螯合劑對銅．鉛．鋅離子萃取．分離及測定之微型實驗研究
以微型實驗的方式用螯合劑：dithizone(diphenyl thiocarbazone)在四氯化碳中對金屬離子銅(Ⅱ)、鉛(Ⅱ)、鋅(Ⅱ)進行溶劑萃取與反萃取的平衡所得條件，以及由金屬離子與螯合劑結合時的莫耳數比與分離條件的探討得知，僅僅由控制溶液之pH值便可以使水溶液中的銅、鉛、鋅離子分離。於本研究中所使用之萃取光度分析法，對銅可以測至0-0.1ppm，鉛可以測至0-5.0ppm，鋅可以測至0-0.8ppm；莫耳吸光率分別為：Cu[HDz]2：4.50x104 L/moles‧cm(550nm)。Pb[HDz]2：6.85x104 L/moles‧cm(520nm)。Zn[HDz]2：9.50x104 L/moles‧cm(540nm)。其結果可做為重金屬離子廢水淨化效能之微型檢測指標。
The microscale experiment that the equilibrium of extraction and back extraction of Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、and Zn(Ⅱ) with the extraction of chelate agent- diphenyl thiocarbazone(dithizone) in carbon tetrachloride were investigated. The conditions of extraction and back extraction of pH1/2 and the stability of these chelate compounds have the possibility to separate these Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、and Zn(Ⅱ) mental ions in aqueous solution or in water sample mutually.
The separation and determination of Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、and Zn(Ⅱ) up to 0~1ppm(Cu), 0~5ppm(Pb), 0~0.8ppm(Zn) with dithizone in CCl4 by extraction spectrophotometry has been established.
The molar absorptivity expresssed in Lmol-1cm-1 was found to be 4.50x104(550nm)for Cu[HDz]2, 6.85x104(520nm) for Pb[HDz]2, 9.50x104(540nm) for Zn[HDz]2, respectively.
仲夏夜裡的精靈－探討發光胺之化學發光反應與催化劑之作用
過去，螢光的使用只局限於釣魚、登山等無法使用電燈或火把時使用的一種較為安全的冷光。而今，我們使用這種化學發光的機會也越來越多，也再成了更多的汙染，所以我們想藉此去研討有關螢光棒之化學反應與其反應之改良。在這一篇報告當中，我們討論與研究有關Luminol發光之反應與催化劑對其反應之影響；比較在380nm~480nm範圍內不同波長所產生之光度及比較各種不同催化劑在相同波長的發光度隨反應時間的變化。我們發現在此反應之中，以k3Fe(CN)6可以產生出最大的亮度，且由實驗的結果得知Luminol的發光無法維持兩分鐘，發光時間較為短暫。映之催化效果是同時被金屬離子和根離子影響。具有明顯催化效果(最大光度超過2.5)的鹽類濃度以稀薄為佳，約10-3M。在此反應中以k3Fe(CN)6為其催化劑，可以產生一種穩定且明亮的發光，是一種較佳的催化劑在此化學發光反應之中。In the past, fluorescence was limited in being used in fishing or hiking, in which light or a torch was not available. Fluorescence is much safer because of its feature of luminescence. Today, the opportunities we use this fluorescence become more and more. The more people will use fluorescence. The more environment pollution will be caused, that is the reason we would like to study the chemical reaction of fluorescence and its solution to reduce pollution. In this paper, chemical reactions between the Luminol and different catalysis agents are studied, the comparisons between the reaction condition of the catalysis agents and the Luminol, to measure the light intensity variation in 350-500nm light wavelength range. And to measure the light intensity variation following the time of the chemical reactions between the Luminol and different catalysis. We found out that the chemical reactions between the Luminol and k3Fe(CN)6 being the catalysis agents can produce the maximum light strength. But the time of the chemical reactions is much shorter, it only can keep this chemical reactions operating in two minutes. The chemical reaction’s catalysis agent is affected by metallic ion and SO4(2-) , NO3(1-),Cl(1-), when the catalysis agent’s concentration is sparely, this luminous reaction is more obvious( the maximum light strength is over 2.5) .It can produce a fluorescence which is steady and luminous, and it is better to become the catalysis agent material of the fluorescent chemical reactions.
水果與DNA
本研究的目的在探討數種水果分解?，對萃取洋蔥DNA 的影響，想了解在什麼情況下，哪一種水果分解?的反應最快。研究結果發現：實驗所選水果都含分解?，以火龍果汁分解?反應最快。沒有加火龍果汁分解?的洋蔥溶液，加入酒精後一樣會分層出像DNA 的白色棉絮團狀物，但分層時間長，超過15 分鐘以上；而加入火龍果汁後，反應時間明顯會增快，快至30 到40 秒內完成，可知火龍果汁分解?有催化作用。在火龍果汁的量方面，由0%逐步加到20%時，以10%反應時間就達到極限，再增加單位果汁量並沒有顯著差異。在不同溫度的火龍果汁方面，除了常溫(22.5℃)外，冷凍(-10℃)、冷藏(4.2℃)和加溫(42.9℃)反應時間都變慢，這是因為每一種?都有一個反應最佳的溫度，溫度太低，?的活性會降低，溫度太高?可能會變性失去催化作用。本研究用的火龍果分解?在常溫下的反應最快。更進一步的研究發現，以最不易被萃取DNA 的鳳梨當分解?，萃取火龍果種子的DNA 時，可以萃取到較純又多的火龍果DNA。In this study, what I notice most about the phenomena of a extraction DNA method by using fruit’s enzyme are stepping progressive researches, that are at first qualitative analysis, then quantitative analysis (volumetric analysis), and finally deep study the interaction (special phenomena) among the onion juice, fruit’s enzymes, salt solution and 95% ethyl alcohol. The enzymes of various kinds of fruits were explored in a kitchen as a laboratory. The compare methods of fruits’ enzymes reaction rate have been proposed. The hand-made experimental systems, six synchronic agitation machines and six synchronic ejectors were developed and have been set up to control the key parameters and find out the phenomena of the reaction process. The key parameters are the quantity of onion slurry, fruit’s enzymes, salt solution, 95% ethyl alcohol, temperature and mixing time. The results show that: (1) The onion DNA phenomena through fruit’s juice as enzyme is visible in kitchen as a laboratory. (2) The hand-made experimental system demonstrated an effective way to control mixing times, therefore compare methods have well been simplified. (3) All fruits’ juice has enzymes function. Normally, the reaction time in process is more than 15 minutes. (4) The enzyme of fruit Pitaya has the highest activity. The reaction time in process of Pitaya juice as enzyme in the reactant onion slurry is less than 40 second. (5)And the optimal quantity of Pitaya juice is 10% of the reactants, since the reaction rate might seem like to the saturated speed, if more than 10%. (6) The reaction rate depends strongly on temperature. The optimal temperature is room temperature, 22.5℃. Finally, the aggregating effect of the DNA and protein was also observed. The reacted products were examined with the optical microscope and the composition of the products was analyzed and identified by using the UV diffraction method. The interaction among DNA, proteins, salt, ethyl alcohol and water was investigated with computer simulation ( the software “Hyper Chem”).
台灣西部沿海地區海水倒灌的問題探究
海水倒灌一直是台灣西南沿海地區居民揮之不去的夢靨，所以本研究的目的即根據資料了解西南沿海地區的地質、地勢、現況以及參考專家分析造成海水倒灌的可能因素後，因此設計了【模擬沿海地區海水倒灌的模型箱】，再進行【超抽地下水會導致地層下陷及海水入侵的實驗】、【了解地下水鹽化灌溉農作物的生長情形】，最後企圖找出農作物鹽化的即時處理及土壤鹽化恢復的方法，還有利用太陽能以低壓簡易蒸餾的方式模擬海水淡化的可行性，希望能解決海水倒灌的後遺症問題。Inwelling is a problem which has affected the inhabitants of the coastal regions of Southwest Taiwan for many years. This study examines the geological and topographical structure of the coastal regions of Southwest Taiwan, and considers experts’ views on the possible causes of inwelling. This information is used as the basis for designing a box for modeling inwelling in the coastal regions, experimentation to study land subsidence and inwelling caused by excessive extraction of groundwater, and examination of the impact on crop growth of irrigation using groundwater which has been affected by salinification. Finally, the study seeks to find methods for dealing promptly with the salinification of agricultural crops and for the remediation of salinified soil. In addition, solar energy is used (with a simple, low-pressure distillation method) to model the feasibility of desalinifying seawater in the region in question, in the hope that this will help to remedy some of the aftereffects of inwelling.
熱巧克力效應之迷思
“熱巧克力效應”是當你將巧克力粉加入裝有熱水之馬克杯後用湯匙輕敲杯壁，可以聽出攪拌前後敲擊所得聲音頻率明顯不同，攪拌後巧克力粉溶解頻率會較高。一般論文的解答是「當粉末溶解的時候，藏在粉末裡的空氣就會跑出來，在空氣與水混合的環境裡，音速比在水裡低。當水裡不斷有空氣與水混進去時，這個容器的共振頻率和它裡面的音速有關，所以也會降低。因此你會聽到較低之音調，直到空氣全跑光。」但根據我的實驗我覺得這樣的解釋並不對。我們提出新的模型來解釋“熱巧克力效應”。When we put an ounce of dry chocolate powder into a mug filled with hot water, then tapping the side with your spoon will generate a sound. The pitch of this sound will rise after stirring. This is called “the hot chocolate effect”. According to a published paper, the explanation is “The air trapped in the powder is released as the powder dissolves. Since the speed of sound is lower in air than that in water, the speed of sound in the air-water mixture is lower than that in pure water. During that period while the air escapes the container, the resonant frequencies of the water, which depend directly on the speed of sound, will also be lower. Hence, you hear a lower tone until the air escapes”. However, our experiments clearly demonstrated that the explanation is plainly wrong. A new theoretical model is also proposed for the observed phenomenon.
南爭北鬥之壁虎大戰一蝎虎與無疣蝎虎種間競爭程度之評估
無疣蝎虎（Hemidactylus bowringii）與蝎虎（Hemidactylus freuatus）分類上屬蜥蜴目守宮科蝎虎屬，為本島住家附近常見且生態地位相近的壁虎，近年來因人為因素使原本有地理區隔的兩種壁虎在北部地區產生共域現象。本研究利用問卷來調查兩種壁虎分佈狀況，並用「體型大小」、「食物競爭能力」兩種指標，設計實驗評估種間競爭程度，來探討兩種居家壁虎種間競爭程度。問卷調查及物種採集結果顯示，在台北市各行政區確實存在共域現象，且分佈數量互有消長。體型大小比較上，蝎虎體型較無疣蝎虎稍大，但在統計上無顯著差異。食物競爭能力強弱比較上，以斷尾後尾巴增長量為指標，結果兩者大致相等，無顯著差異。綜合以上研究結果，顯示兩者共域後會出現種間競爭現象，程度大致相等，有互相消長現象。Hemidactylus bowringii and Hemidactylus freuatus are commonly seen in Taiwan, and their habitats are very near the area people live. Recently, two species have inhabited the same or overlapped geographical areas in northern Taiwan. This sympatric phenomenon resulted from the geographical isolation being broken by people. This research investigated their distributions in Taipei city by using questionnaire, and evaluated the degree of interspecific competitions by using indexes of the body size comparison and the food competition to design our experiments.According to results of questionnaire and animal sampling, two geckos did inhabit closely in some areas in Taipei city, and their population distributions were changing with time. According to the result of the body size comparison, Hemidactylus freuatus is bigger than Hemidactylus bowringii. But there is not a statistically significant difference between two species. The degree of food competition of two species was all square. In summary, it was occurred the interspecific competition between Hemidactylus bowringii and Hemidactylus freuatus, and the degree of competitions was almost equal.
8x8 棋盤路徑解之一般化推廣
Abstract (一)、 In our study, we discuss a m×n chess and any beginning square p finding a directed path of chessman from p moving to an end square in which the chessman moves to adjacent squares including only three directions which are right move, up move and diagonal left down move. A m×n chess is ruled into m columns and n rows creating the number of (m×n) squares (二)、 A chess directed path moves from any beginning square to end square in a m×n chess and every other square is visited just once. In the view of the beginning squares, the chess paths are solvable paths in a mxn chess and the corresponding squares are solutions. (三)、 First, we find out that some beginning squares are located in a special area with no any solvable directed paths. We define the special area be no-solution area. (四)、 According the 3-color theorem, we determine more than two thirds of no-solution area. (五)、 Then, we derive properties of reversibility and symmetry in solvable paths. i.e. A solvable path exist another solvable path by reversibility and symmetry respectively. (六)、 Utilizing the generalization of no-solution area which is extended from the concept of no-solution area provides judgment for the next moves effectively. The judgment is defined as effective move principle. (七)、 Furthermore, using the other theorem called rules of shift Hamiltonian path gets augment solutions. (八)、 According to the effective move principle finding a number of solvable directed paths, use the reversibility and rules of shift Hamiltonian paths to get augment solutions. Finally, utilize symmetry to find out all solvable paths in the m×n chess. (一)、研究規則：在m×n 的格子中，任取一格A 當作「起點格」，在起點格上放一顆棋子，只能往「上」、往「右」、往「左下」的方向移動。(二)、定義：若棋子從「起點格」，按照上述規則能不重複的通過所有m×n 格子到達某一「終點格」，則對於「起點格」而言，此移動路徑稱為m×n 的「有解路徑」，其任4一「終點格」稱為「起點格」的「路徑解」。(三)、我們先研究出「基本無解區」。(四)、根據遊戲規則我們利用三種顏色將n × n 方格塗滿，並判斷出大部分的「無解起點格」。(五)、利用遊戲規則得到兩重要性質：(1)[可逆性性質] (2) [對稱性性質](六)、利用「廣義基本無解區」，當作我們[有效移動]的判斷，讓「有解路徑」快速的找出。(七)、利用本研究所稱的「平移哈式鏈」，得到[擴充解]。(八)、根據[有效移動]求出部分「路徑解」，再利用[可逆性性質]、 [擴充解] ，最後利用[對稱性性質]完成所有「路徑解」的尋找。
Ethidium Bromide 對p53 基因缺陷老鼠致癌影響
p53 蛋白是一種轉錄調控因子，其在抑制癌症的形成扮演很重要的角色。已知的報告顯示它能影響下游特定蛋白表現進而調控細胞週期或促使細胞進行凋亡作用。如此作用機制對於可能癌化的細胞在生物體造成傷害之前能被先行消滅，因此正常的p53 蛋白存在與否，對癌症的產生有很大的影響。 根據上述結果，我們想分析不同表現量的p53 是否對於致癌藥劑-EtBr所引發的癌化細胞有所影響。所以我們設計實驗，將具有正常表現量p53 蛋白的老鼠(p53+/+)與僅能表現少量p53 蛋白的老鼠(p53+/-)，均塗以等劑量之致癌藥劑EtBr於其大腿皮膚上，觀察其致癌情形的差異。實驗結果發現 : 在塗EtBr 的14 隻p53+/-老鼠中，有3 隻出現了組織病變的症狀，包括脾臟腫大，淋巴組織長出腫瘤，而其他對照組(一)塗EtBr 的p53+/+老鼠，(二)不塗EtBr 的p53+/+老鼠或(三)不塗EtBr 的p53+/-老鼠都沒有產生異常的症狀。因此根據上述實驗結果進行推論，發現經EtBr 的刺激後，p53+/-的老鼠的確較其他的老鼠更容易得到癌化細胞。;p53 is a transcription factor that plays an important role in suppression of tumorgenesis. Previous reports showed it regulates cell cycle and enhances cell apoptosis by effecting specific proteins expression. By this way, the problematic tumor cell can be deleted to protect organism from tumor damage. According above conclusion, we are interested to know whether p53 plays a role involved the carcinogens-EtBr induced tumorgenesis. We compared the differences of tumorgenesis between mice express normal (p53+/+) or low (p53+/-) expression level of p53 proteins when they are smeared equal amount of EtBr on skin of thigh. In here, our results show three of fourteen p53+/- mice had pathological changes, containing spleen enlargement and lymphoma. However, other three comparisons, smear p53+/+ mice with EtBr (1), without EtBr (2) or p53+/- without EtBr(3), are normal. Therefore, We suggest that p53+/- mice are easily to obtain tumor than p53+/+ mice after EtBr treatment.