周轉不靈（汽車過彎翻覆原理與對策）
「翻車」事件令人怵目驚心，輕則車毀，重則人亡。減少翻車事件，可減少悲劇的發生。而翻車絕大多數均發生在轉彎的路段，且伴隨著超速發生。因此，本研究乃針對汽車過彎行駛，探討其翻覆的原因以及改進之道 · 本研究乃利用實驗分析法以及理論驗證法進行研究，實驗中變化不同的汽車質量，車軸寬、車身高以及車軸寬/車身高，質量重心寬、高以及寬/高、傾斜度以及迴轉半徑等九種參數 · 於自製的紅外線偵測變頻式可調迴轉模擬機上以八部模型試驗車測試其翻覆轉速，並換算為翻覆速度後逐一分析討論之。經由實驗結果，本研究得到以下結論：一、汽車轉彎翻覆與離心力有關，當離心力大於臨界側向推力時，汽車即翻覆。臨界側向推力公式為 F = mg ( tanθ + K?) / ( l -K? tanθ ) 二、最大容許車速平方與轉彎半徑及質量中心寬高比相乘積成正比；而在定車速下，飲小客許轉彎半徑與質量中心寬高比成反比．前述各項皆與質量大小無關．三、提高轉彎路面傾斜度對防止汽車翻覆有確實的效果。而最佳的過彎防止翻覆方法是降低車行速度，提高轉彎半徑，增加路面外側傾斜度，以及提高汽車質量中心寬高比”四、汽車過彎不致翻覆的最大極限速度 Vc 以及最小轉彎半徑rc分別為 vc=〔 rg ( tan θ + K ?）/ ( l 一 K ? tanθ ) ]; rc =（ V2 / g ) ( l 一 K?tanθ ) / ( tanθ + K? ) 五、本實驗所設計紅外線偵測變頻式可調迴轉模擬機，可有效的模擬汽車過彎翻覆，適用於中等學校物理、力學等學科的實驗課程。The accident of overturning a car always results in both destroying the car body and the death of the people. This project is to investigate what factors would have an effect on overturning a car and how to prevent a car from overturning.This project explores the factors by varying the mass of the cars, the distance between axes, the height of the car body, the ratio between the axis distance and the car height, the central gravity, and the declination. We test and record different overturning rotating speeds of eight model cars by a self-made adjustable simulator with a varying frequency infra-red detector. According to the experiment, the following results are obtained. I. The overturning occurrence is as a result of the eccentric force over the critical lateral force. The critical lateral force is F=mg(tanθ +K?)/(l—K?tan θ) 2. The square of allowable maximum speed is in proportion to the product of turning radius and ration of width to height for the center of mass; however, the allowable minimum turning radius is inversely proportional to the ration of width to height for the center of mass under constant vehicle speed. The above inference is independent of the mass of vehicle. 3. Increasing the declination can prevent a car from overturning. 4. The maximum speed for a car turning without overturning is Vc. The minimum turning radius is r. Both are expressed as follows:Vc=[rg(tanθ +K2)/(1—K?tanθ );rc=(’V2/g)( I —K?tanθ )/(tanθ +K?)5. The self-made adjustable simulator with a varying frequency infra-red detector can be used in the experiments of the middle school science curriculum.
多重電極並聯情況下交、直流電解水的比較研究
The temperature of the water was commonly higher and both of electrodes were oxidized during electrolysis by using alternating current, but the above happenings were only found at the positive electrode by using direct current. It can be explained by the principle of the microwave stove. The exchange of the current causes the water molecules to release heat. The strength and weakness of electrolytes, the length and width of the electrodes, and the frequency of the alternating current can affect the rate of electrolysis of water. Commonly speaking, the stronger the electrolyte is, the faster the rate of electrolysis will be. NaOH and HNO3 are strong electrolytes, but the amount of the gas is zero during electrolysis by using alternating current. Maybe both of electrolytes react with stainless-steel electrodes to form some kinds of protective layers to affect the conduction of current. When copper bars, carbon bars, and iron nails are used as electrodes, either the alternating current or direct current is used, the amount of the gas is very small. Maybe these electrodes react with oxygen produced during electrolysis to form oxidized layers to block the conduction of current. Long and wide electrodes produce more amount of the gas. The amount of the gas increases when the frequency of the alternating current increases. The longer the distance between electrodes is, the smaller the amount of the gas will be. The smaller the angle between electrodes is, the smaller the amount of the gas will be, too. When the number of multiple electrodes in parallel increases, the total amount of the gas almost increases. The amount of the gas is smaller at the farther electrode. The amount of the gas at the electrode at the same distance becomes smaller when the number of multiple electrodes in parallel increases. At the same voltage, the effective current of the alternating current is about 0.707 of that of direct current. So we can predict that the total amount of the gas elect rolyzed by alternating current must be about 0.707 of the total amount of the gas electrolyzed by direct current. When we used stainless-steel electrodes and the electrolyte- H2SO4, we found the ratio was about 0.4286. Maybe the system of the electrolysis of water doesn’t obey the ideal linear system of Ohm’s Law and some part of electrical energy is wasted by increasing the temperature of the water and the oxidization of electrodes.
交流電解普遍水溫較高且兩極都有被氧化現象，直流電解則只有正極有上述現象，可能是交流電有類似微波爐的原理，電流交替時造成水分子震盪發熱。電解質強弱、電極種類、電極長短粗細、交流電頻率會影響電解水速率：強電解質較快，但NaOH 、KNO3 雖是強電解質，在交流電解時，氣體產生量幾乎是零，這可能是他們與不銹鋼電極反應形成某種保護層而影響導電；以銅棒、碳棒、鐵釘為電極時，不管是交流電或直流電，氣體體積都很小，這可能是這些電極和產生的氧氣反應，形成氧化層阻礙了導電；長的和粗的電極氣體產生量較多；交流電頻率越大，則電解所產生的氣體量也隨之增加；電極之間的距離越大兩極的氣體體積越小；兩電極之間的角度越小，兩極的氣體體積越少；多重電極並聯的個數越多，總氣體體積約略越大，距離越遠的氣體體積越小，同距離的氣體體積隨並聯的個數越多氣體體積越小。在相同電壓下，交流電輸出的均方根電壓(電流)為直流電電壓(電流)的0.707 倍(1/√2)，所以推測交、直電解水的氣體總體積比值也應為0.707，但我們以不銹鋼為電極、H2SO4 為電解液下比值為0.4286，這可能是本電解水系統並非為遵守歐姆定律的理想線性系統，且電解水時部分電能被消耗在水溫的升高及電極的氧化上。
甩毛巾與音爆
在網路上看到甩毛巾、皮鞭的影片，會產生巨大的聲響，查找了資料，我們知道當發聲體超過音速時便會產生音爆。部分文獻提到，毛巾或皮鞭生成音爆原因是來自於角動量守衡理論，我們想利用實驗方法來驗證其正確性，因此利用video point 來分析影片討論手的加速度和毛巾末端質量、長度的關係，並用crocodile physics 做電腦模擬，我們發現毛巾長度與音爆產生無關，這樣和角動量理論模型有所不同。所以我們嘗試利用能量守恆及自由端反射駐波理論來解釋毛巾產生音爆關係，並利用影片分析及crocodile physics 驗證其正確性。We saw the film clippings on the Internet about snapping towels and whips, which made a big noise. After going through related literature, we found out that it is called the sonic boom .Some papers say that the sonic boom results from the Location momentum conservation theory. To prove its accuracy, we used a kind of computer software called Video Point to analyze in the clippings the movement of the hand, understanding the relationship between the mass of the towel end and the length of the towel. We also used another software called Crocodile Physics to simulate the whole process. We discovered that there is no connection between the length of the towel and the sonic boom. It does not conform to the Location momentum conservation theory. We then in turn employed energy conservation theory and the trait of the standing wave (specific wave length) to explain, when we also used Video Point and Crocodile Physics to prove.
抽籤機
此篇報告中,主要是在敘述以單晶片8051為主體,運用其所具有之功能,製作成此作品,稱為記數抽籤機,又稱抽籤機,根據本篇報告結果,可歸納出以下結果:1.本實驗能讓初學者對單晶片8051之特性與功能有更深的了解,以增進實驗與成品實作的能力。2.此作品以便利為原則,故其體積不大,重量輕攜帶方便。3.使用之元件普遍,價格便宜,在電子材料行均可買的到,成本低。4.依本品之功能,可用於學校讓老師進行抽問,也可用於其他有抽籤或抽獎活動之場合,公平又公正。;In the report, we take the single chip 8051 as a main body, making use of function to do the counting drawing lots machine, which are also called drawing lots machine. According to the resultof this report, conclusions are as followings: 1. With the experiment, the beginners egt deeper understanding about the characteristics and the finished products. 2. This machine is light and its volume is small, so it is easy and convenient to carry with. 3. The essential elements are common,cheap and can easily be bought in the store which is sellong electronic materials. 4. The drawing lots machine can be used at schools when teachers want to pick out some students to ask or it can be used for some drawing lots occasion as well. The outcome is just and fair.
新竹北埔冷泉蝦子之研究
因特殊的地理關係而形成奇特之新竹北埔冷泉，其水溫長年偏低且水質特殊。本研究報告主要在探討生長於冷泉中的蝦子其所屬物種、生命力、生態及新竹科學園區所排放的廢水對其生存之影響等議題。為能獲得科學與客觀性的結果，我自己設計了實驗以及適當的實驗步驟來幫助我找到解答，這也讓我對問題有深入的瞭解。我發現這些黑殼沼蝦，螯足各節間有粗糙橙斑，可以耐7℃的低溫，靠嗅覺覓食，小蝦在前4 週呈快速的成長，污水中的蝦子短期內一定死亡，從基部斷肢才能有再生能力等結果。茲條列所探討的問題如下:1.探討北埔冷泉蝦的身體構造與其功能。2.了解北埔冷泉蝦和一般食用蝦身體構造的差異性。3.探討北埔冷泉蝦的生長環境與其行為之關係。4.探討北埔冷泉蝦的食性。5.探討北埔冷泉蝦的覓食行為。6.探討北埔冷泉蝦與養殖蝦存活率的差異性。7.探討北埔冷泉蝦與養殖蝦的耐溫能力。8.瞭解北埔冷泉蝦的雌、雄判定。9.探討北埔冷泉蝦交配與孵卵方式。10.探討北埔冷泉蝦小蝦的成長曲線。11.探討不同水質對北埔冷泉蝦的影響。12.探討北埔冷泉蝦斷肢後的再生現象。經由這次的研究，讓我對北埔冷泉蝦子的身體構造、生長環境、覓食行為、耐溫能力、交配與孵卵、小蝦的成長、斷肢後的再生、甚至水質對蝦子生存之影響等等已能深入瞭解。除此之外之外，更重要的是從疑問的產生，實驗方法與步驟的構思、做實驗的過程，及獲得可信的結果，再再使我深刻體會到科學精神的真諦。Bei-Pu cold spring of Hsinchu was formed due to the unique geographical feature. This paper investigates the species, livability, ecology and affection of water quality of the wildlife shrimps that live in this special environment. I design my own experiments and suitable procedures to help me to get the scientific and objective results. The research topics on Bei-Pu wildlife shrimps are listed below. 1. Body structure. 2. Distinguish bred and this wildlife shrimp. 3. Growth environments and its behavior. 4. Foods. 5. Hunting 6. Livability. 7. Tolerance of low temperate. 8. Male and female. 9. Mating and incubating. 10. Growth characteristics. 11. Affection of water quality. 12. Limbed and re-generation. These crayfishes can survive under 7℃. Hunting behavior is guided by olfaction other than vision. They grow rapidly in the first 4 weeks. Regeneration occurs only from the joint. Water quality is vital to them. From this study, I understood the species, hunting, mating, incubating, growth, temperature tolerance and regeneration of this wildlife shrimps. Moreover, I deeply appreciate what real scientific essence is through defining the questions, designing the experiments, procedures and obtaining the results finally.
西瓜成熟與否和聲音關係
一般人從小就知道如果要判斷西瓜有無成熟，只要用手輕拍瓜皮，利用聲音的特性就可以知道西瓜是否成熟，此技術看起來容易，卻需有多年經驗之西瓜商始可為之。本研究利用拍擊西瓜所造成之聲音進行非破壞性音波檢測，來探討西瓜之成熟度。換言之，本研究希望在依照西瓜商拍擊的習慣下，從客觀的科學角度，探討存在於西瓜商手上「聽音辨瓜」的奧秘。由研究結果得知，西瓜的拍聲在頻譜中可分為三個頻區，即西瓜殼所造成的高頻區，水及含水量高的果肉所形成的中頻區，及由空洞及含水量低的果肉所造成的低頻區，而西瓜商就是藉由這三種音頻所表現出的綜合效果進行判斷。The method, tapping the watermelon rind and listening to the sound, has been often used to judge whether the watermelon is mature or not. Although it is not difficult to tap the rind of a watermelon, it is not so easy to have a correct judgment of the maturity just from the sound you heard, unless you are an experienced watermelon farmer. In order to investigate the secret that the farmers have, this research detects and analyzes the sound of tapping watermelons in an objectively scientific way. According to the experimental results, the sound could be approximately partitioned into three regions in the frequency spectrum, denoted as high-frequency, mid-frequency, and low-frequency regions. The high-frequency region and mid-frequency region are resulted from the hard solid rind and the juicy flesh of a watermelon, respectively. As for the low-frequency region, it comes from the vacant holes or flesh with little amount of water. Based on the experiment, it can be concluded that the maturity of a watermelon can be correctly judged from the combination of these three frequency regions, just like the farmer’s method.
分子篩包覆奈米銀製作與應用
本實驗合成之奈米銀粒子產物分為水溶液與固態形式。奈米銀粒子水溶液態製造方法以多芽基之檸檬酸根離子當保護劑，再以NaBH4 還原生成奈米銀粒子。而固態形式之奈米銀粒子是先以四級銨鹽界面活性劑當保護劑，經過NaBH4 還原生成奈米銀粒子水溶液後，再用二氧化矽包覆奈米銀粒子，藉由高溫燒去保護劑，得到含奈米銀粒子之二氧化矽分子篩材料。 將含奈米銀粒子之二氧化矽分子篩材料產物浸在純水中，除了不會改變水溶液性質外，又能以分子篩通透的特性，讓奈米銀漸進地釋放出銀離子，而達到長效性抗菌效果。 至於具抗菌性棉衫或濾網的製作，則採直接浸泡在奈米銀粒子水溶液中的方法，使奈米銀粒子吸附於上，針對上述實驗非常成功，洗滌超過十次且放置時間長達一個月以上，其抗菌效果仍佳，表示此簡易法製成的棉衫或濾網具有長效性的抗菌功效，為本研究重大突破。 奈米銀粒子對環境的影響是利用黑殼蝦來測試，控制適當奈米銀粒子濃度，使黑殼蝦能生存，亦可達到水中殺菌的效果。本實驗為首次針對奈米銀粒子對環境影響的測試並獲得重大的成果。;In this study, two Ag nanoparticles samples including Ag nanoparticles in aqueous solution and in solid form were prepared. The Ag nanoparticles aqueous solution readily obtained from reduction of AgNO3 aqueous solution with NaBH4solution in the presence of the sodium citrate as protecting agent. To prepare the Ag nanoparticles@porous silica sample, cationic alkyltrimethylammonium surfactant was used as the protecting agent of Ag nanoparticles and template of the porous silica. The Ag nanoparticles@porous silica was synthesized via reduction by NaBH4, silicification in silicate solution and calcination for the removal of surfactant. When adding the Ag nanoparticles@porous silica, the property of the aqueous solution was not changed. In addition, the Ag+ ion was gradually released from the accessible silica matrix to achieve a long-lasting effect on anti-bacteria. To prepare anti-bacteria clothes and sieves, these objects were soaked in Ag nanoparticles aqueous solution. The Ag nanoparticles were spontaneously absorbed into the clothes and sieves. The anti-bacteria efficiency of the Ag-nanoparticles containing clothes and sieves still remains even after ten-time washing and a period of time longer than one month. These worthy results indicate that this synthetic method provides a simple way to prepare the long-lasting Ag-nanoparticles containing clothes and sieves for anti-bacteria application. To investigate the influence of the Ag nanoparticles on the environment, shrimps are used as testing objects. With a well control on the Ag nanoparticles concentration, the shrimps survived well and the bacteria content was reduced. It is the first time to have testing result about the effect of the Ag nanoparticles on the environment. Thus, this is the most remarkable achievement in our experiments.
記憶學習機
一般學生對於學校課程學習的負擔，再加上對本身的自信心不足，往往導致學生自己所「背」的東西不是十分確信是否有真正記進腦中，也常常困擾著他們。因此，引發本小組想設計一個可以自我評測且可以立即得到成績的輔助學習機;在研究過程中，本小組設計記憶學習機不但可以做到使用者自我評測的功能，還可以讓使用者馬上得到檢測的結果並且使用者可以回顧先前成績欄紀錄;記憶學習機經過本小組組員的辛苦孕育下誕生，本小組便拿著「它」讓班上同學認識，雖然「它」不是同學心中的最佳主角，但是同學卻一致認定「它」是『最佳伴讀夥伴』。本作品主要功能有:1．能調整使用者所要求的測試時問。2．該作品能記憶此次測試成績，以便和下次相互比較。3．依使用者的需求選擇中文、英文、數字及遊戲模式做記憶訓練。4．能有立即性的成效及回饋。 Due to the pressure of courses and lack of confidence, many students are often not sure of what they have recited on a lesson previously, which in turn always disturbs and cut down learning confidence of students. To eradicate the obstacles they encounter, we decide to research into this topic. A memory-based learning-aided machine is designed for students to self-evaluate themselves and to get the feedback at once. In the process of development, the memory-based learning-aided machine not only lets users practice the exercise of their own, but also is able to derive the outcomes immediately and retrieve the previous records effectively and efficiently. We strive to make this learning-aided machine at its best performance as possible as we can. Besides, the memory-based learning-aided machine provides the alternatives for the users to answer the question in a way that they like. For example, users can answer questions in English mode, can choose the limit time into test themselves in a time. In addition, the system can expand its material by inputting data into the knowledge base. By our group members' lasting efforts, the learning-aided machine was created, finally. According to the result of experiment that we applied to the classmates, we conclude that the memory-based learning-aided machine is the best assistant and learning partner for the students. We would like to introduce it to classmates and hope they will be interested in using it to enhance their learning motivation and performance.
隨機遞迴數列及渾沌現象
給定一個p∈(0,1)，令k0=0,p0在(0,1)間隨機分布,定義 k1為能使的最小正整數k，而;相同的，對於給定的kn-1,kn為能使的最小正整數k，。若存在kn使得，則稱p∈In;若對於所有的n與kn，，則稱p∈I∞。如此區間(0,1)可分解成集合I1,I2,…I∞。