全國中小學科展

二等獎

積少成多—以階差級數計算填數字方法數並推導其生成函數

本研究主要解決的問題為:在任意多邊形上填入特定範圍的正整數,使得相鄰兩邊上的數差1,求符合以上條件的填數字方法數。 為了解決問題,本研究做了兩項突破。第一項是題目的轉變,將問題轉變成路徑問題。第二項則是將路徑數計算的方式(加法原理)之逆運算,求出從原點前往含直線y=-x及其右半平面上的任意格子點之捷徑數,並搭配巴斯卡三角形中的組合數列,成功地推導、證明此問題方法數的公式。 接著本研究將原題延伸,推廣至討論任相鄰兩邊上的數之差為固定某一正整數的情形,也成功地推導、證明其方法數公式。最後,本研究討論原題目的生成函數並成功導出。

SeedBot: Low-Cost Seeding Robot for Agricultural Applications

This paper presents a semi-autonomous seeding robot which is based on both electrical and mechanical platforms that perform advance agriculture process. SeedBot composed of four components: drilling mechanism, body of robot, seed container and paving mechanism. Other than those components the sensor system and the control system are also discussed. The aim of this study is designing and building a low-cost robotic system to automate and optimize process during farming especially for personal usage. This study demonstrates that semi-autonomous farming has crucial advantages over conventional farming. In addition to that, SeedBot provides safer, requires less manpower and precise farming than usual methods that we have so far.

在酵母菌中被熱休克蛋白90所保護的遺傳變異之探討

基因型的改變會導致表現型的改變,然而,有一種稱為遺傳緩衝的效應,能隱蔽基因型變異,維持表現型穩定。由於某些遺傳變異不適合生物的原始環境,卻能被保護,使在各種環境中持續演化。從前人的果蠅研究發現,若剔除熱休克蛋白90能夠使其不同遺傳品系間的基因型變異被顯露出來;而在酵母菌的研究中,剔除熱休克蛋白90會增加在環境擾動時的生長差異,因此熱休克蛋白90被認為有參與遺傳緩衝效應。更重要的是,熱休克蛋白家族普遍存在於所有真核生物中。為一窺遺傳緩衝效應機制的原貌,本研究誘發釀酒酵母菌菌種196的突變、增加其基因型的多樣化,並以doxycycline環境及高溫環境營造環境壓力,以降低酵母菌196及其突變株的基因Hsc82之表現量,找出含有因為突變而被熱休克蛋白90所保護的基因的突變株。希望透過找到這些突變株以了解,有哪些基因突變會被熱休克蛋白90所保護,並進而推論人類基因的突變是否也能依循此機制被隱蔽。

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 單倍體親代的RLS年齡對有性生殖後二倍體子代的影響

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 藉由出芽生殖的方式產生子代,而執行的次數並非無所限制。酵母菌一生的分裂次數(壽命)稱為 Replicative Life Span ( RLS ),指的是母細胞在停止分裂前所產生的子代數目。本實驗將老單倍體細胞( RLS 中位數: 6代 )和年輕單倍體細胞( RLS 中位數: 20代 )透過有性生殖的方式形成合子,發現合子的 RLS ( 中位數: 10.5代 )會受到老細胞的影響而縮短,並且接近兩單倍體親代 RLS 中位數的算術平均數( 13代 ),而其 F1 子代的 RLS 卻能回復與雙倍體相似的壽命。發現單倍體親代老化導致合子短命,可進一步推測人類生殖細胞老化對受精卵的影響模式。 

Seeing Dots.

一樂隊表演,攝影師站在這樂隊的外圍拍攝。由於樂隊排列的位置,攝影師必須在外圍移動才能拍攝完整個樂隊。現在將樂隊移至直角座標中整數格子點上。攝影師依序在原點,x軸,y軸整數上的拍攝點拍攝位於平面上mxn (n→∞)的陣列。但有些點會被其他的點擋住,而無法拍攝到,討論如何用拍攝點拍攝到全部的陣列的方法探討其點數。要解決這問題需要其他的點去輔助。隨著mxn的陣列變大需要越多的拍攝點才可以看完。想要用最少的拍攝點拍攝,需要固定且有理論的方法。經過研究,找到mxn陣列(1≦m≦100, n→∞)的結果,若y軸上取一個拍攝點,其結果會使拍攝點個數都是優於先前文獻之結果。由於拍攝點點數是全新的數列,我們使用數學方式預測。由二維平面拓展到三維空間,其二維平面結果仍適用於三維空間。可探討天文望遠鏡拍攝恆星間的關係。

基於人眼感知範圍減少螢幕藍光強度之研究

我們每天的生活都離不開手機、電腦、電視等產品,因此藍光對眼睛造成的影響是所有人都會遇到的問題。本計劃希望能利用人眼對於不同顏色的敏感度,在人眼感知範圍內減少螢幕的藍光強度,以降低電子產品對眼睛帶來的負擔及傷害,同時維持螢幕畫面的正常顯色。市面上現有的方法除了成本較高,也都會使螢幕畫面變得昏暗; 若為了維持顯色的自然,則成效便會受到限制。本專題根據人眼對於色度的最小可覺差,參考基於麥克亞當橢圓的顏色差異計算方式,分別算出不同色彩空間上看起來相同的顏色關係表,並將螢幕上的顏色換為色差無法察覺且藍色強度較低的顏色,最後以手持式光譜儀量測螢幕輸 出的藍光強度驗證成效。與現行市面上的抗藍光方法相比,除了成本大幅降低以外,也能維持顯示器的正常顯色。未來希望能推廣至所有 LED 螢幕電子產品,並為色盲色弱患者設計不同色度感知能力的最佳調整方式。

The impact of climate variability on infectious disease

Diarrhoea is an infectious disease that claims many lives (particularly among infants) and is known among many other infectious diseases, to have a relationship with climate. This projects quantifies this relationship by comparing health insurance treatment claims for diarrhoea and anti-diarrheal drug sales data from the private health sector with temperature and rainfall data provided by the South African Weather Service. The data were then analysed and show that incidence is highly seasonal and varies among regions with different seasonal climates. The results show that climate variability can explain 73% of diarrhea incidence variation with rainfall explaining 8% and minimum temperature explain the other 65 %. Preliminary predictions of future monthly percentage increases in incidence were then made for a series of time ranges. This project demonstrates that with predicted climate data one can predict future variations of diarrhoea allowing the health sector to be adequately prepared.

自動發電發光二極體的光電性質探討

本研究藉由研究LED的光學性質:發光光譜、吸收光譜、吸收光的電流電壓曲線;並測量由LED吸收可見光的效率與內部等效電阻,藉以評估LED作為太陽能電池的實用性。研究結果顯示LED在太陽能電池的電子電洞與等效電路模型中的相關參數(填充因子,串聯電阻,分路電阻),均能用以有效地將光能轉換成電能。接著利用下列方法:①加裝Fresnel透鏡聚光、②設計LED陣列的電路、③設計電能輸出入的轉換電路等方法,製作出利用LED在白天將光能轉成電能,在晚上將電能轉換成光能,而不需要另外輸入電能的self-powered LED lamps。

地震與纜車的邂逅 Monitoring the Seismic Reduction and Vibration Resistance of Cable Car

本研究主要探討地震造成的纜車晃動,藉由自製的地震模擬器與纜車系統,探討各因素對纜車晃動之影響,設計纜車系統和車廂的減震裝置。研究結果顯示:一、地震時纜車斷電停駛位置愈靠近塔柱、相同長度纜繩上車廂個數較多、纜車重量較重、纜車臂較短,纜車晃動時間相對較短。二、所設計之減震裝置中,利用夾層中鋼珠轉動,使地震時只有外層纜車晃動而內層纜車輕微滑動的「雙層纜車」效果最佳。纜車系統塔柱則可參照建築物設置隔震元件,以減緩纜車晃動。本研究結果可望為未來應用之參考。

Difluoromethylation of arylidene Meldrum's acid derivatives

Fluorine-containing compounds gained significant attention during the past decade1. About 20% of novel pharmaceuticals and 40% of novel agrochemicals every year contain at least one fluorine atom in the molecule. For a long time the most frequently used was trifluoromethyl group, but nowadays the most promising is the chemistry of partially-fluorinated groups. For example, the difluoromethyl substituent (CHF2) exhibits unique pharmacoforic properties capable of serving as lipophilic hydrogen bond donor thus being bioisosteric to hydroxyl group2. There are several general approaches for the formation of a required fluorinated fragment, one of them is direct nucleophilic fluoroalkylation. This approach is well-developed for trifluoromethylation reactions, such as addition of CF3-anion equivalents to C=O, C=N and electron-deficient C=C bonds or metal-catalyzed substitution in haloarenes3. However the similar difluoromethylation processes are still quite challenging. Herein we present a novel and convenient protocol for the synthesis of β-CF2H functionalized carbonyl compounds and carbinols by nucleophilic difluoromethylation of electron-deficient olefines. The process is based on a 1,4-addition of in situ generated4 phosphorus ylide Ph3P=CF2 2 to the arylidene Meldrum's acid conjugates 1. The resulting phosphobetaines 3 are hydrolized/protodephosphorilated without isolation, giving β-CF2H substituted carboxylic acids 4. The latter may be easily transformed to the corresponding ethers 5 and alcohols 6 without preliminary purification.