二等獎

The quantum mechanical description of the four fundamental forces of nature is very important for the decryption of the rules which underlie our world. While Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) describes the electromagnetic force in great detail, it also uses complex mathematical techniques and advanced physical concepts. In the following, I will analyze to what extent a quantum mechanical two-state model can be used to describe the Coulomb interaction between two charged particles. To do so, I will exclusively focus on the electrostatic interaction, leaving dynamics aside. Furthermore, the analysis is nonrelativistic and does not consider the spin of the particles. Finally, using discrete state theory allows to explore the strength of the basic concepts of early quantum mechanics. In this sense, I will try to develop a simpli ed model for the quantum mechanical description of the electrostatic force. However, the analysis is not simplistic, since the traditional formalism of quantum mechanics will be used, including Dirac's Bra-ket notation, probability amplitudes, the Hamiltonian matrix as well as the Schrödinger equation. To understand the framework of my project, it may be helpful to take a look at the source of inspiration for my analysis: In Chapter 10 of the third volume of the well-known textbook series The Feynman Lectures on Physics[4], the force holding the hydrogen molecular ion together is explained in terms of a two-state system. The electron of the molecular ion can be either at the rst proton or at the second one. The exchange of the electron between both protons leads to an attractive force between them. It is known from QED that the electrostatic interaction between two charged particles is due to the exchange of a virtual photon which acts as force carrier. The idea of my work is to explore whether the electrostatic force can be described by a very similar model, replacing the electron acting as force carrier in the molecular ion by a virtual photon for the description of the electrostatic force between two charged particles. To describe a system consisting of charged particles, I will make the assumption that a charged particle can appear in two states. Either it is in state e where it can emit a photon or it is in state a which enables it to absorb a photon. Upon emission or absorption of a photon the charged particle transitions to the respective other state. This makes the approach analyzed in my work an element of discrete state theory, since two di erent states of the particle are used to store information about it. Of course such a model cannot be compared to the sophisticated theory of Quantum Electrodynamics. The point is, however, that it is interesting to explore the power of the most fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics and to show that such an analysis can lead to inspiring results.

槍蝦閉合大螯所發出聲響為海洋珊瑚礁生態系中最主要的聲源，其聲音受多項環境因子影響，具有分析珊瑚礁生態系健康程度的可行性。本研究利用基隆潮境海域蒐集到的高時間密度採樣資料，嘗試分析槍蝦聲響在不同時間尺度下的變化與水溫、光度之關聯性，比較不同觀測期間與深度之資料，了解槍蝦聲響之特性。 研究結果顯示槍蝦聲響在長時間尺度下與水溫呈現高度正相關，且相同觀測期間、不同深度的兩筆資料變化趨勢相似；但相同深度、不同觀測期間的紀錄不僅變化趨勢與季節差異相關，整體數值也不同。槍蝦聲響每日亦具有規律的晝夜週期性變化，在清晨、黃昏出現高峰，白天期間與光度呈現負相關，夜晚期間與水溫高度正相關。最後，聲響峰值出現時間與日出日落時間最為相關，不同季節下之晝夜長短差異更造成顯著影響，不過仍會受水中實際接受到的光度影響。

鈣及攜鈣蛋白調節酶(CaMKII)存在於大部分細胞中，研究顯示其在多種癌細胞中過度表現。苯基磺醯胺衍生物為CaMKII抑制劑的常見結構，而吲哚與靛紅是常見藥物結構，因此本研究參考文獻[1]，並擴展臨床尚未解決問題，優化此兩類衍生物以製成抗癌藥物。第一系列以苯基磺醯胺為主架構，改良文獻[1]中抑制效果最佳的化合物1，第二系列則修改吲哚與靛紅的取代基，設計出多種候選分子。初步利用分子模擬分析軟體(Discovery Studio)模擬蛋白質與藥物分子結合，考量結合能、結合方位、藥物取得及合成難易度，選定有潛力的WACY與CYWA系列結構進行合成。本實驗使用創新的步驟合成，簡易、高效率且符合綠色化學，再經核磁共振與高解析度質譜儀驗證得出高純度產物。最後根據生物檢測發現WACY-2對乳癌細胞毒性高和對於一般乳腺細胞和乳癌細胞的選擇性都較市售抑制劑KN-93佳，而WACY-6對CaMKII抑制效果為WACY系列最佳；CYWA-2, 3, 6, 7對乳癌細胞的毒性和對CaMKII抑制效果又優於KN-93與WACY系列許多。本研究成功製備出符合理論計算預期且抑制蛋白質的效果較KN-93佳的化合物，未來極具潛力作為抗乳癌的標靶藥物。

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas that helps trap heat in our atmosphere; without it, our planet would be inhospitably cold [1]. It is the fourth most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a byproduct of normal cell function when breathed out of the body, and produced when fossil fuels and organic wood compounds are burned [2]. However, an increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere can contribute to climate change and ocean acidification, and exposure to high levels of CO2 can produce a variety of health effects [3]. Human progress and economic innovation have led to increased emissions, causing climate change and affecting all living creatures. Current levels are 36.8 Gt CO2 in 2023 and are expected to reach 54-56 Gt CO2 by 2030 [4]. Figure 1 displays the current atmospheric CO2 measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory without seasonal variations [5].

Visual impairment ranks among the top three disabilities globally, with affected individuals projected to increase from 39 million in 2015 to 115 million by 2050. Despite this growing prevalence, over 95% of visually impaired individuals face difficulties in learning Braille (AFB, 2022). In Thailand, the issue is compounded by limited resources, with only 48 schools for the blind serving 6.5% of visually impaired children, alongside a shortage of trained teachers and prohibitively expensive Braille displays. To address these challenges, the EIBraille Box was developed as a cost-effective and accessible tool enabling visually impaired individuals to practice Braille independently. The device utilizes electromagnetic field generation based on Lenz's Law and electromagnetic induction, employing copper coils and varying currents to drive a Braille dot display mechanism controlled by a microcontroller. Results show the device achieves an average display rate of 30–120 milliseconds per cell and a Braille dot-changing frequency of 3–20 cycles per second. The production cost is reduced from 11,660 USD to 87 USD—over 130 times more affordable—while maintaining performance comparable to traditional mechanisms. Additionally, the device integrates with a web application aligned with the Ministry of Education's curriculum to enhance learning. The EIBraille Box is planned for deployment across 48 schools affiliated with the Northern School for the Blind. Plans include extending access to individuals unable to attend schools via alternative distribution channels. This project stores high capacity to achieve global reach by partnering with the World Blind Union, extending its services to rural areas and ensuring access for underprivileged communities. This effort seeks to promote literacy among the blind on a worldwide scale. This innovation strives to enhance equity for the visually impaired by enabling blind individuals to participate in inclusive educational environments alongside their peers. It aims to eradicate the challenges of illiteracy and ensure equitable access to quality education.

本研究結合奈米合成技術與生物醫學， 利用表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯 (Epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG) 作為載體 調控摻雜Cu2+/Cu3+與 Fe2+/Fe3+之含量 並以π-π交互作用力附載缺氧性抗癌藥物替拉扎明 (Tirapazamine, TPZ) 成功製備出多功能金屬多酚配位奈米顆粒簡稱為EFeCuTPZ。 材料經紫外-可見光譜 (UV-vis)，、動態光散射 (DLS) 及掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM) 確認其粒徑大小、形貌學與穩定性。利用808 nm和671 nm雷射分析其光熱轉換效率 評估光熱療法效果，。在腫瘤微酸性環境下， EFeCuTPZ可利用高濃度之H2O2行芬頓反應 (Fenton Reaction) 產生高活性之氫氧自由基 (•OH)， 展現化學動力療法 (Chemo dynamic-therapy, CDT)，。同時， 藉由材料中的Cu²⁺與腫瘤環境中的穀胱甘肽 (Glutathione, GSH)反應減少高活性物質 (Reactive oxygen species, ROS) 的消耗 增強CDT之療效。酸性條件下 TPZ顯著釋放 有助於腫瘤治療。 另外， 細胞實驗顯示EFeCuTPZ具有高生物相容性與治療效果， 成功開發出具CDT，、CT及PTT功能之奈米複合材料 為醫學新興藥物材料提供可能性。

On average, the agricultural sector uses 70% of water withdrawals worldwide to produce crops1 and contributes to the eutrophication of lakes by using nutrients that are leached from the soils into lakes and reservoirs2. Vertical farming has great potential to remedy some of these issues. By growing plants vertically in controlled environments with artificial light and reusing the water, vertical farms use op to 99% less water3 and can produce up to 10 times the yield per square meter4 compared to traditional greenhouses. This improved efficiency comes at a cost; on average, vertical farms use more than 600% more energy per kilogramme of crop compared to traditional greenhouses5. 55% of this energy use is due to the use of artificial lighting6. Even though a lot of research is conducted on yield optimisation of crops in vertical farming, few research articles focus on the growth efficiency of crops to reduce the energy use in vertical farms. Only a few previous studies have tested photoperiods under 10 h·d-1. This study focuses on reducing the energy costs of light use in vertical farms by finding the photoperiod with highest energy use efficiency for the leafy vegetable arugula (eruca sativa). Energy use efficiency is defined as fresh mass per unit of electricity input (measured in kWh). In this study, arugula plants were exposed to LED growth light, with photoperiods ranging from 0 h·d-1 to 24 h·d-1 (0 h·d-1, 4 h·d-1, 7 h·d-1, 9 h·d-1, 12 h·d-1, 14 h·d-1, 16 h·d-1 and 24 h·d-1) and a PPFD of 800 μmol·m-2·s-1. The photoperiod 7 h·d-1 had the highest energy use efficiency of all photoperiods and, if used in vertical farms, this could account for approximately a 10 percent decrease in energy per kilogramme used in vertical farms (a 4 kWh decrease), with the planting density of 1400 plants per m2. This could amount to a yearly energy saving of 4,000,000 kWh per vertical farm (based on the yearly harvest of the vertical farm Nordic Harvest). This could help make vertical farming a more sustainable plant production for the future and in turn, help farming protect our water resources instead of consuming and polluting.

The equation of an ellipse and quadratic residues are well-known concepts in elementary geometry and number theory, respectively. While the properties of ellipse equations in Euclidean space have been extensively studied, many characteristics of quadratic residues, such as consecutive quadratic residues, have also been explored in past research. In this study, we discovered the characteristic polynomial of the equation of an ellipse over finite fields Fp, a single-variable polynomial that shares the same roots as the ellipse. Furthermore, by examining the parallels between the equation of an ellipse and the pairs of residues and nonresidues, we derived a characteristic polynomial for this concept and demonstrated its connection to the Catalan number, a significant sequence in combinatorics. This research was conducted through the following steps. First, the power sums of the roots of the ellipse in Fp were calculated using the Legendre symbol and Euler’s criterion. Next, the characteristic polynomial of the ellipse was determined using Newton’s identity, generating functions, and Vieta’s theorem. Finally, leveraging the equivalence between the equation of the ellipse and the pairs of residues and nonresidues, we established the main results connecting these two concepts with Catalan numbers.

Stroke is a very common disease, almost a national disease. In terms of stroke frequency, 匈牙利 ranks second in the world. Every year, 40-50 thousand people become paralyzed or permanently injured as a result of cerebrovascular disorders. This number is three to four times higher than in developed countries. Almost every Hungarian family is affected! Of course, saving the life of someone who has a stroke is the most important thing, but rehabilitation is also very important, since only with the help of a physiotherapist will the patient be able to live a full life.

When a leaf of a plant encounters stress, how does the plant convey the stress signal to other tissues and manage nutrient distribution? This field of study has been largely unexplored. However, the unique interconnected frond structure of Lemna trisulca, along with the use of a divided Petri dish, is very suitable for handling localized stress and investigating the mechanisms of intracellular signaling and nutrient distribution. Research has shown that when the mother leaf experiences localized stress, it releases healthy daughter leaves to minimize collateral damage to the daughter leaves. Conversely, when the daughter leaves face localized stress, the mother leaf chooses to retain them and continues supplying them with nutrients to support their survival. In-depth studies revealed that stressed daughter leaves accumulate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), triggering nutrient distribution by sending a distress signal to the mother leaf. This prompts the mother leaf to use Ca2+ as a signaling molecule to deliver nutrients to the daughter leaves. Selective detachment is regulated and triggered by the interaction between Ca2+ and ROS within the mother leaf. When the mother leaf undergoes stress, Ca2+ acts upstream to induce ROS accumulation at the nodes, sending a unidirectional detachment signal to the daughter leaves. This causes ROS accumulation at the daughter leaf nodes, inducing detachment and thereby reducing the collateral damage the daughter leaf could experience due to the mother leaves.