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Marsilea quadrifolia, an aquatic perennial rhizomatous fern, is widespread on wetlands in Taiwan. A normal fern frond has the clusters of spore capsules on the back, yet Marsilea quadrifolia reproduces clusters at petiole base from sporocarps which are axillary, pedicellate, ovate and hairy; both microsporangia and megasporangia can be found in sporocarps. It is highly polymorphic. The sterile fronds are erect when growing in mud, and floating in water, and they produce leaflets in the shape of four-leaf clovers. Mature leaves are divided into water leaves and terrestrial leaves according to living environments. Water leaves are divided into submerged leaves, floating leaves, and emergent leaves. These four kinds of leaves have obvious differences in stoma density. The submerged leaves have the least starch which means they have the minimum photosynthetic efficiency. The flexible leafstalks allow the plants to adapt to small changes in water level, while keeping their leaves on the water surface to access light and carbon dioxide. Thus, heterophylly may be seen as an adaptive mechanism which is sensitive to some environmental parameters and that responds accordingly to maximize the capability for survival. The terrestrial leaves have periodic sleep movement according to the alternate changes of day and night. The biggest opening angle is related to a definite leaf closing time cycle. Light interference during the dark period, continuous lighting, or the reversing of day and night all interfere the opening time and speed of them.南國田字草是一種浮葉性、多年生水生蕨類，匍匐莖細長橫臥在水中泥土或濕地裡，葉四枚對生於葉柄頂端，依生長環境不同，可分為水生葉及陸生葉，水生葉又分沉水葉、浮水葉及挺水葉三種。孢子囊群聚集特化成堅硬的孢子囊果，長於葉柄基部，孢子有大、小孢子兩型。四種異型葉在內部構造、氣孔分布密度上皆有相當的差異，以適應環境的變化，葉片澱粉含量以沉水葉最少。南國田字草陸生葉隨著晝夜交替，具有週期性的睡眠運動，每天葉片開啟的最大角度和閉合時間有一定的時間範圍。黑暗期受光照干擾或連續照光、日夜顛倒，皆影響葉片的開閉時間與速率。

Mirabilis Jalapa is a wild flower, which is often seen in countryside of Taiwan. This plant blossom regularly every day around PM 3:00-6:00. Since its regular behavior, it has the potential to become a model plant for research on circadian ryhtem. According to the on spot observation, a Mirabilis Jalapa will bloom consistently, whereas a minority of flower will bloom earlier or later. First, we observe how Mirabilis Jalapa response to disparate environmental conditions. Under a short period of light(8h) and an average period of light(12), Mirabilis Jalapa acts as normal. But under a long period of light, it flowers approximately 1h ahead of time. When under a continuous light, Mirabilis Jalapa shows a regular flowering in the first four day, and after that, circadian rythem of flowering terminate. The ripe flower buds mentain unbloom for 10 days or more, finally end up withered. Meanwhile, floral meristems are also suppressed. Temperature alter seems affct the flowering slightly. Second, we use SDS-page to detect protein divergence 6h interval.But as many of the earlier attempt, the floral stimuli is not sensible for average protein qualitative analysis. So we decide to take more direct approch by genetic experiment. From supplemental material of article” Orchestrated Transcription of Key Pathways in Arabidopsis by the Circadian” we obtain a group of genes regulared by bioclock in Arabidopsis.With Bio Informatics we choose 41 single gene, and compare with sequences in other species, designing promotors to isolate similar genes in Mirabilis Jalapa. Use rt-PCR to detect the level of certain gene expression,and compare characters of those genes in Mirabilis Jalapa with those genes in Arabidopsis. We also blast those 453 genes to the database of animal, trying to recognize some genes that is widely separated between disparat species. And test these genes in Mirabilis Jalapa to confirm this result.本實驗先針對紫茉莉開花生物時鐘的特性進行觀察，並以不同的變因測試對紫茉莉開花時鐘的影響，紫茉莉個別花朵開花生物時鐘並不一致，長日照會對植株造成開花時間提早（約1 小時）的影響，全日照則會對花芽分生及開花行為造成抑制，溫度對於開花影響不明顯。而後利用蛋白質電泳對不同時間點的樣本進行分析，由於開花激素存量極微，故並電泳結果無明顯差異。再來以阿拉伯芥已知與生物時鐘有關的基因中經過生物資訊（Bio Informatics）預測在紫茉莉中存在與開花及光週期有關之基因（CAA75629 CAB56039 AAB60305 AAC49807 AAA82068），針對該基因進行表現量的測定，驗證該基因與開花生物時鐘的關聯性。針對動物界與植物界中已知與生物時鐘相關的基因進行交叉比對，希望找出跨界廣泛存在的生物時鐘基因，接著測試紫茉莉中該基因的存在與否及表現狀況與其他物種的差異，驗證該基因分布的廣泛性。

我們的研究報告，是對校園中所種植的各種變葉木所做的一個研究，經過一連串的實驗證明後，我們確信花青素對變葉木的光合作用會有所影響。接著，我們測定出未氧化的植物色素與已氧化的植物色素吸光能力有很大的差異，我們假設花青素可以吸收某些特定波長的光以防止植物色素的氧化程度過強，實驗後證明我們的假設是正確的。另一方面，我們預期花青素具有保溫的機制，故設計了一個在低溫下花青素可保溫的實驗以證明之，結果和我們的假設相符合。我們預期花青素可利用保溫的特性降低植物因低溫所造成的傷害，減少農業上的損失。This study is about the Codiaeum variegatum which is grown on campus. After a series of experiments, it was proved that “anthocyanin” has a significant influence on the photosynthesis processing in Codiaeum variegatum. A great difference in the pigment of plant’s light-absorbing ability between the oxidized plants and the non-oxidized ones was also found in the experiments. Therefore, it was supposed that anthocyanin could absorb some special range of wavelength to avoid the pigment of plant to over-oxidize. The result of this experiment is in accordance with our supposition. In addition, we anticipated that anthocyanin has the ability to stay warm. By a designed experiment we successfully found that the result is exactly the same as our assumption. According to the findings of our study, we expect the characteristic -- ”staying warm” of anthocyanin could be applicable to decrease the harm to plants caused by the low temperature, and thereby to reduce the loss in agriculture.

重金屬對人體傷害的無遠弗屆-人人皆知，根據流行病學的研究指出，長期處\r 在重金屬含量過高之地區，易造成生理病變。比方說，長期生活在砷含量高的環境\r 中，易導致肝臟、周邊血管及神經系的損害，各種癌症的發生機率也大為提高；長\r 期處在含量過高的鎘環境中，易引起不正常的鈣代謝﹐產生骨質疏鬆症、軟骨症、\r 糖尿、胺基尿酸、尿蛋白、貧血、和肝功能異常的症狀；而目前坊間所看到各類茶\r 品中含有的兒茶素則被發現具有抗氧化、抗突變及清除自由基等功能。故本實驗以\r 人類胃癌細胞(SC-M1)為材料，以微核(micronuclei)偵測技術觀察細胞長期處理兒茶\r 素((-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG)後，對於亞砷酸鈉(sodium arsenite, NaAsO?)\r 及氯化鎘(cadmium chloride, CdCl?)所造成的細胞遺傳毒性有何影響。另一方面則利\r 用SRB 分析法測量細胞存活率，探討長期處理兒茶素後，亞砷酸鈉及氯化鎘對於細\r 胞的毒殺情況是否改變。實驗結果顯示細胞長期處理兒茶素不會造成微核的增加，\r 但是卻會增加細胞的存活率；單獨處理亞砷酸鈉和氯化鎘則都會使細胞中微核明顯\r 的增加，且會降低細胞的存活率；而長期處理兒茶素的細胞對亞砷酸鈉所誘發的微\r 核有抑制作用且會增加細胞對於亞砷酸鈉的耐受度，長期處理兒茶素無法抑制氯化\r 鎘所誘發的微核與細胞毒性。\r \r \r It is well documented that exposure to heavy metals could cause seriously adverse\r effects to humans. Epidemiological evidence has shown that illness is frequently\r observed in residents living long-term in heavy metal contaminated area. For example,\r long-term exposure of arsenic was associated with increased incidences of liver diseases,\r peripheral vascular and neurological diseases, as well as cancers. And long-term exposed\r to cadmium may lead to abnormal metabolism of calcium, osteoporosis, osteomalacia,\r glucouria, aminoaciduria, proteinuria, anemia and abnormal liver function. Recently,\r numerous reports have shown that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major\r polyphenol from green tea, have ability to anti-oxidative stress and anti-mutagenesis. In\r this report, we investigated the effects of EGCG long-term exposure in sodium arsenite\r and cadmium chloride induces chromosomal damages and cytotoxicity in a gastric cancer\r cell line, SC-M1. Our present results demonstrated cells long-term exposure to EGCG did\r not induce micronuclei (MN) formation but induce the growth rate. Sodium arsenite or\r cadmium chloride alone significantly induced MN formation and cytotoxicity in cells\r without long-term EGCG exposure. However, long-term treatment of SC-M1 cells with\r EGCG significantly reduced MN formation and protects the cells from cytotoxicity\r induced by arsenite. Long-term exposure of EGCG had no effect on MN induction and\r cell survival in cadmium-treated SC-M1 cells.

目前正逢能源危機之際，能源再生成為全球關注的課題。有鑒於此，本研究應用高導磁環形鐵粉芯，在表面纏繞多圈漆包線，形成環形管(Toroid)。環形管外圍再繞上交流電源線，電源線內電流產生的磁場，被高導磁環形鐵粉芯所引導，產生較強而均勻的磁場，傳遞至內圈的單心漆包線環形管，依法拉第定律產生電動勢，達到能源再生的目的。藉由六項實驗，驗明我們研究雙環形管理論，推演所得的電動勢公式 ε＝(μN1N2/2 r) a2ωIo cosωt 是正確的。再生的電動勢能驅動高亮度的發光二極體提供照明、電器產品充電；還能提供電流過載警示，防止電路過載起火的危險；串、並聯使用則可產出較大功率，深具應用與研究的價值。During mankind are urgent developing of new energy, recycle energy are also one of the global topics; we are using single-heart-Turn around how the high permeability enameled wire ring formation of iron powder core ring solenoid, from the external power supply line also used around - Ring solenoid (Toroid), due to changes current power supply lines of magnetic field generated by the high-permeability core Ring guided iron powder, and can produce more uniform magnetic field so that the inner ring of single-heart enameled wire Ring solenoid, according to Faraday's Law electromotive force can be generated to achieve purpose of recycle energy, we will be divided into six experimental studies to confirm this theory deductions obtained by electromotive forceε＝(μN1N2/2 r) a2ωIo cosωt is correct, this electromotive force will enable to supply high brightness LED Optical lighting, can also be used for current overload warning system , if use on series-parallel connection that will produce larger power output, it has great application potential, so the subject is worth to research and development.

高效液相層析儀（HPLC）為測定中藥指標成分常用的分析工具，而近年來高效液相層析質譜儀（LC-MS）的應用，亦在天然藥物分析上逐漸扮演重要角色。本研究利用HPLC 分析人參中的12 種人參皂素，並以 LC-MS 確認各化合物。 本研究分為三個部份，第一部份為開發適當的HPLC 分析方法分析人參中的主要成份，並使用LC-MS 確認這些化合物。人參中的12 種人參皂素( ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Ro and malonylginsenosides mRb1, mRb2 and mRc ) 可於60 分鐘內成功分離，在 HPLC 分析方法中使用Cosmosil 5C18 管柱，以200nm 偵測，並以20mM KH2PO4-CH3CN 進行梯度沖提， 在LC-MS 分析中則以20mM CH3COONH4-CH3CN 進行梯度沖提。 第二部份為利用上述分析方法，比較同批人參藥材進行不同處理方式後，所得人參皂素含量的多寡，包含泡茶、煮茶、泡酒等。結果顯示若為切段（飲片）泡茶，至少應浸泡30 分鐘，切段（飲片）水煮則以15-20 分鐘較佳，粉末（茶包）泡茶的變化不明顯，而切段酒浸可以得到最多量的人參皂素，且浸泡越久含量越高。 第三部份為使用多變量統計軟體SPSS 進行區別分析（DA），統計結果可作為人參藥材基原辨識之依據。 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a common analytical tool that has been used to analyze the index components of Chinese herb medicine. In recent years, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) gradually plays an important role. In this study, we used HPLC to detect 12 ginsenosides in Ginseng Radix, and used LC-MS to identify the 12 compounds. This study includes three parts. The first part concerns the development of HPLC method for determining the chemical constituents in Ginseng Radix, and using LC-MS to identify them. In Ginseng Radix, components such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Ro and malonylginsenosides mRb1, mRb2 and mRc could be separated successfully in 60 mins. They were detected at 200nm by using a Cosmosil 5C18 column with a linear gradient elution of 20mM KH2PO4-CH3CN in the HPLC method, and with a linear gradient elution of 20mM CH3COONH4-CH3CN in the LC-MS method. In the second part, we used this method mentioned above to evaluate the different results from various processes, which include brewing snippets in hot water, brewing powders in hot water, cooking snippets with boiling water, and brewing snippets in rice wine. Our results are listed as follows, First, the tea using Ginseng Radix snippets brewing for about 30 mins in hot water has the best result. Second, using Ginseng Radix snippets cooking for about 15-20 mins with boiling water has the best result. Third, using Ginseng Radix powders brewing in hot water has no apparent difference. Finally, using Ginseng Radix snippets brewing in the rice wine can get most ginsenosides. The third part is using the statistic software SPSS to proceed the Discriminate Analysis（DA）. The results of the statistic analysis can help us to identify the origin of the herb medicines.

溶液和溶劑置於同一容器中，當溶質向上擴散時，會形成濃度梯度及\r 折射率梯度dn/dy，且dn/dy 對高度y 的關係圖會呈現隨著高度改變的現\r 象。\r 半徑r 的Ｄ形容器，下方置溶液，上方置溶劑，以雷射光照射容器的\r 平面部份時，雷射光沿著法線出射，受折射率梯度的作用而向下偏Ζ距\r 離，a 為容器至屏的距離，得到dn/dy=Z/ar 的關係式；改變雷射光的高\r 度y 可得dn/dy 圖。\r 以硫代硫酸那作實驗，其dn/dy-y 圖為以原始界面為對稱軸，因其擴\r 散係數不隨濃度改變；甘游水溶液的dn/dy-y 圖呈現不對稱，圖形的極\r 大值往甘油方偏，主要係因為甘油的擴散係數隨濃度的增大而減少。\r 我們成功第把不同時間對同一溶液的實驗結果予以模型化，得到的\r dn/dy-y 曲線隨時間改變，並發現該曲線所涵蓋的面積為定值。\r \r The mixing in a vertical column between a pure liquid and a solution produced a concentration gradient, which in turn produced the refractive index gradient. As the solute particles diffused upward into the pure liquid, the gradient was generated by the varying solute concentration. The plot of the refractive index gradient versus vertical position y (dn/dy vs y) is found to be varied with time. A D-shape container of radius r is partly filled with denser solution, and partly filled with solvent which is on the top of solution. When laser beam enters perpendicularly to the flat surface of the container, the outgoing beam strikes the container at normal incidence, and deflected down a vertical distance Z by the refractive index gradient. We can get dn/dy=Z/ar, where a is the distance between the container and the screen,. By changing the vertical position (y) of laser beam, we can get the plot of dn/dy vs y. For a sodium thiosulfate-water solution, the trace of dn/dy vs y is symmetric with respect to the position of original boundary. Since the diffusion coefficient of sodium thiosulfate is independent of concentration. For the trace of dn/dy vs y of a glycerol-water solution, it will no longer be symmetric. A skewed curve which reaches its maximum position is displaced to the glycerol side, because the diffusion coefficient of glycerol is decreased with concentration. We have successfully modeled the time-dependent experimental gradient curves on the same solution. The trace of dn/dy vs. y at different time is found to keep the area constant.

奈米的科學與技術將是21 世紀所要探討的方向。在了解奈米粒子的表面效應、小尺寸效應、量子尺寸效應、宏觀量子隧道效應後，發現其應用甚廣，諸如再生物、醫學、環境、國防、工業產品等方面，都將佔有很重要的地位。我們主要是利用溶膠-凝膠法來製造二氧化鈦奈米粒子，並了解二氧化鈦奈米粒子可吸收紫外線及光催化反應，將廣泛應用電子、紡織、塑膠、橡膠，空氣淨化及廢水處理方面。本實驗將利用二氧化鈦的吸收紫外線特性，來研究其應用在化妝品上面。The science and technology of nanomater will be the direction we will explore in the 21st century. After understanding surface area effect of nanometer particle, Small size effect, Quantum effect, and Macroscopic quantum tunnel effect, we can diswver the application is very far-fluing. For example:biochemistry, medical science,eneironment,national defense and industrial products,will devine a very important position.We mainly use sol-gel method to produce U-TiO?,and understand the absorption of UV and photocatalysis,plastics,mbber,purging air,and dealing with effluents.This experiment will use characteristic of absorbing UV of U-TiO? for researching the application of cosmstics.

本研究採自中石化安順廠戴奧辛污染場址之土壤，篩選出一株純 菌微生物(Pseudomonas mendocina NSYSU) ， 其含有PCDD/Fs (Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDD/Fs)土壤於實驗室進行微生物降解試驗，結果顯示約21 天即有 明顯降解結果；本研究同時觀察到該微生物能在汞濃度達50 ppm 之 戴奧辛土壤中，仍具有相當程度之耐受度，並進一步降解戴奧辛化合 物。 我更以標準品探討菌種對於戴奧辛類化合物(Dioxin like congener) 之降解效果，成功地發現這株菌種不僅對於PCDD/Fs 有降 解能力，對於戴奧辛類化合物也有明顯之降解效果。 由研究結果，明顯看出P. mendocina 菌株為「世紀之毒」找到了 解藥，開發出以生物復育改善污染環境的一種新方法。A dioxin-degrading bacterial strain Pseudomonas mendocina NSYSU was isolated from dioxin contaminated soil by selective enrichment techniques. In our previous study, P. mendocina NSYSU was found to be able to use pentachlorophenol (PCP) as its sole carbon source and energy source and was capable of completely degrading this compound. Moreover, P. mendocina NSYSU was also able to mineralize a high concentration of PCP up to 150 mg/L. In this study, P. mendocina NSYSU was investigated for its ability to degrade polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). Results show that P. mendocina NSYSU could grow well in media containing both PCDFs and PCDDs, and was able to degrade both compounds efficiently. In this study, isotope dilution method and a high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) technique were applied for the analyses of PCDFs and PCDDs. Investigation results reveal that significant biodegradation of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and octachlorinated dibenzofuran (OCDF) by treating with P. mendocina NSYSU resting cells was observed. The results also indicate that this bacterial strain is able to biodegrade OCDD and OCDF effectively under anoxic conditions due to its facultative anaerobic character. No accumulation of inhibitory toxic byproducts was found in this study. These findings suggest that in situ or on-site bioremediation of dioxin-contaminated soils by using indigenous microorganisms or inoculated P. mendocina NSYSU strain would be a feasible technology for field application.

洗潔劑分散系泡膜的變化十分有趣，是否能用吹泡法比較表面張力大小？沾黏在立體的框上會怎麼樣？能否由框上薄膜面積大小討論界面劑的化學性質呢？