Development of an ECG-System using AndroidTM and Modified Bluebeatc Hardware
Electrocardiograms are important medical devices used to monitor the cardiac activity of patients over a period of time. Designed to provide convenient monitoring of patients, although most useful, ECG’s however are expensive and usually not portable, limiting its availability and therefore usefulness. Taking advantage of current technological developments, the researchers developed an ECG System with Androidâ„¢ smartphone based monitor, and Bluebeat© ECG Front circuit based electrodes. The system is divided into two, software and hardware interface. The developed software interface code used an Android based Java language which displays the converted ADC values in the LCD. Saving and user friendly features were also included in the smartphone. The hardware interface is composed of the ECG front and the Data Acquisition Module. The ECG front contains the filters and amplifiers that will receive the human cardiac signal. The DAT Module will then receive it with its Gizduino (Arduinoâ„¢ clone) microcontroller which converts the analog signals into ADC values, and finally sends it to the smartphone using Bluetooth© wireless communication. The first phase of data gathering used signal generator and indicates the system’s accuracy and speed. The second phase testing of the study meanwhile utilizes the ECG front to get actual cardiac signals from human. This phase has already been done, though it still needs more polishing and further trials. For the final testing, nine patients of varying ages and cardiac health status will be taken with ECG readings, three replicates from the developed ECG system, and one from an actual ECG device. Using cardiologists’ and patients’ feedback, the user friendliness and accuracy of the ECG-system will be confirmed, and further modifications shall be made. Lastly, the overall cost of producing the ECG system shall be compared to the price of an ECG device, to see if the developed system is indeed cheaper. However, it is ensured that the system is far more portable than its bulkier ancestors. Once the project is fully finished, the accuracy, replicability and usefulness of the system shall be confirmed using F-test.
無孤力點無交錯分割的區塊細分及五個新的Riordan組合結構
將一個集合{1,2,...,n}分成數個非空的集合（組，區塊），稱為此集合的一個分割。如果可以找到1 ≦ a 已知無孤立點無交錯分割以Riordan 數{rn}n≥0 =1,0,1,1,3,6,15,36,... 來計數。在這篇文章中我們研究無孤立點無交錯分割的一些性質。
首先我們考慮無孤立點的無交錯分割按區塊的細分。我們得出：集合{1,2,...,n}恰含k個區塊的無孤立點的無交錯分割的個數為：
其次，我們證明bn,k和多邊形的剖分有令人訝異的關連。令dn,k是用不相交對角線將凸n 邊形分成k 塊的方法。我們用代數方法證出 bn,k = dn+2−k ,k，也給了一個新的組合證明。
最後，透過對應的方法，我們找出了七個嶄新的組合結構，這些結構都是以Riordan 數來計數。
Partition the set {1,2,...,n} into several nonempty sets (blocks) and call it a partition. If there exists 1 ≦ a It is known that the nonsingleton noncrossing partitions are counted by Riordan numbers {rn}n≥0 =1,0,1,1,3,6,15,36,... In this paper we study the properties of them.
First we consider the enumeration of nonsingleton noncrossing partitions in respect to the blocks. We prove that the number of nonsingleton noncrossing partitions of {1,2,...,n} with k blocks is
Then we give a connection between nonsingleton noncrossing partitions and polygon dissections. Let dn,k be the ways to dissect an n –gon with noncrossing diagonals. We prove that bn,k = dn+2−k ,k
We also give a combinatorial proof. Furthermore, by way of the technic of bijection, we find 7 new combinatorial structures counted by Riordan numbers.
凸n 邊形等分面積線數量之分布探索
(一) 本研究首先導出ΔABC等分面積線移動所包絡出的曲線方程式，其圖形是由等分面積線段PQ(其中P、Q皆在ΔABC的周界上)的中點所構成，具有3 條曲線段(分別為3 條雙曲線之一部分)的封閉曲線，形成內文所謂的「包絡區」。利用包絡區的區隔，我們找出：1.當P 點在包絡區內，則有3 條等分面積線。2.當P 點在包絡區周界上，則有2 條等分面積線。3.當P 點曲線段的端點或在包絡區外，則有1 條等分面積線。(二) 以三角形的研究當基礎，擴展到凸n 邊形(不包含點對稱圖形)，我們發現：等分面積線數量之分布，仍然與包絡區息息相關，且1.凸2m +1邊形最多有2m +1條等分面積線。2.凸2m邊形，必發生內文所謂的「換軌」。因此，最多只有2m ?1條等分面積線。3.包絡曲線所分割出的區域，於相同區域其等分面積線數量相同，且相鄰兩區域數量差兩條。(三) 若凸n邊形有k個「換軌點」，則此n邊形過定點等分面積線至多有n ? k 條。(四) 若凸n 邊形為點對稱圖形(如正偶數邊形、平行四邊形)，則所有等分面積線皆過中心點。1) Our study got a curve equation of bisectors of a triangle. When a bisector is moving, we get three curves. They’re constructed by the midpoints of PQ. The three parts of the three curves make a closed curve which we called “the Envelope Area”. We found out:\r 1. When Point P is in the Envelope Area, we can get 3 bisectors. 2. When Point P is on the curves of the Envelope Area, we can get 2 bisectors. 3. When Point P is outside of the Envelope Area, we can get only 1 bisector. 2) Based on our study of triangles, we found that in Convex polygons(not including Point Symmetry Convex polygons), the distribution of bisectors is related to the Envelope Area. 1. We can get at most 2m +1 bisectors in a 2m +1 Convex polygon. 2. We can get at most 2m ?1 bisectors in a 2m Convex polygon, and the bisectors on the curves will “Change the Track”. 3. Envelope curve will divide a Convex polygon into several areas. The same area has the same numbers of bisectors, and the near areas have less or more 2 bisectors. 3) If a Convex polygon has k points to change the track, it will have at most n – k bisectors.\r 4) In a Point Symmetry Convex polygon (ex. Regular 2m convex polygons and parallelograms), all the bisectors will come through the center point.
太陽短期活動對地球磁場與大氣溫度異常的影響
This study analyzed how short-term solar activities interact with the earth atmosphere, by using two statistic methods: Diffusion Entropy Analysis (DEA), and Standard Deviation Analysis (SDA). Since solar activities influence the Earth atmosphere in its radiating heat and magnetic field, we use DEA and SDA to calculate the exponents, H and δ, of the scaling law in three time series: “the intensity of solar flare” (representing by SOLAR H-alpha flare index), “magnetic anomaly of magnetosphere” and “sea surface temperature anomaly”. The values of H and δ show the time memory and correlative relationship between the event and next event happening in time series. When H = δ = 0.5, events occur in random. When 0.5
The garnets of the schlich of the winter coast (the White Sea)
During an expedition to the White Sea Winter Coast, samples of schlich with numerous garnets were collected. The coast itself is primarily a set of high steeps of sandstones and mudstones with no garnets. On the beach, however, there are numerous pebbles of metamorphic rocks, and many of them contain garnets. They were brought there by the Quaternary glacier and the present day glacier activity. Their source could be the existing or fully eroded metamorphic rocks of the Kola Penninsila and Northern Karelia.\r Goal of the research: To discover the possible origin of the garnets.\r Tasks: 1) To analyze the structure and the chemical composition of the garnets. 2) To study the works on the garnets of the Kola Penninsila and Northern Karelia in order to compare the information to the results of the analysis.\r Methods: 1) Granulometric analysis; 2) Magnetic and electromagnetic separation; 3) Microscope study of the garnets; 4) X-ray diffraction analysis; 5) X-ray fluorescence analysis. \r RESULTS\r 1. The sample garnets could be divided into two types: the bright red and the pale pink.\r 2. Both types are almandines with spessartine components. The pale-pink one contains Arizona ruby components, and the bright red contains andradite ones. \r 3. Only a few samples from Khangaz Varaki, Malye Keivy, and Tersky Coast are similar to the garnets that we collected. It is possible that the glacier brought them from the Kola Penninsula, but it is also possible that the rocks, where the glacier brought our garnets from, have been totally eroded.
人面蜘蛛藉調整絲基因表現及網結構促進捕食效率
前人研究顯示結網性蜘蛛會因環境中獵物組成的改變而改變其網結構。然而，除了結構之外，構成網的絲的物理性質與蜘蛛網的捕捉效率也應有密切之關連，但目前並無人探討蜘蛛是否會因獵物而調整絲之化學及物理性質。在本研究中，我以人面蜘蛛為材料，探討：(一)其在面對不同類型之獵物時是否調整其網之結構，絲之胺基酸組成和其物理性質；(二)所產生之改變是否能促進不同類型獵物的捕食效率；以及(三)是獵物之養份或振動刺激引起這些改變。我藉著操控獵物的養份及振動刺激將人面蜘蛛分成四個處理組，分別餵以活蟋蟀(C 組)，活蒼蠅(F 組)，死蟋蟀加蒼蠅振動刺激(Cd 組)及死蒼蠅加蟋蟀振動刺激(Fd 組)。在完成食控處理後比較各組間之網結構、絲胺基酸組成、絲物理性質、對不同獵物之留置能力以及振動訊號傳遞能力。實驗結果顯示F 組之蜘蛛所結之網有較大的面積及較小的網目，並有較佳之蒼蠅留置力；然而此結構之改變卻會降低其振動訊號傳遞率。C 組之蜘蛛所結之網有較強之張力及較佳之蟋蟀留置力，而且其所產之曳絲有較高比例之alanine、glycine 及glutamine 並較佳之延伸度及韌度，以因應體型較大之獵物。上述結果顯示人面蜘蛛能調整網的結構、絲的蛋白質組成及物理性質來更有效率的捕捉不同類型的獵物。而由於上述各樣變數在C 及F 組間有顯著差異，而在獵物養份與振動訊號錯置的Cd 與Fd 組間無顯著差異，顯示此二項刺激需同時存在才能使人面蜘蛛在面對不同類型獵物時產生結網行為及絲基因表現之改變。Previous studies showed that orb-weaving spiders may adjust web structures when encountering different types of prey. In addition to web structures, silk physical properties should also be critical in affecting the prey catching efficiency of webs. However, so far no one has studied whether spiders adjust silk chemical and physical properties when encountering different types of prey. In this study, I used the giant wood spider Nephila pilipes to investigate (1) would N. pilipes adjust web structures, silk amino acid composition and silk physical properties when encountering different types of prey (2) would such changes enhance the catching efficiency of different prey and (3) were such changes generated by prey chemical composition or vibration signals? To answer these questions, I manipulated prey chemical composition and vibration signals by assigning N. pilipes into the following four feeding groups: (1) living crickets (group C), (2) living flies (group F), (3) dead cricket but with fly vibration signals (group Cd) and (4) dead flies but with cricket vibration signals (group Fd). After the feeding treatments were completed the following variables were compared between the feeding groups: web structures, silk amino acid composition, silk physical properties, retention time of different prey and vibration signal transmission rate of webs. The results showed that the webs built by spiders fed with living flies exhibited larger area, smaller mesh and longer fly retention time. However, such structural changes also reduced the vibration signal transmission ability of the web. On the other hand, webs built by spiders fed with living crickets were stiffer and retained crickets longer. Moreover, their silks exhibited higher percentages of alanine, glycine, glutamine and consequently higher elasticity and strength to cope with the larger prey. These results demonstrated that spiders can adjust web structures, silk protein composition and silk physical properties to enhance the catching efficiency of different prey. While the aforementioned variables differed significantly between spiders in C and F groups, they did not vary between spiders in Cd and Fd groups, in which groups the prey chemical composition and vibration signals were decoupled. Such result suggested that prey chemical composition and vibration signal were both needed in generating changes in web building behavior and silk gene expression in spiders.