四等獎

鳳凰木的花朵擁有五片花瓣，上方花瓣與其他紅色花瓣不同，是白色底紅色斑點，根據文獻，這片花瓣稱為旗瓣，功能是作為蜜標來吸引傳粉者。研究觀察發現鳳凰花的旗瓣會先捲曲凋零，和蜜標存在的功能互相矛盾，本組推論與環境、授粉有關連。經研究發現，旗瓣凋零與生長環境、花粉及花蜜是否被採集無關，與授粉方式有關。異株授粉導致旗瓣凋零的時間提前；同株異花授粉旗瓣凋零的時間與自然狀態相近；自花授粉、無授粉則導致旗瓣凋零的時間延後。異株授粉對鳳凰花而言是有效且成功的授粉，會導致旗瓣提早凋零，蜜標隱藏，提高其他尚未有效授粉花朵成功授粉的機會，並且產生成熟的種莢。無效的授粉會導致旗瓣凋零時間延後，藉此等待有效的授粉機會。

As the world population grows, the demand of food products grows as well and there will be an expected food crisis in the coming years. To prevent those crises, alternative food farming methods must be used. This paper studied two farming systems in different conditions, to compare and find the best, natural and cost-effective system that will cover the current and future demand. The system which can also be used in those areas where soil is less cultivated with insufficient aeration. The first system is the soil-based system (traditional), and the other is hydroponic system. Hydroponic is a technique of growing plants in nutrient solutions with or without the use of an inert medium. Two types of seeds; peas and spinach were observed in both systems over a period of 25 days. In hydroponic plants coco peat was used in place of soil along with the Aegis nutrient. 8 plants were seeded for both types of plants in different systems, conditions, concentrations and pH to conclude the best condition. Growth parameters of all plants including root, shoot and leaf length were observed and recorded daily. On the uprooting, their weight (g), no. of root hairs and used nutrient’s volume(ml) were also recorded. Fungus and insects were seen in the soil plants. The results executed that the growth was maximum in spinach having normal manufacturer nutrient’s spray concentration(1.25ml/625ml) with pH 6 and in peas having normal supplier concentration (5ml/625ml) with pH 4. So, it can be concluded that hydroponic spinach, which is a green leafy plant, can ideally grow at the pH of 6 and peas in slightly acidic condition. Hydroponic planting system has a better growth effect than traditional soil system and this system don’t need any fertilizer, insecticide, pesticide, fungicide and herbicide. While soil plants’ growth was adversely affected by fungus and insects in the absence of these chemicals which can contaminate our food and make it less hygienic for our health. This result achieves the aim of this paper which is finding a planting system and its conditions that can increase the productivity to cover the food demand.

GROSSMANN, João Miguel Sastre. ReCiPla - Cyclic Soil Microplastic Remover: A way to remove microplastics from soil using electrostatics. 2023. 28 p. Research report – Scientific Apprentice Program, Colégio Dante Alighieri, São Paulo, 2023. Microplastics are the largest form of physical pollution on the planet. Affecting everything from terrestrial and aquatic environments to the air, compounds up to 1 micrometer in size are present inside the human body and can intoxicate the main organs in which they are found, such as the lungs, spleen, liver, and heart. Therefore, methods of removing these compounds from nature are essential, which is why this research is based on electrostatically removing MP from the soil. To this end, a vibrating conveyor belt was designed that would act in conjunction with a plate electrified by a Van de Graaff generator to separate the plastic compound using electric field induction. After characterization tests to quantify the voltage produced by the generator, which produced an average of 95 kV, the vibrating belt was made and will be used later in conjunction with the electrostatic method. This methodology suggests that it’s a success even after the electrified plate was applied to its structure. It carried out the proposed processes, such as moving the test masses, vibrating them, and fully supporting the electrified plate. In addition, the electrostatic removal method was tested to verify its efficiency and applicability. It was found that the removal of microplastics ranged it from 10 to 20% efficiency, suggesting it to be an effective method for separating microplastics. It should be noted that these statistics will be improved as the research progresses. In this way, the research proved capable of establishing an electrostatic removal method, as well as a process for transporting the material to be removed, thus achieving the objectives it set out to achieve. Finally, it should be noted that this research is still under development, with a view to applying the process in conjunction with the conveyor belt to carry out sample tests, as well as improving the removal process in the future to make it more efficient.

One of the main factors that contribute to fire incidents and the excessive heat people feel during a heat wave is the building materials used, and one such material that possesses durable and heat-resistant properties is sandwich panels. A possible structure that can be used to model sandwich panels is honeycomb structures; however, further research has yet to be conducted on its applications as a heat-resistant urban construction material. This study aims to design a three-dimensional model of a honeycomb sandwich panel and simulate its performance under different thermal and structural stressors. A 3D model of the honeycomb sandwich panel was generated using Autodesk Fusion 360. Then, multiple versions of the panel were generated with varying heat-resistant core materials—namely, aluminum, nickel, nickel-copper alloy 400, and copper—along with polystyrene as the core material for the control model. The following properties of every panel were assessed using finite element analysis (FEA): static deformation, stress distribution, strain distribution, total heat flux, and thermal gradient. Results showed that when subjected to varying structural loads (2 kN, 5 kN, 7 kN), the nickel-core panel demonstrated the best results in terms of static deformation and strain distribution due to its relatively lower deformation and elongation values, respectively. Meanwhile, under the same structural loads, the aluminum-core panel performed better than other core materials in terms of stress distribution due to it having the relatively highest difference between its simulated von Mises stress and its yield strength. The honeycomb sandwich panels have also shown to possess heat-resistivity when subjected to a thermal load of 90°C, with polystyrene being the most promising material overall in terms of heat-resistance due to its relatively lower heat flux and thermal gradient. The results from this study would contribute to future research on honeycomb sandwich panels and may be used in real-life applications.

本研究延續自作者前一年的研究「連通圖上行走步數期望值之研究」，原題為在一個六面體中，有一隻螞蟻位於其中一個頂點並沿著邊行走，每當牠走到頂點時就會選擇一條邊繼續行走，且牠前往任何方向之機率皆相同，但不可走回頭路，求螞蟻回到出發點時經過邊數之期望值。本研究將題目延伸出了以下幾個問題，得出結論後並證明。結果如下：Kn (n - complete graph)、任意tree、Cm★Cn、Km★Kn中，螞蟻從其中一點vi出發，第一次走到另一點vj時經過邊數之期望值通式。除了研究不同的圖上點到點經過邊數期望值通式，針對圖論中經常用的距離 (點到點的最短路徑經過邊數) 與點到點的期望長度最大者進行比較，探討在圖上之性質。

這是一份將近持續四年的研究，而這一年佩爾質數的出現，讓我們的討論「突飛猛進」。 佩爾方程式是形如𝑥2−𝑚𝑦2=1的方程式，其中𝑘不為完全平方數之正整數。我們定義廣義佩爾方程式是形如𝑥2−𝑚𝑦2=𝑛 的方程式。在過去的研究中，我們主要從𝑥2−𝑘𝑦2=𝑝 (𝑘,𝑝 皆為互質的奇質數) 的正整數解開始研究，接著延伸到 𝑥2−𝑘𝑦2=2𝑚𝑝1𝑛1𝑝2𝑛2⋯𝑝𝑗𝑛𝑗，進而得到了解的唯一分解性質。而本次的研究，延續之前的工作，對佩爾質數展開了討論。利用蜈蚣彘，我們成功地發現了一些佩爾質數，猜測出一些可能的結果並證明；同時我們對佩爾質數的生成結構做了相當程度的了解。作為結束，設法利用分析的方法解決的之前的問題，以及對方程式的不可約解，是否存在較低次方根解，給出了必要條件。

One of the main challenges with today’s batteries is their relatively low volumetric and specific capacities. The highest specific capacity can be achieved with lithium-air batteries, which use metallic lithium as the anode and typically some form of porous carbon as the cathode. To enhance performance, aerogels—among the world’s lightest solid materials—are ideal candidates for cathodes. Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF)-based carbon aerogels, for example, serve this purpose well. In my work, I utilized two types of carbon aerogels as cathode materials: one derived from pyrolyzed resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer and the other a graphene-oxide-modified version of this carbon gel. I integrated the carbon aerogels I had pyrolyzed into lithium-air batteries to improve the cell’s performance, energy density, and capacity compared to cells using activated carbon. In my research, I examined the pore structure and surface properties of these materials in aqueous media using NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) relaxometry and cryoporometry, exploring their impact on battery efficiency. I found that the graphene-oxide-containing sample's pores filled with water in a layered manner, indicating a more hydrophilic surface, which suggests a denser arrangement of oxygen-containing functional groups compared to the unmodified carbon aerogel. The pore sizes were reduced after adding graphene oxide, resulting in an increased specific surface area for the sample. Incorporating the reduced graphene-oxide-containing carbon aerogel enabled the creation of a more efficient, higher-capacity battery than with the RF carbon aerogel. This improved performance is likely due to the aerogel’s higher oxygen content and altered morphology. The increased oxygen content provides more active sites for oxygen reduction, meaning that a greater specific power output can be obtained from the battery.

1. Research Motivation Have you ever seen news stating that spring is gradually disappearing from the Korean Peninsula? The characteristics of the four seasons are disappearing due to the impact of global warming. As supporting evidence, droughts and heatwaves continue during the rainy season, and unexpected heavy rainfall occurs during autumn. These abnormal temperature phenomena are greatly affecting agriculture. Crops wither due to untimely cold spells or summer droughts, and the proliferation of bacteria and pests worsens. We need to conduct a thorough investigation and response to such weather phenomena. Carbon is known to be the main culprit behind these abnormal temperature phenomena. We want to explore how carbon affects climate change and understand the implications it has. 2. Research Objectives The consequences of climate change, such as deforestation and rising sea levels, will cause significant damage to society as a whole. This will also have a profound impact on the survival of all living organisms on Earth. Unless industrialization is halted, global warming will continue, making it crucial to gain a proper understanding and find accurate alternatives. The damages caused by global warming are expanding the habitats of mosquitoes, which is expected to have an impact on the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. This can also influence the emergence of novel viruses similar to COVID-19. By examining past outbreaks of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, we aim to predict and understand such occurrences, as well as explore ways to minimize global warming. 3. Expected Benefits Based on this research, a focused exploration of the ecological impacts of global warming can provide essential data to understand the effects of climate anomalies on us and prepare for them. As these phenomena are expected to worsen over time, it will be possible to develop measures to minimize the damage caused by bacterial infections and agricultural losses.

背景：預測分子性質如溶解度、毒性及熔沸點對於基礎科學至關重要。然而，實驗測量這些性質耗時且昂貴，因此本研究使用多種機器學習模型藉由調整變相來準確預測熔、沸點。 方法：本研究使用超過一萬筆數據及兩種類型的機器學習方法：淺度與深度學習。淺度學習由 PyCaret實現，並以Mordred作為分子描述器；深度學習使用圖神經網路，包括（CMPNN和GCN），並調整隱藏層參數。 結果：CMPNN在目前嘗試的模型中表現最佳。發現影響沸點預測的關鍵特徵是piPC1，與鍵級相關；熔點則是AATS0d，與σ電子的 Moreau-Broto自相關有關。 結論：CMPNN模型在沸點與熔點預測中均表現最佳。沸點中深度學習模型優於淺度學習模型（p<0.05）。此外，使用SHAP成功找出piPC1和AATS0d對最關鍵。本研究不僅得出了高準確性的模型，還發現了影響分子性質的關鍵特徵，且可擴展至其他預測。

本研究利用中央氣象署2003年至2022年在宜蘭地區的地面測站雨量及風場觀測資料，分別在蘭陽溪以北與以南的平原與山區各選取十個測站進行分析，再輔以宜蘭降雨觀測計畫所提供的探空斜溫圖，探討宜蘭地區三維風場及因特殊地形作用所產生的雨量分布及變化。研究結果顯示：宜蘭地區的降雨量多寡與降雨特性分成五區，分別是中央山脈迎風面（4000~5000mm）>雪山山脈山區（約3500mm）>平原內部（2500~3200mm）>中央山脈背風側（約2700mm）>無地形作用（約1200mm）。其中中央山脈迎風地區年雨量逐年上升，背風面雨量逐年下降。另大尺度的東北季風進入宜蘭平原，與地形交互作用產生繞流西風再與低層東北季風產生輻合舉升作用，常造成了宜蘭地區冬季劇烈降雨事件。