的例子,通常僅侷限於轉譯起始階段(initiation)所受的調控,例如色胺酸調控組。因此,我們想藉此研究更進一步探討:細胞在不同階段是否有調控轉譯的現象。我們利用冷光蛋白測定法(luciferase reporter assay)測出CPEB3的確對於轉譯有減緩的效果,並利用不同internal ribosome entry site(IRES)間接證明轉譯速率的變化主要是根據延長階段的不同而有所改變。另一方面,我們將多組CPEB3突變株進行交叉分析,找出cpeb3序列中兩百多個鹼基對的重要基因片段,並發現其為不連續的基因,且用Co-Immunoprecipitation(Co-IP)驗證我們的實驗結果。未來,我們將繼續探討在延長階段抑制的意義,以助於我們進一步了解細胞轉譯的過程。

取代基替換之異構物數量計算

本研究以數學上的Burnside’s Lemma思維,利用排列組合結合化學領域中的群論概念,應用在計算取代基可被替換的化學結構,所具有的異構物數量。 研究中討論了環狀共振(例如苯環)、環烷、直烷、醇、醚、醛、酮、羧酸、酯、胺、醯胺等分子結構,推導出任意取代基種類與數量不同時,所對應的化學異構物數量公式與計算方法。 整理出公式與計算方法後,將CnHx中x個H的位置改成給定的取代基種類與數量時,然後系統化異構物數量的處理流程。最後再針對典型分子的化學點群,給出其對稱的數學排列群樣貌,作為各式計算的背景資料。

假如我是正常的?!—再探渦流脫離是否可能為聖嬰發生動力

聖嬰現象為全球的共同話題之一,由於其發生會影響全球性氣候的改變,使原本乾旱處下起傾盆大雨,原本潮濕氣候的地區成了乾旱地區,導致生命、財產嚴重性損失,這也是引發本研究想站在不同科學領域角度來探就聖嬰現象的發生的原因。目前科學家大都以大氣觀點來說明聖嬰的成因:太平洋上因風向改變引起海水流向或動能變化,導致太平洋赤道地區及南美洲西側海面溫度的改變,而觸發聖嬰的發生。由於海水的熱容量比空氣大,因此我們想以海洋觀點來說明另一種可能觸動聖嬰發生的動力,在生活經驗裡,我們發現水流通過障礙物會在後方形成渦流,因此,當南極繞極環流通過德瑞克通道受到南美洲南端阻礙時,有可能在南美洲形成週期性渦流生成及脫離的現象。「這樣的渦流是否存在?」、「渦流脫離後在南美洲左右岸海面溫度、高度是否發生變化?」、「此動力是否進而觸發聖嬰現象?」,是本研究期待以新思惟解釋引發這個全球現象的另一可能動力。

咀嚼口香糖對於記憶力與情緒放鬆的影響

本研究採用受試者內實驗法進行設計,以2*2*2=3個因子(糖分*刺激口味*咀嚼時間),加上2次不同時間咀嚼運動與對照組,一共有11次實驗。每次實驗量測短期記憶與短期工作記憶共6種題項,並透過心律變異器、簡單的腦波偵測儀與問卷調查,瞭解咀嚼口香糖對於情緒放鬆的影響。 研究結果發現:咀嚼無糖口香糖對於數字廣度記憶有較佳的效果,反倒是咀嚼有糖薄荷口香糖時,則數字廣度記憶效果最差,甚至比單純咀嚼運動或對照組來得差。其次,在情緒放鬆上,受試者都認為咀嚼有糖薄荷口香糖,其糖分的味覺與薄荷的嗅覺有助於放鬆情緒,但透過心律變異器量測交感神經活性指數與副交感神經活性指數,反倒是增加緊張與焦慮的情緒。其次,從記憶力與心律變異結果得知-有糖分的口香糖會使得情緒較為緊繃與無法鬆懈,因此導致記憶力也跟著有降低的趨勢。但如果經過咀嚼15分鐘後,再進行記憶力量測時,其情緒較為輕鬆而記憶力也有所提升。 咀嚼口香糖對於記憶與情緒並沒有太大改變增加,因此,本研究建議如果真的有咀嚼口香糖習慣的人,可咀嚼15到20分鐘再進行相關工作,如此將有稍顯幫助工作績效。但咀嚼有糖分與刺激口味的口香糖,可能會造成反效果。