分子篩與過氧化氫感測器
目前市面上缺乏簡單而精準的過氧化氫檢測法，我們參考Fenton Reaction 中，鐵離子對過氧化氫分解的催化模式，利用鐵、鈷、鎳、錳、鋅分子篩，測試他們催化過氧化氫分解反應的效率，從成本、毒性、活化能的多方考量下，選擇以分子篩來固定金屬催化離子，作為我們後續實驗的研究主軸。實驗的初步，我們選擇過氧化氫作為自由基，並著重於過氧化氫的分解反應。利用濃差電池的原理，設計出一套濃度檢測系統，由分子篩作為電極。鑒於粉末狀的分子篩容易流失，我們製備出陶土鐵分子篩，以陶土固定分子篩，並以此作為電極，搭配白金絲，透過能士特方程式，測出過氧化氫的濃度，且藉由電路調控放大倍率，可以直接控制檢測範圍。從實驗結果得知，鐵分子篩在處理過氧化氫的時候，不會有鐵離子溶出的現象，且其催化性在酸性液中可以維持，能不斷的使用，長時間來看，分子篩相當有經濟與環境保護上的價值。We attempted to provide a system for quickly determining the concentration of free radicals. The existing methods or techniques are inefficient or need expensive equipment, therefore, an inexpensive system is being sought for. As a preliminary study, we focused on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Taking the Fenton reaction as reference, we designed a measuring system. This system includes a catalyst containing Fe or Pt ions for catalyzing hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction. The Fe- and Pt-zeolite were prepared to hold Fe and Pt ions to avoid losing. Because the electrically induced potential would decrease with the decrease in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, we could measure the concentration of hydrogen peroxide by monitoring the electrical potential. We determined the initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide in water from the initial electrical potential measured through the equation obtained from the calibration line. The practicability of this system has been assured after a series of experiments. We will further develop the technique for measuring other free radicals. We anticipate that this technique will be further developed for measuring other free radicals. Although there are several problems and limitations to be solved and conquered, one thing is for sure: this system is an environment-friendly and cost-effective facility for determining the concentration of free radicals in an aqueous solution.
橡膠鍵鏈結構與自由能的關係
受應力拉伸時，橡膠溫度明顯上升；縮放回原長，橡膠溫度驟降。由文獻得知橡膠內部具有特殊的鍵鍊結構，在一般的情況下，交鏈分子糾結成一團，狀態複雜；受外力拉伸時，交鏈分子依橡膠長度之增加而伸展，排列較為整齊，狀態之複雜度減小。根據熱力學第一定律，當內能變化為零，則外力作功會造成能量變化。在定溫之下，橡膠內能變化為零，當其受應力拉伸，使其內部交鏈分子排列複雜度降低，造成橡膠熵值減小，而有能量（dQ=TdS）的釋出。測量此一能量dQ 變化，即可計算出熵與狀態數之變化The temperature of rubber rises as it is stretched, its temperature comes back again while it restores to its original length. It is known that the rubber is consisted of long-chain molecules, the long-chain molecules strangle each other at normal state, however, they become more order when the rubber is stretched. Based on the 1st law of thermodynamics dU=dQ+dW, The deformation caused by applied force supplies energy to the rubber and reduce its entropy, the heat dQ (=TΔS) released by the reduction of entropy causes the temperature rise of rubber as dU=0. We report the study on the correlation of thermal properties and the molecular network in rubber, from the measurements of temperature change, the changes of entropy and the changes of states’ number were estimated.
灰階影像內容之檢索技術
資訊時代的來臨，促使我們的社會型態大幅改變，無一不朝數位化的方向邁進。網際網路與資訊科技的快速發展，近年來影像資料庫和數位圖書館大量的成立，關於影像資料檢索的研究已漸漸成為一門極為重要的研究議題。在本研究報告中，我們提出一種植基於向量量化編碼法的灰階影像檢索技術。向量量化編碼法是一種極為簡單的影像壓縮技術。我們應用這個編碼法，來萃取出灰階影像內容的特徵值。同時我們也計算出整張影像與影像中間位置的像素平均值，作為日後檢索影像時過濾掉影像資料庫中不需要比對特徵值的依據。\r 我們所提出的方法能有效地萃取影像內容的特徵值並且讓使用者可以快速且正確地查詢到所需要的影像。當影像資料庫中存在與查詢影像完全相同的影像時，我們的檢索技術都能在第一時間第一順位檢索出這張影像。即便影像資料庫中不存在與查詢影像完全相同的影像時，我們的檢索技術平均74.3%也能在第一時間前五個順位檢索出最相似的影像。\r \r With the coming of the information age, our sociological system change extensively, and everything has moves toward digitization. Due to the rapid development of Internet, information technology, the rapid growth of image databases and digital libraries recently, the related researches of image retrieval have become a very important issue. In this memoir, we propose an image retrieval scheme based on the vector quantization to retrieve similar images from the image database according to the pre-collected image features. Vector quantization is a very simple image compression scheme. We have applied vector quantization to extract features from grayscale image. In order to speed up the retrieval process, we also calculated the mean pixel values of whole images and the central part of the image to filter the images, which are significantly dissimilar to the query image.\r The experimental results show that our proposed approaches can effectively extract features from the image and enable users to retrieve images from image database quickly and accurately. When images stored in image database match query image, the proposed scheme can instantly retrieve the stored image at the first rank. Even though images stored in image database query image exactly, the proposed scheme can instantly retrieve the stored image over 74.3% at the first five ranks.
佛手瓜卷鬚之向觸性及其參與蛋白質之探討
本研究利用佛手瓜的卷鬚探討向觸性的原理。本研究大致分為兩部份，一方面我們在卷鬚中發現了含量極為豐富的構造，此一螺旋狀構造分布於維管束中，且用雙縮?詴劑檢測後發現其含有蛋白質，且不具有運輸水分的功能；並發現此一構造的分布疏密，會影響到螺旋內側外側以及切割後片段泡溫水的彎曲方向。此外，在進行卷鬚蛋白質電泳的過程中，我們發現使用含尿素的緩衝液萃取蛋白質的效果最佳，1克的卷鬚乾重約可萃取到5毫克的蛋白質，且蛋白質總量會隨著卷鬚的成熟而遞減。利用軟體比對及質譜分析八個蛋白質點，得知此八點的蛋白質為：malate dehydrogenase, oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1, oxyen-evolving enhancer protein 2, calreticulin, peroxidase, stromal 70 kDa heat shock-related protein, and AP2/ERF and B3 domain-containing transcription repressor。由此可知，向觸性為植物經過一連串訊號傳遞後，對外界刺激的順應。
綠色陶土分子篩-污染大剋星
現今日常生活充斥著有機污染物，然而處理含有有機污染物的廢水需要極高的成本，有鑑於此，我們參考Fenton Reaction，從成本、毒性、活化能、操作方便性、二次污染及經濟效益的多方考量下，選擇以分子篩來固定鐵、鈷、鎳、錳、鋅之金屬離子，並決定以鐵分子篩為研究主軸，並探討其催化過氧化氫對有機物的分解。鑒於粉末狀的分子篩容易流失，我們以陶土固定分子篩，製作成反應杯槽，發現了分子篩與陶土的結合性。接著藉由二氧化碳感測器及光譜儀來感測有機物的分解速率，在控制溫度，濃度等條件下，探討分解有機物的反應及其反應時的特性。由實驗結果得知，分子篩能有效分解簡單醇類、氯仿、四氯化碳及indigo。使用0.35克陶土鐵分子篩，1M 以下的雙氧水50ml，其分解異丙醇所生成二氧化碳的速率可達0.34-0.55ppm/sec 之間（3.1-4.9×10-9mol/sec），此外有機氯化物分解後生成無毒性的氯離子；indigo染料分解後褪色。本實驗證實，陶土鐵分子篩：一、可以重複使用；二、可在較低濃度環境下運作；三、在酸性較弱環境下運作；四、可在低溫環境下運作(10℃)；五、不須對大量鐵離子做沉澱回收的工作（此五點優於Fenton Reaction）。相較於TAML 等人工合成的催化劑雖有避免污染的優點，但卻有無法重複使用的缺點，綜合以上幾點看來，陶土鐵分子篩在操作方便性及經濟與環境保護上具有相當的潛力及價值。With organic pollutants everywhere and the high cost to dispose of them, this study, a two-stage experiment, aimed first to evaluate the efficiency of zeolite with different metal ions and then to compare their rates in reacting to the decomposition of organic matter with hydrogen peroxide as the catalyst. Since zeolite powder can be easily washed away, we tested zeolite with clay to hold such metal ions as Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Zn and finally used the Argillaceous Fe-zeolite for its superiority on the basis of cost, toxin, activation energy, easy operation, and contamination. A carbon dioxide sensor and a spectrometer for visible light were used to measure the decomposition rate of organic matter under controlled temperature and resolution concentrations. The results of the experiments showed that zeolite achieved excellent effects in decomposing organic chlorides such as lower alcohols, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. When 0.35g of zeolite and less than 1M of hydrogen peroxide resolution were used the rate of carbon dioxide production reached 0.34-0.35 ppm/sec (3.1-4.9x10-9 mol/sec). The decomposition of organic chloride produced nontoxic Cl and the indigo dye faded after it was decomposed. Our experiments proved that Argillaceous Fe-zeolite has the following five advantages over Fenton Reaction. First, it can be reused. Second, it performed well at lower concentrations. Third, it worked well under weak acid conditions. Fourth, it worked at a lower temperature (20℃). And finally, there was no need to recycle a large amount of Fe ions. Argillaceous Fe-zeolite was also found to be superior to TAML, which has the advantage of avoiding contamination but is not reusable. The above observation and discussion demonstrate that Argillaceous Fe-zeolite possesses very significant value in terms of easy application, economy, and environmental protection.
磁性流体薄膜在水平磁場下結構型態之研究
本研究探討不同的控制變因，對磁性流體薄膜在水平磁場下有序結構的影響。我們發現，外加水平磁場於磁流體薄膜時，會形成一維有序磁鍊排列，磁鍊間距除會隨著磁場增強而變小外，另外其條件值如磁場強度、流體濃度、磁增率、薄膜寬度及厚度等也影響磁鍊間距。其中磁增率及磁流體濃度增加會使磁鍊間距變小，而凹槽寬度及薄膜厚度增加會使磁鍊間距變大等現象。至於其形成磁鍊的物理作用，我們假設薄膜有三種能量交互作用，即(1)磁鍊與外加磁場間的磁能UdH。(2)兩條同方向磁化的磁鍊間相互排斥所造成的磁能Udd。(3)熱能Uther等。藉由系統能量Udh+Udd+Uther最小化，我們導出了磁鍊間距和外加磁場之間理論上的關係，並比較實驗結果確實具有相當的一致性。因這些有序結構會引發許多的光學性質，將來這些特殊的光學性質預料應可製成可調式光柵、光開關及顯示器等光電元件，使磁流體在奈米世界及光電領域裡扮演重要角色。We investigate experimentally the structure of the magnetic chains formed in the magnetic fluid thin film under the influence of the external magnetic field parallel to the film surface. A one-dimensional ordered structure forced by magnetic chains can be obtain in the magnetic fluid film. It is worth noting that the ordered structure can be manipulated by changing the control parameters such as the magnetic field, concentration of magnetic fluid, the thickness of the film, the width of the film, and the dH/dt. On the other hand, the physical mechanism of forming the ordered structure can be also studied theoretically. These magnetic chains are regarded as magnetic dipoles and three possible interactions are condisered for the energy of the system: the attracting potential energy between the magnetic chain and H(denoted by UdH),the repulsive potential energy between two magnetic chains with parallel magnetizations(denoted by Udd), and the thermal energy Uther. The relationship between the chain distance △x and the applied magnetic field H was derived by minimizing the total energy of the system with respect to the chain distance. The experimental data is consistent with the theoretical results.