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在本實驗中，我們合成了三個新的鋅的幾何異構物：trans-facial-[Zn(dipica)₂]Cl2.CH3OH(dipica=dipicolylamine，C12H13N3，雙(2吡啶甲基)胺)trans-facial-[Zn(dien)2]Cl2(dien=diethylenetriamine，C4H14N3，二乙基三胺)及反式-[Zn(demn)2Cl2](demn=N,N’-dimethylethylenediamineC4H12N2，N,N'-二甲基乙二胺)。本實驗的特色皆在室溫下反應，採用擴散法培養晶體。trans-facial-[Zn(dipica)22]Cl2.CH3OH晶體為三斜晶系，晶格常數a=8.8269(6)Å, b=8.9908(6)Å, c=10.0292(6)Å,α=76.715(1)。,β=81.232(1)。,γ=67.753(1)。;其空間群為P1，可信度R=0.025,Rw=0.0697。六配位的陽離子，其結構為扭曲八面體，兩個含氮三牙基(dipica)trans-facial配位，赤道面(ZnN(1)N(2)N(1A)N(2A))由兩個含吡啶環之氮(N(1)、N(1A))及兩個飽和胺之氮(N(2)、N(2A))所組成。主軸為兩個吡啶環之氮所組成。兩個含氮三牙基(dipica)與鋅的咬合角皆為84.5。。trans-facial-[Zn(dien)2]Cl2晶體為單斜晶系，晶格常數為a=11.3050(3)Å,b=10.9264(3)Å, c=12.6147(3)Å,β=92.884(1)。;其空間群為P21/c，可信度R=0.0191，Rw=0.0484。六配位的離子，其結構為扭曲八面體，兩個含氮三牙基(dien)與鋅的咬合角為156°、157°。反式-[Zn(dmen)2Cl2]晶體為單斜晶系，晶格常數 a=10.3397(4)Å,b=8.5916(4)Å,c=7.9774(3)Å,β=100.520(1)°;其空間群為C2/m，可信度R=0.0266，Rw=0.0686。其結構為八面體，鋅原子四個氮原子組成赤道面(ZnN(1)N(1A)N(1B)N(1C))，兩個氯原子位於此平面的兩側。兩個含氮雙牙基(dmen)與鋅的咬合角皆為83.0(1)Å。 In this study, we have synthesized three new geometrical isomers of zinc(II)complexes: trans-facial-bis(dipicolylamine)zinc(II)chloride-mathanol(1/2)(trans-fac-[Zn(dipica)2]Cl2.2CH3OH), trans-facial-bis(ethylenetriamine)zinc(II)chloride(trans-fac[Zn(dien)2]Cl2)and trans-bis(N, N'-dimethylethylenetriamine)zinc(II)chloride(trans-[Zn(dmen)2]Cl2). The crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained by slow diffusion of ether to solution of the products. There molecular strctures determined by X-ray diffraction. The complex trans-fac-[Zn(dipica)2]Cl2.2CH3OH crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a=8.8269(6)Å, b=8.9908(6)Å, c=10.0292(6)Å,α=76.715(1)。,β=81.232(1)。,γ= 67.753(1)。, for Z=1. The R value is 0.0259 for 3286 significant reflections. In the hexacoordinate cation, the two tridentate dipicolylamine ligands are trans-facially coordinated with two pyridine nitrogens and two secondary amine nitrogens situated on four positions in a basal plane(ZnN(1)N(2)N(1A)N(2A)). The remaining two pyridine nitrogens constitute the axis in a distorted octahedra structure. Colorless trans-fac-[Zn(dien)2]Cl2 crystallizes the monoclinic space group P21/c with a=11.3050(3)Å, b=10.9264(3)Å, c =12.6147(3)Å,β=92.884(1)。,and Z=1. The R value is 0.0191 for 3285 significant reflections. The zinc(II) atom has distorted octahedra coordination, in which the ligands are bound in a trans-facial configuration. Colorless trans-[Zn(dmen)2Cl2] crystallizes the monoclinic space group C2/m with a=10.3397(4)Å, b= 8.5916(4)Å, c=7.9774(3)Å,β=100.520(1)。, and Z=2. The R value is 0.0266 for 856 significant reflections. The zinc(II)atom of trans-[Zn(dmen)2Cl2]is six coordinate with 4 nitrogens of bidentate dmen forming a basal plane(ZnN(1)N(1B)N(1A)N(1C)),and two chlorines on the axial sites completing an octahedra structure.

Lotus effect（蓮花效應）是蓮葉表面化學組成（wax）與物理組成（微纖維結構）兩者所造成。本研究是以模擬Lotus effect，採用Sol-Gel 製成，將氟化矽聚合為奈米膠體。實驗結果發現，以異丙醇為溶劑，再依序加入氟化矽、硝酸以製成的Sol-Gel，將其塗覆於玻璃表面，可得到最高的接觸角（114.71°），且少量的氟化矽可製成大量的成品，已具有實用價值又兼顧成本的優點，最重要的是，本研究克服了目前Sol-Gel 製程與應用的四大難題（機械強度、與基材接著問題、透明度、溶膠凝固問題），可說是一大創舉。利用所研發出來的奈米溶膠，我們能成功地將Sol-Gel 附著於布料、玻璃、釉表面、粉體，也能成功地研發出具有自潔透氣的布料、救生衣、雪衣、棉被及自潔功能的玻璃、磁磚與市面上尚未研發出的防水粉體（接觸角＞140°），因此我們研發出的Sol-Gel 應用甚廣，有無限的發展潛力。Chemical composition (wax) and physical characteristics (microstructure) of lotus leaves are both responsible of the so call Lotus Effect. In this study we intend to demonstrate louts effect by applying Sol-Gel method to polymerize fluorosilane into nano-scale colloid. Our experimental results shown that the sol-gel made based on isopropanol solvent with fluorosilane and nitric acid added in order, when coated on glass plate, can achieve highest (liquid-surface) contact angle of 114.7 degrees. In addition, only small quantity of fluorosilane is sufficient to produce large amount of product, making this method feasible and cost-effective. More importantly, this procedure overcome the four major difficulty of sol-gel processing and application, namely mechanical toughness, adhesion with substrate, transparency, and consolidation. Using the nano-sol-gel developed in this study, we have successfully coated the sol-gel onto fabric, glass, ceramic grazing surface, and powder, which allow one to make self-cleaning breathable clothes, life jacket, snow cloth, futon and self-cleaning glass and tiles, as well as water-proof powder (contact angle > 140 degrees) which is brand new on market. We therefore believe that there is a great potential for the application of sol-gel developed in this study.

槐葉蘋(Salvinia natnas)生長於台灣低海拔淡水濕地，目前已列為嚴重瀕臨滅絕的台灣原生物種，為不具有根的植物，是世界珍稀的漂浮型水生蕨類。本研究是探討槐葉蘋形態、生活史及生存環境因子，實驗發現可藉由成熟浮水葉外部形態特徵來區別槐葉蘋與外來種之人厭槐葉蘋(Salvinia molesta)；槐葉蘋成熟浮水葉呈橢圓形，葉上毛被物是叢生且分岔，人厭槐葉蘋成熟浮水葉呈雙耳形，葉上毛被物則像打蛋器。當兩物種共存於同一個環境空間時，人厭槐葉蘋以平均11.6 cm2/week 的生長率將槐葉蘋完全取而代之，顯示人厭槐葉蘋之入侵對槐葉蘋生存影響之深遠。經由兩年的槐葉蘋物候觀察，發現3~11 月為抽芽成長期、3~12 月為成熟繁殖期、12 月~隔年2 月為冬枯期及孢子囊果出現期，12 月~隔年5 月為孢子囊果成熟開裂期。其繁衍策略可分為無性繁殖（頂芽及側芽生長）及有性生殖（異配子體交配）。探討環境因子（光照度、氣溫、濕度、水質、水溫、pH 值）分析結果，適合槐葉蘋生存環境的條件為(1)陽光間接照射（半遮蔭，遮蔭度58.33%）、(2)乾淨未受污染的水質(pH 6.5~8)、(3)通風性良好。生長環境符合以上條件即可達到移地保育的目的。Salvinia natans, a floating fern without roots, grows in low elevation fresh water wetlands of Taiwan, and is a critically endangered precious Taiwanese native species. This research investigates the life form, life history, and living environment of Salvinia natans. Our experiments show that we can differentiate Salvinia natans and Salvinia molesta, two easily mixed up species. The shape of matured floating leaves of Salvinia natans is elliptical and smaller, while it is twin-ear shape and larger for Salvinia molesta. Also, they can be distinguished by their leaf hairs. The hairs of Salvinia natans are tufted and separated at the tips, while the hairs of Salvinia molesta form an ‘eggbeater’ shape at the tip. When these two species lived together, Salvinia molesta grew in a rate of 11.6 cm2/week and will replace all Salvinia natans eventually. This shows the profound impact of invasion of Salvinia molesta. From the data of 2-year phenology observation, we concluded that budding took place from Mar. to Nov., growing and reproducing from Mar. to Dec., decaying from Dec. to Feb. (sporocarps were born in this period), and sporocarps matured from Dec. to May. There are two reproduction strategies: sexual reproduction (intergametophytic mating), and asexual propagation (by terminal and axillary growth). After investigating the environment factors (illuminance, air temperature, water temperature, humidity, pH), we found that ex situ conservation for Salvinia natans requires 1) indirect sunshine, 2) unpolluted water (pH 6.5 ~8), and 3) good ventilation.

最古老之動力機械為蒸氣引擎，在早期蒸氣火車發電機皆由蒸氣引擎發展而來，本研究即利用最古老之蒸氣引擎(俗稱飛龍引擎)之製作，以探討內燃機之基本理論以作為模型引擎設計之基礎。在飛龍引擎製作中，歷經引擎無法轉動之痛苦，並極力找尋一百年前發明蒸氣引擎之同樣思考，最後找尋到引擎啟動之合適尺寸，再用其尺寸延伸做實驗，以發展其理論，最後發現引擎設計之重要變數如管長﹑火焰﹑本身重量均為設計中重要因數，最後用正式機械設計方式完成第四代引擎亦正式運轉，可見本蒸氣引擎之設計基礎具有相當實用之基礎。The oldest locomotive engine was the steam engine. All early steam locomotives were developed from the steam engine (Heron engine) and this research project uses the Heron engine to explore the fundamental theories behind the internal combustion engine as a model for basic engine design. During the production stage of the Heron model, there were difficulties with engine rotation, and so efforts were made to find the same thought processes involved in producing the steam engine 100 years ago. The dimension appropriate for moving the engine was first found, and then the idea was extended with experimentation of the size in order to develop the theory of engine design. In the end, the length of the steam hose, the strength of flame, and the actual weight of engine were all found to be important factors of design. Finally, the fourth generation Heron engine was able to rotate properly using the proper engine design method, so it can be seen that the fundamentals of steam engine design has quite a practical engine design basis.

高二上學期化學第一章，就討論到電子組態及原子光譜，雖然課本上有美麗的光譜插圖，但是觀念還是覺得十分抽象。所以老師為了提高我們學習的興趣，在實驗課中教我們自製簡易分光器，實際去觀賞各種光源及有色溶液的光譜，觀賞過程我們發現下列的問題：（1）為何一般離子是帶狀光譜，而MnO4- 光譜卻像線光譜？（2）MnO4- （深紫）和Mn2+（幾近無色），兩者顏色差異很大。是否與Mn 離子是否單獨存在有關係？（3）而另外CrO42- （黃）、Cr2O72- （橙）和Cr3+（深藍色），三者顏色差異，是否與MnO4- 和Mn2+原因類似？為了尋找這些答案，於是開始了這個題目研究的過程。這期間我們花了很多時間與方法，嘗試將肉眼觀察到的影像，在自設的簡單暗房中，將光柵卡在數位相機的鏡頭前，以腳架或翻拍架拍攝下來。另外我們也應用到高三上學期平衡常數測定實驗中比色法的觀念，以及物理學上單狹縫繞射的觀念，使課本中的理論與實驗研究相互結合！最後我們藉分光光譜儀測定各有色溶液的可見光吸收光譜，再去定量分析這些有色溶液的顏色深淺，並查閱相關的文獻資料。最後發現MnO4-應該是一種電荷傳遞的遷移，所引起特別深顏色的現象。 至於CrO42- 、Cr2O72- 和Cr3+三者顏色比較上是否和MnO4- 和Mn2+一樣的情形？我們推測應該也是如此！初見Cr3+有很深的顏色時，的確嚇了一跳，不過最後我們還是從它們的可見光吸收光譜中發現： CrO42- 、Cr2O72- 在λmax 的吸光度比Cr3+還要大！但是為何肉眼觀察到的Cr3+顏色會比較深？那是因為我們視覺上對藍綠色比較敏感的緣故！請參考表一。 We have discussed some electronic configurations and atomic spectrums in chemistry class. Although there were a few beautiful spectrums in textbook , but it’s difficult to understand. So we made a simple spectroscope by ourselves to observe spectrums of different light source and color solution . After some observation we have found some problems below ： （1）Why the spectrum of color solution is band spectrum , but the spectrum of permanganate ion (MnO4- ) like line spectrum？ （2）MnO4- （deep purple）and Mn2＋（pink）, their color are different very much. Is it because of the lone existence and binding with oxygen atom of manganese ion? （3）Additionally CrO42- （yellow）、Cr2O72- （orange）、Cr3+（deep blue），Are their color’s difference same as MnO4- and Mn2+？ In order to solve it , we started to do the reasrech. We tested different methods much time to record . Finally , We found a good method . That’s placed a grating in front of the digital camera len to take single slit diffraction spectrum pictures in the dark space. Additionally we used spectrophotometer to measure the visible light absorption spectrum. We compared and matched with single slit diffraction spectrums and visible light absorption spectrums. Then we found the intense color of MnO4- due to charge transfer in reference book. How about color’s difference between CrO42- 、Cr2O72- 、Cr3+group and MnO4、 Mn2+ group? We guess they had the same result . We can find the λmax of CrO42- 、Cr2O72- is larger than Cr3+ from the absorption spectrum. But the observation from naked eyes was inverse . This is owing to our vision is more sensitive to blue color. Refer Table 1.

Lantana is a very common plant in our lives. It grows easily and it has a long florescence and various colors. The colors of particular types of lantana alter as the changing florescence. In this experiment, paper chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, SDS-gel electrophoresis, the measurement of petal cellular pH values, and the comparative study of forms of trachoma on the epidermal cells of petals are exerted in order to explore factors that change the colors of the lantanaThe findings are as follows:\r (1)Lantana’s colors have inseparable relationships with the compositions of anthocyanins and flavonoids, but not with the pH values of petal cells.(2)The anthocyanins of petal cells are cyanidm, with glycosides as well.(3)Beside the differences in the compositions of pigments, the forms of trachoma on the epidermis of the petal, cone-like or caniniform, can also be used to distinguish different types of lantana, because the trachoma can influence the reflections of light from the epidermis of the petals and also affect colors of the flowers.(4)The result of SDS-gel electrophoresis shows that the biochemical pathways of petal cells in all species of lantana are similar, so we assume that there is mutant in the series of synthesizing enzyme when the anthocyanins of petal cells are formed, and thus, there are no anthocyanins appearing in the yellow and white species of lantanaThe results above are helpful for the understanding and discovering of lantana’s biological mechanisms, and can be used to create new types of lantana and to make further study of the metabolism of lantana’s complete anthocyanin’s biochemical pathway馬纓丹(Lantana ssp.)是常見景觀植物，容易栽種、花期長、花色多，且有些品系花色會隨著花期而變化。本實驗利用濾紙色層分析、高效能液相層析、SDS-gel電泳、細胞pH值測定及花瓣表皮細胞之毛茸(trichoma)型態之比較等方法探討馬纓丹花色之不同及變化的原因。結果顯示: (1)馬纓丹的花色及花色變化與花青素(anthocyanins)和類黃素(flavonoids)之組成有密切關係，而與花瓣細胞內pH值無關。(2)花瓣中所含花青素為矢車菊色素(cyanidm)，並且具有配醣基(glycoside)。(3)花瓣表皮細胞之毛茸型態，如圓錐形或犬牙型，會影響光的反射，進而影響花色，所以毛茸型態可做為區分馬櫻丹品系之特徵。(4)SDS-gel電泳的結果顯示，馬櫻丹各品系的花瓣細胞生合成類似，推測花瓣細胞產生花青素的一系列酵素中，已有突變發生，而造成黃色、白色品系無花青素。以上結果有助於了解馬纓丹花色變化之機制，可將其應用於改良出新的馬櫻丹之品系，或更深入研究馬櫻丹花青素完整生成代謝路徑。

磁粉探傷過程包含兩個重要的物理現象，其一是磁力線於工作瑕疵處的漏磁現象而形成邊緣磁場，其二是鐵粉顆粒受邊緣磁場的影響而向工作瑕疵處附近聚集現象分別反應出磁場在通過不同介質時所遵循的折射原哩，以及磁場分佈對鐵粉顆粒產生的磁力原理。本研究以電磁通電產生靜磁場，並利用兩電磁鐵間的氣隙來模擬工件瑕疵，因電磁鐵的磁導係數遠大於空氣之磁導係數而造成漏磁場方向機與漏磁面垂直，形成一單純的邊界條件使得邊緣磁通密度的解析解可直接利用馬克斯威爾方程式求得。我們亦導出空氣中的磁通分佈對微小的鐵粉顆粒所產生的磁力公式，發現鐵粉顆粒受靜磁力的大小與該顆粒的體積、磁通密度與磁通密度之梯度成正比，而其方向則與磁通密度之梯度一致，此結論與磁粉探傷過程中，鐵粉向工件瑕疵處聚集的現象吻合。實驗設計採用螢光粉混合鐵粉以獲致明顯的鐵粉顆粒運動軌跡，用數位錄影機紀錄後再擷取影像圖檔判讀其位置與時間之關係，進而反算鐵粉顆粒之位置與所受之靜磁力的關係，以定量的方式證實所推導的邊緣磁場分佈公式以及磁力公式。Two important physical phenomena are observed in the practice of magnetic particle inspection (MPI). The first one is that leakage flux is present in the defect area of the work-piece under inspection. The second one is that magnetic particles aggregate in the vicinity of the defect. These phenomena manifest the theory of flux refraction, which occurs in the intersection area of two different magnetic materials, and the theory of magneto-static force, which is experienced by the iron powder in a magnetic field distribution. Two electromagnets, made of cast steel, are aligned together such that the leakage flux in the air gap forms a fringing field distribution. It is this magnetic field distribution that simulates a defect area in a magnetized magnetic work-piece. Since the permeability of cast steel is far larger than that of air, the direction of the fringing field at the surface of the electromagnets is almost perpendicular to the surface. Such a simple geometry renders an analytical solution to the Maxwell’s equations. The magnetic force of the magneto-static field exerting on the magnetic particle, an iron powder in this case, can be derived by using the principle of virtual displacement. We obtain a formula of magnetic force, whose direction coincides with the gradient of the magnetic flux density and whose magnitude is proportional to the magnitude of the particle volume, the magnetic flux density and its gradient. This formula also agrees with the observation in MPI that the magnetic particles aggregate in the vicinity of the defect.

陸地上的金字塔無時無刻沒有受到氣體的包覆，這個實驗透過風洞模擬金字塔模型，在流體中的壓力變化，並藉由煙線來觀察流體的移動情形，可具體看到當流體經過物體週遭時流場的改變。經由測量壓力，可更深入的探討風速與壓力的關係。在實驗中，可發現當流體迎面而來，在金字塔後方形成的流場變化中，以渦流最易觀察；且透過壓力的測量，發現模型的前、後方，會有明顯的壓差，會對模型造成力矩，可能會使金字塔結構不穩定。越往金字塔上方壓差越小，因此其受阻力所產生的合力矩應較同底面積、同高的長方體小，故金字塔可以長久在沙漠中屹立不搖。此外，流體流過模型兩側會產生分離的情況，分離點的位置會影響渦流區的大小；一般而言，分離點發生在物體的越後方，尾流的尺寸越小，壓差所造成的阻力越低，實驗中發現流速對分離點的位置影響不大，金字塔的擺放形狀卻會對分離點的位置產生明顯的影響，所以越流線型的物體，其受到壓差所產生的阻力越小。希望透過以上的研究，能夠對金字塔周圍複雜的流場有更深入的了解。The pyramid on land is constantly surrounded by gas. Using the wind tunnel, we can investigate the distribution of pressure surrounding the model of pyramid; furthermore, we can discuss about the relationship between pressure and wind velocity. In addition, with the smoke wire, we can visually observe the dynamic flow filed. In our experiment, we discovered that when fluid comes, there will be obvious difference of pressure between the front and the back of the pyramidal model, causing a torque to the model. At higher parts of the model, there is less difference of the pressure, so the resulting torques of a pyramid should be less than that of a cuboid. Therefore, a pyramid can stand in the desert for a long time. Besides, when the fluid flows through the two sides of the model, it will separate, and the position of the separation points will influence the size of the turbulence area. Generally speaking, the farther the separation points are to the back, the smaller the size of the turbulence area, and the less the drag caused by the difference of pressure. With the study above, I expect to have more understanding about the complex flow field of pyramid.

The research mainly discuss the influence on the rate of zinc iodine with different solution as catalytic agent. We use water, acid water, ethanol methanol acid ethanol, and acid methanol and so on as different solution to participate in the process of an equation： Zn+I2 → ZnI2 to work out the variation of the product's amount. Besides, we also change the proportion of Zinc and Iodine to discuss the difference between the proportion of reactant and the product's amount. The result shows that the product of this equation is ZnI2 not Zn(I3)2. Ethanol and methanol have the same effect as water to accelerate the process of the equation. We find out that this reaction get higher product's amount in acid condition. Also, put the mass Zinc with the mass iodine can get higher product's amount, Furthermore, acid in specific range (0.01M—1.00M), the denser the acid is, the higher product's amount we get. But how the water as catalytic agent work in the reaction is the direction we can research deeply in the days to come. 鋅和碘作用生成碘化鋅的反應，是用水作為催化劑，然而一小滴水卻使這個反應劇烈進 行，我們嘗試了多種和水具有相同作用的催化劑，由於反應時間極短不易測量，我們考慮由 產率部分著手，讓原本只需一小滴的水〈催化劑〉改為此反應的溶劑，計算其產率的變化。 實驗分為三部分，第一部份先是改變不同的溶劑，讓鋅和碘在不同溶劑〈水、酸化水、乙醇、酸化乙醇、甲醇、酸化甲醇〉下反應，計算出產率的變化，我們發現在酸中的產率的確較不加酸者來得高。第二部分我們改變加入鋅和碘的量，改變鋅和碘的比例，讓鋅由過量到成為此反應的限量試劑，觀察其產率的變化，我們發現碘作為限量試劑較鋅作為限量試劑的產率高。由於此反應在酸中產率較高，但酸的濃度高低是否又會影響產率呢？我們繼續第三部分的實驗，改變酸的濃度，讓此反應在不同的酸化水濃度的溶劑下反應，討論產率和酸濃度的關係，我們發現在一定範圍內〈0.01M~0.5M〉，酸的濃度越高，產率亦越高。 實驗方法是將鋅和碘置入同一試管中反應，並使其在不同溶劑中反應，接著離心，將碘化鋅水溶液與未反應完的反應物分離，將所得的碘化鋅水溶液使用結晶法得到碘化鋅晶體，秤重並計算其產率。

We can prove 鬼腳圖 have an one-to-one characteristic; it is mean that you can not design a 鬼腳圖 which will make two starting point to the same end. We also can prove you can design any 鬼腳圖 you want; you can predict a result, and you can design a 鬼腳圖 which suit the result, no matter what the result it is. We can design any 鬼腳圖 we want, but it possibly becomes very big and complicated. We develop a method to make it become briefer. According to the method, we make a function that can design the 鬼腳圖 you want in a very short time. You predict a result in computer, and the\r function will design a 鬼腳圖 which suit the result, and it will be the briefest. 吾人已經可以證明鬼腳圖具備一對一的性質，意思就是：不可能從兩個起點開始畫線，最後到同一個終點上。吾人亦證明：鬼腳圖的結果沒有限定：同一組初始條件可以轉換成任何一組結果。而同一組結果也有許多種不同的畫法，顯示鬼腳圖的畫法不具唯一性。即使如此，畫出來的鬼腳圖可能過於複雜，於是吾人又發展出簡化鬼腳圖的方法，可畫出較簡潔的鬼腳圖。吾人並根據這種化簡方式編出一套程式，只要將欲得的結果輸入，電腦就可以畫出最簡潔的鬼腳圖。