全國中小學科展

四等獎

Anti-bacterial Crab bio-bandages with Bio-dressings 2.0

Commercially available bandages such as hydrocolloid are neither biodegradable nor anti-bacterial. Chitin is known to be the second most naturally available polysaccharide which could be transformed to chitosan which is known to be anti-bacterial (Hasan, 2018) (Chao, 2019) and haemostatic (Okamoto, 2003) (Hu, 2018). Chitosan can be further converted to hydrogel which is bio-degradable and has good water absorbance. Anti-bacterial crab bio-bandages and crab bio-dressings should be bio-degradable as it took 42 days and a month for complete bio-degradation respectively, so they should be better than commercial bandages such as Nexcare Hydrocolloid as the disposal of anti-bacterial crab bio-bandages with bio-dressings would no longer pose burden to landfilling or threat to our environment. Anti-bacterial crab bio-bandages with bio-dressings are anti-bacterial with degree of deacetylation of DD% (measured using FTIR Spectrum II) 82.6% (due to the presence of chitosan) even without the application of other anti-bacterial agents and hence can provide complete protection of wounds from skin and soft tissues infections and haemostatic (due to the presence of chitosan). After testing and certification based on IS997:2004 and BS EN 13726-1, they should meet many requirements specified. Anti-bacterial crab bio-bandages should be eligible for marketing. Some results were as follows: 1.4 Anti-bacterial effect of crab hydrogels and roasted crab hydrogels Pure chitosan, crab chitosan, crab hydrogels and roasted crab hydrogels showed significant anti-bacterial effect. NO oral bacterial colonies were present in drinking water with crab hydrogels. Thus crab hydrogels could serve as effective anti-bacterial wound dressings. 1.6 Basing on IS997:2004 standard, the load per unit of area of anti-bacterial bio-bandages was 342g/m2 which met the minimum requirement of 36g/m2, the anti-bacterial bio-bandages had stronger tension strength (>20N both in dry and wet conditions) than commercial hydrocolloid. (2.7N dry 2.8N wet) which was comparable with that required (50-67N) and pH of about 7 which met the pH range of 4.5-8. 1.7 The FSA Free-Swell Absorbency of synthetic blood of crab hydrogel bio-dressings was 1.86g per 5cm x 5cm dressing which was much higher than that of commercial hydrocolloid (0.299g per 5cm x 5cm dressing) based on BS EN 13726-1.

結合物體辨識於室內自主定位探勘系統

本研究透過ROS(機器人運作系統)實作一個結合自由探勘、SLAM(同步定位及地圖構建)及物體辨識之機器人系統。利用ROS機體與程式軟體分離的優點,本研究開發出的系統並不僅侷限於在一種機體上使用,對於任何能安裝ROS或與ROS連結之機體都能使用,供各式各樣的服務做為一系統性的路徑規劃器及運動基座。除了導航功能外,機器人透過攝影機得以判斷自己現在身處的環境而並非單純繪製地圖,且能讓人更容易地對機器人下達指令;更因其特化的避障機制,本研究的系統很適合在日常辦公室工作環境中做為助手。以實際環境及模擬器探討此系統擅長及較不適用的環境,呈現目前機器人系統的運作能力。

『冰清欲結』-探討不同條件溶液結冰時溶質匯聚現象的差異

我們發現有些水溶液結冰後會推擠溶質到中央匯聚成顏色較深的區域,但有些溶液卻不會,到底是什麼原因造成此現象的差異?於是我們操縱各種變因來觀察它們對溶液結冰時溶質匯聚表現的影響。 實驗發現並非所有的濃度都會匯聚;不同溶質的匯聚情形也不同;水質所含雜質越多匯聚效果越差,且結冰後氣泡分布也各有特色;上下等寬的容器呈角錐狀匯聚,下窄上寬的容器則為柱狀匯聚;先結冰的地方會推擠溶質到後結冰的地方且結冰速率越慢匯聚程度越好;最後我們利用保麗龍包覆+重力方向來控制結冰順序使冰晶推擠力達到加倍的效果,再透過自製離子濃度檢測器發現冰塊中溶質匯聚區的濃度並非均勻一致,而是依結冰的順序而有低、中、高的「濃度梯度」現象。

平面封閉折線上構造多邊形之有向面積定值

本研究探討以封閉折線P1P2…Pn的邊為對角線構造平行四邊形或箏形PkMkPk+1Nk。考慮兩種構圖。首先,取任一動點Q構造三角形 △QMk Nk,這些三角形的重心 Gk 形成「重心多邊形 G1G2…Gk」。第二,對所有點Mk與點Nk取 mod r,分別連接同餘a的點構造全外(全內)的「跳點多邊形」,共有r種。透過純幾何與解析幾何研究此二類多邊形與原多邊形的有向面積不變量。 研究發現(1)重心多邊形的剛體運動、平行性與相似性與面積不變量。(2)設定多邊形 P1P2…Pn的n=rk+h+a,則可一般化mod r 下的 r 種跳點多邊形的有向面積定值,這是重要的突破!這樣的假設解決了分類數量龐大的問題,只需要分成兩種。我們也給出定值關係式中頂點跳點規律,本研究完整解決平面封閉折線上構造特殊多邊形之面積問題。

The effects of a water tower with dual-damping energy dissipation system on shock absorption

921地震震波對高11-15層大樓產生重大危害。本研究以模型模擬11層大樓建築物,頂樓設置水塔配合陽台天花板設置水撲滿的雙阻尼消能系統設計,探討不同震度震波在雙阻尼系統減震成效。模擬之設備利用3D列印機自製水撲滿、不同形式網狀隔間液體阻尼零件,自製地震模擬器以電流調整器控制怠速馬達,進行模擬不同震度下高樓產生擺動與震盪之狀態與特性。 實驗發現單一阻尼消能元件的減震阻尼效能較差,雙阻尼消能系統可提升39%至58%減震阻尼效能。其中雙阻尼消能系統若有網狀隔間,水波擾動震盪越明顯,阻尼效能提升 6%至14%。11層大樓於頂樓設置平行器壁網狀隔間正方形水塔,並配合在第9至11層樓處,設置隔間距離較短網狀隔間水撲滿,二者水位設定六分滿,此液體雙阻尼減震消能系統,可抑制模擬震度5至7級震波對大樓產生的順向波動共振與大樓結構體的自主扭轉共振。

探討Naa10p突變對神經發育的影響

Naa10p (N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10 protein) 突變患者多半有智力障礙的問題,如:奧格登症候群患者常有早夭、腦萎縮及其他發育問題。Naa10p 是一種 N-α-乙醯轉移酶,負責新生肽鏈 N-α-乙醯化。人體中約有 80% 的蛋白質經乙醯化修飾,其中 46% 為 NatA 複合體執行,而 Naa10p 即是 NatA中執行乙醯化的蛋白酶。先前研究顯示Naa10p會影響神經發育,但對Naa10p影響神經發育的機制並不清楚。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9製作Naa10p的小鼠胚胎幹細胞(mESC)突變株,觀察突變株細胞分裂速率與分化型態的差異,並分析胚胎發育過程Naa10p以及相關基因的表現。 本研究結果證明特定Naa10p突變會加快mESC生長,使其分化為神經母細胞的異常。而其中V111G突變株的Naa10p無法和HYPK結合,且突變S37P及R116W使Naa10p與Naa15p的結合降低,推論此結果可能造成NatA無法正常形成,並改變其與核糖體蛋白的親和力,影響蛋白質乙醯化。目前我們發現突變株中,與細胞分化相關的基因:Oct4、Pax6皆表現異常。以上結果可能可以初步解釋Naa10p突變造成人類疾病的機制。

水力懸浮運動及其特殊進動現象之研究

觀察到圓球及圓盤在水柱上懸浮(Hydrodynamic Levitation)之特殊情形,本研究探討此現象並提出相關解釋。經由實驗發現圓球放置高度並不會影響其最終平衡高度,而水柱高度與圓球平衡高度則呈線性關係;水柱流量愈低,不同於我們實驗前所想像的,其最終能平衡的水柱傾斜角度反而越大;隨水柱傾斜角度愈大,平衡高度即隨之增高;圓盤轉速與水柱切線速度大致相同,透過此結果,我們推論出造成此現象的主要原因,是因附著於圓球上的水對其產生的附著力,而與一般人猜測的康達效應(Coanda Effect)較無關連,我們從而深入分析此現象的細節,並得出一些意想不到的結果。本研究中,最為特別的是,實驗中遇到的奇特進動現象,看似複雜、無規律的運動,我們透過高速攝影機,深入觀察此一系列特殊的進動,竟發現其中規律的運動規則,所以我們進而推論其力學特性,藉以解釋此現象形成原因。

同「鋅」協力 —— 以醇解法探討金屬鋅催化解聚 PET之反應

聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯 (PET) 是一種常見的合成高分子材料,其被應用的範圍相當廣泛,如產品包裝、手提袋等,然而隨著人類的過度使用,越來越多的 PET 產品被發現有回收不當的現象。 文獻指出,醇解法為一具有反應條件簡單、反應過程溫和及較不會產生多餘副產物的解聚 PET 方法,且醇解法能使用非均相觸媒,具有易於分離觸媒的優勢,具工業化潛力。本研究嘗試利用廢電池中的鋅作為催化劑用以解聚 PET 成單體對苯二甲酸乙二酯(BHET),並深入討論影響反應進行的因素與發展應用。利用廢電池中的鋅作為催化劑不但成本低廉,也更能符合本研究的核心「綠色化學」。 本研究已透過最適化條件搜尋,發現能在催化劑使用量為 0.2 克、反應時間 4 小時、反應溫度 180 度時,解聚 5 克的 PET,有最佳效果之 BHET 產率 75.8% 和 PET 轉化率 93.2%。根據最適化反應條件,並比較不同種的鋅化合物做為催化劑,發現廢電池中的鋅作為催化劑催化反應,具有較佳的轉化率與產率。

頂心三角形誕生的奇蹟

在第 屆科展作品(中華民國第 屆中小學科學展覽會換心手術)有給定了一個新的名詞(頂心三角形):平面上給定△ABC及一點D,分別以A、B、C三頂點為圓心,¯DA、¯DB、¯DC為半徑畫圓,三圓交於三點E、F、G,再以三交點E、F、G為頂點作△EFG,則新△EFG稱為△ABC在D點的頂心三角形,本篇作品主要探討原三角形與其頂心三角形邊長與面積比例關係,並試著利用這些關係求出頂心線以及其他相關性質。 在我們的作品中,我們求出頂心三角形的三邊長為2¯AD sin⁡∠ CAB、2¯BD sin⁡∠ ABC、2¯CD sin⁡∠ BCA,也就是說在原三角形為任意三角形,可以得出頂心三角形的邊長與原三角形之間的邊長關係,我們再進一步利用邊長關係求出頂心三角形對原三角形的面積以及面積比例。我們還發現,當D點在原三角形的外接圓上時,頂心三角形會退化為一直線,稱為頂心線,而此頂心線會通過原三角形的垂心是本篇作品最重要的發現。

CONTACTLESS AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE DETECTION OF CHICKEN MEAT CONTAMINATION WITH LASER SPECKLE METHOD

Harmful microorganisms in food can cause deterioration of human health, poisoning and in some cases even death. Especially fresh meat and chicken products create a suitable environment for the growth of microorganisms in terms of the nutrients it contains, water activity and pH level. For this reason, detection of microorganisms in meat products is an important issue in terms of food safety and human health. In this project, it is aimed to detect live microorganisms in meat products, especially chicken meat, in a simple, non-destructive, non-contact and fast way using laser speckle method. Laser speckle images of healthy and stale chicken meat were taken, contrast parameter and correlation analysis of the obtained patterns were made. It was observed that the contrast parameter for staled chicken meat increased by approximately 3 times compared to fresh chicken. This increase provides an understanding of the difference between contaminated chicken and fresh chicken. Speckle density changes over time in relation to the movements of living microorganisms. Thus, the correlation in laser speckle density patterns taken from contaminated tissues is disrupted. In the measurements taken with photodiode, by analyzing the change of light intensity of the speckle patterns on fresh and contaminated tissues over time, the detection of microorganisms was made easier and more precisely without the need for image processing. The proposed measurement system is a new method that detects meat contamination with laser speckle imaging. It can be developed and made portable and can be used easily in homes. Since it is a simple, non-destructive and fast method, it can be used to determine the shelf life of meat in food distribution places and markets. In addition, it has the potential to be calibrated and used for other food products other than meat products. The system developed with this study is cheap and easy to use, and the laser speckle imaging method is used in a different field other than biomedical, contributing to the literature.