挑戰溶液的電中性~「帶電溶液的研究」
利用范式起電器將靜電導入蒸餾水、甘油、苯、環己烷、乙醇、正丙醇、正戊醇，以及HCl(aq)、NaCl(aq)、CuSO4(aq)……等不同溶液中，我們發現：非電解質溶液可以藉由極性分子的媒合作用"貯存”電子，而其中H2O效果最好，即水合電子是可以穩定存在的！但在水中若添加HCl、NaCl等電解質會提高容易導電性，以致於無貯存電子的效果。我們也發現苯雖不是極性分子，但因具有π共振系統，也能有效貯存電子。另外，從引入密度泛函數理論結合類導體可極化連續模型加以計算的結果，也能發現極性分子容易的溶劑電子親核能比非極性分子容易來的大，與實驗結果吻合。By using a Van de Graff Generator to put electrons into various solutions or solvents (such as water, alcohol, benzene, propyl alcohol, solutions of sodium chloride, etc.), we find out that nonelectrolytes can "store" electrons through hydration of polar molecules. And water has the best ability of keeping electrons among others. In other words, hydrated electrons can exist stably. However, if we add electrolyte into solvent, the solution won't store electrons because of its increasing electric conductivity. The experiment also shows that benzene can keep electrons though it is a nonpolar molecules. We infer that it is the " π resonance system " which contributes to its high ability of electron storage. In addition, by introducing the calculations of CPCM (Conductor-Like Polarizable Continuum Model), we find out that the electron affinity of polar solutions are stronger than those of nonpolar solutions. The computed results are in agreement with our experiment.
再現白堊紀－冥霜煉獄的征服者
此研究是探討在目前全球因聖嬰現象後北極暖化，造成溫度持續在三十年內以每年上升攝氏零點五度，目前多數資料以顯示，對於地球內的生物生態產生了微妙的變化，在本文中將引述著名雜誌─科學人雜誌所刊登之關於全球暖化造成的生態環境影響；然而早在三億五千萬年前就已存在地球上的古老生物─蟑螂，順利的度過了多次的大滅絕，走過冥霜與煉獄。但是否會因為暖化作用而造成其生態影響呢？他又會不會成為少數存留並且大量繁殖的征服者呢？所以我們開始查詢白堊紀之資料，在研究、討論並製作改造完成實驗室氣溫控制冷熱溫差調節器，並從專業研究蟑螂生態的業界專業實驗室取得同一時期的實驗蟑螂物種，以期待本實驗更能具有更高的正確可信度；於特殊自行改造的觀察箱內進行整個實驗，已改變溫度並測量其進食狀況，瞭解蟑螂在溫度變化下的生態狀況。\r \r It’s easy to find the cockroach at any corner, such as school or house. They also hide in the refrigerator and stove.Thus,we are curious why they have durable vitality. This is the reason why we want to uncover the mysterious veil. According to data, we are curious about the environment of the cockroach and the temperature.Therefore,we want to imitate the situation of the ecosystem temperature at that time and inquire into its mystery. The purpose of Research is to make the violent changes, then discussing the meal which has attained its biggest existence rate. This uncontrolled experiment will influence the accuracy by factors.Therefore,we go to visit the laboratory personally and obtain some species of cockroach. Through the professional explanation and introductions, we make sure the direction of this experiment further. In this experiment we measure their appetite and the controls of the temperature everyday. They almost can crawl quickly along any material. We adopt the professional suggestion to measure with CO2 and O2.When the cockroach inhales CO2,we can observe the construction of the each part carefully. Through long-term observation, the food of the cockroach decreases, when the temperature rises to 20.6℃ or declines to 16.3℃,and it will stop moving when the temperature rises to 31.8℃ or declines to 8.7℃. When the temperature rises rapidly or reduce more than 15℃,the cockroach will look for shelter. Besides they easily get fainted when cockroach inhales CO2 without soil. The dinosaur were all buried underground, but why can the cockroach survive up to now? Probably, large land is their savior! Our conclusion is (1)The temperature that cockroach can exist from 49℃ to 3℃.(2)The suitable environment of cockroach growth is between 28.5℃ and 25℃.(3)The cockroach maintains their existence by eating under the low temperature 20℃ to 15 ℃.(4)Above 32℃ and under 7℃ the antenna is close to ground, its life is weaker.(5)The cockroach almost can live at any dilemma. But it can’t keep the prosperous life when it’s short of water.(6)From the above cockroach will be king of the world forever.
仿生智慧型熱控制系統
通常使用隔熱材料可以降低熱量傳遞，而使用風扇、散熱片、熱導管等用來單向散熱。但如何在一個系統上同時滿足隔熱和雙向傳熱的需求呢？因此我研究設計了仿生智慧型熱控制系統，能隨環境改變而快速轉變成隔熱或轉變成雙向傳熱並控制熱傳遞的方向及大小，這可以應用在房屋、汽車、恆溫系統等。我先自製了自動傳熱量測系統，測試並找出好的隔熱和傳熱材料及構造。為了能快速控制熱的方向及大小，我又發展了第一代替換式、第二代熱柵式和第三代熱管式熱控制系統；經過多次實驗，利用低沸點有機溶劑和控制系統，我成功地完成仿生智慧型熱控制系統，讓熱隔絕或快速流進流出，比傳統的方法改進很多，也達到節約能源的目的。Insulation materials are usually used to reduce heat transfer rate, while fans, radiators and heat pipes are applied to increase heat transfer rate and bring heat away. But is it possible to have both functions of insulation and heat transfer together in a single system? This research is to design and develop an intelligent heat control system, with both function of insulation and function of transferring heat together. Besides, this system can control the direction and amount of heat transferred. Such a system can be applied in house walls, cars, thermostatic system, etc. I developed an automatic heat measurement system which was used to test the properties of heat transfer for different materials and structures. Three generations of intelligent bi-directional automatic heat control system were then developed to get fast heat transfer and function of heat control. They were phase 1 replacing-type system, phase 2 heat-grating system, and phase 3 heat-pipe system. After tens of experiments, I successfully control the amount and rate of heat transfer via low-boiling-point organic solutions and controller. The designed system is bi-directional, and is more innovative and efficient than conventional uni-directional heat control methods. Besides, this system also has huge contribution in reducing energy consumption.
當急驚風遇上「玻璃片」－以簡單原理研製便宜準確風速計
本專題研究之目的，在於運用簡單的原理自製出準確、廉價、適用於低風速範圍的風速計；方法是藉由將一連接轉軸的玻璃片迎風，探討迎風時，玻璃片偏轉夾角和風速之間的關係。實驗過程中同時發展出可以用馬達旋臂的裝置與v=rω的原理，產生穩定可計算風速的環境。研究結果發現：在低風速的環境下，θ 範圍小時玻璃片與地夾角和風速大略成正比的關係，所以我們可以得到近似式” v≒aθ+b”，參數(a,b)依玻璃片而定。另外θ 範圍大時，我們可以使用二次逼近曲線的方程式與內插法來作角度與風速的對應。藉由控制玻璃片的厚度、質量與形狀，我們可以製造出相對應風速範圍的風速計。The purpose of our research is to use easy theorems to make accurate and inexpensive anemometer which is available in low wind velocity. To make such anemometers, we made a piece of glass, which was connected to a axle, to face wind; then, we could figure out the corresponding relation between wind speed and the angle created by the original and the resulting positions of the piece of glass. While we were experimenting, we found that we could make a steady-wind-speed environment by using motors, sticks, and the theorem ”v=rω”. The research showed that the angle created by the original and the resulting positions of the piece of glass and wind speed are in direct proportion in low wind velocity in small θ range. Consequently, we\r can derive the formula ” v≒aθ+b” , for each piece of glass (a,b) can be different. In addition, when in bigger θ range, we can use quadratic approximate equation and interpolation to describe the corresponding relation between the angle and wind speed. By adjusting the thickness, mass , and the shape of the glass, we can make anemometers corresponding to different wind velocity ranges.
N 元二次不定方程式的整數解探討
傳統的畢氏定理三元二次不定方程x² + y² = z²有一組漂亮的整數解為(m² - n²、2mn、m² + n² )；中國數學家嚴鎮軍、盛立人所著的從勾股定理談起一書中記載四元二次不定方程x² + y² + z² = w²的整數解為(mn、m² + mn、mn + n²、m²+ mn + n² )，這組解被我們發現有多處遺漏，本文以擴展的畢氏定理做基礎修正了他的整數解公式，並推廣取得N 元二次不定方程的整數解公式。
There is a beautiful integer solution formula for the Pythagorean theorem equation, x² + y² = z² , such as (m² - n² , 2mn ,m² + n² ). The “m＂ and “n＂ of the solution formula are integer number. A book written by two Chinese mathematicians, Yen Chen-chun and Sheng Li-jen who expanded the Pythagorean theorem equation to the four variables squares’ indeterminate equation, x² + y² + z² = w² . They claimed that they found its integer solution formula, such as (mn , m² + mn , mn + n² , m² + mn + n² ) for any integer “m＂ and “n＂. But we found it losses many solutions. This paper corrected their faults due to the expanded Pythagorean theorem built by ourselves. Further more, we derived a general formula of N variables squares’ indeterminate equation. Now, we can get integer solutions of the equation, (for all natural number “n＂) easily by choosing integers m1 , m2 , m3 ,……, mn−1 up to you.
金奈米粒子的合成與其光譜特性
當世界各國正全力朝奈米科技發展，而奈米微粒對環境及人類健康影響與否未明朗之際，有關奈米微粒對人類健康影響之探討是刻不容緩之事。本研究的近程目標是合成金奈米粒子，遠程目標是擬探討金奈米粒子的生物毒性。此份研究主要是描述金奈米粒子的最大表面電漿吸收光譜特性及其最大吸收波長，而金奈米粒子的合成是利用四氯金酸( HAuCl4 )與還原劑—硼氫化鈉( NaBH4 )、聯胺水合物( N2H5OH )或檸檬酸鈉在陽離子界面活性劑的溶液( CH 3(CH2)15N+(CH3)3Br– ，溴化十六烷基三甲基銨，CTAB ) 當保護劑中，利用氧化還原方法直接生成金奈米粒子，並探討四氯金酸的濃度、還原劑的濃度、界面活性劑的濃度及反應溫度，對金奈米粒子生成之影響，另外也探討金奈米粒子的穩定性。有關金奈米粒子的光譜特性則利用UV/Vis 光譜儀測試。研究結果發現在相同的條件下，利用冰浴，以NaBH4 當還原劑所合成出的金奈米粒子之平均粒徑為11.70 nm ，而以N2H5OH 當還原劑所合成出的金奈米粒子之平均粒徑為20.25 nm， 有關金奈米粒子之結構及大小藉由穿透式電子顯微鏡( TEM ) 拍攝出的影像得以驗證。;This study mainly focused on the properties of the maximum surface plasmon absorption of gold nanoparticles and their wavelengths. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles made use of HAuCl4 aqueous solution and reducing agent, through the oxidation reduction method, with reductant, sodium borohydride ( NaBH4 ), hydrazine ( N2H5OH ) or sodium citrate solution in the presence of the cetytrimethylammonium bomide ( C19H42BrN,CTAB ) aqueous solution as protecting agent. The influence of concentration of HAuCl4, reductant, surfactant, and temperature on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles were explored. In addition, the stability of the gold nanoparticles was also explored. Measurements of spectral properties of gold nanoparticles were done by UV/Vis spectrometer.When NaBH4 was used as a reductant, the average diameter of gold nanoparticles was 11.70 nm. When N2H5OH was used as a reductant, the average diameter of the synthesized gold nanoparticles was 20.25 nm. The structures and sizes could be identified by the transmission of electron micrograph (TEM) images.
氣象因子對灰面鵟鷹過境遷徙之影響
本研究主要分析氣象因子對於灰面鵟鷹春季過境八卦山區之影響。分析1994年至2004年灰面鵟鷹遷徙資料發現彰化八卦山區之微氣象與灰面鵟鷹族群遷徙波動性具有顯著的相關性，其中以日平均氣壓、日平均相對濕度、日平均風速及日平均風向等氣象因子分別對起鷹、落鷹之族群數影響最為明顯。而其遷徙週期之動態變化，明顯地集中於約16日內完成主要族群之遷移。不論是同一年度內之高峰期變化，或是高峰期與日期契合之相關性，顯示氣象因子為其遷徙影響的重要因子。然而，從各年度間的遷徙高峰期間的相關性分析結果得知，目前11年過境調查紀錄，應該無明顯的規律性動態變化模式，考量其他對於遷徙過程可能具有影響的因子，應有其他的環境或生物因素影響遷徙期間族群的波動性及週期性。對於建立其遷徙模式而言，可能需要更多且更詳盡的遷徙紀錄，以及配合遷徙過程的各過境點的氣象或其他因素合併分析，方能獲得更為明確的結果。The main purpose of this study is to find the effects of the meteorological factors on the dynamics of the migrating population observed at the Pakuashan area in spring for the gray faced buzzard. The migrating population dynamics observed at the Pakuashan area correlated significantly with the local meteorological factors noted from 1994 to 2004. The daily average atmospheric pressure, average relative humidity, average wind speed and wind direction had significant impact on the soaring and landing populations of the gray faced buzzard. Obviously the annual migrating dynamics observed at the study site was accomplished within 16 days. In addition, the similar variation pattern of the peak migrating populations in the same year as well as the consistency of the date of the peak population observed annually supports the hypothesis that the local meteorological factors have a great impact on the migrating behavior of the populations. However, the correlation analysis of the peak migrating populations among years indicated that little cyclic migrating pattern was found in the past 11 years’ observation records. Other biotic or abiotic factors might have influence on the periodicity and fluctuation of the migrating populations. In order to establish a precise population model to describe the migrating behavior of the gray faced buzzard, detailed records of the migration process and the analyses of the relationships among the meteorological data as well as other factors and the bird populations observed should be gathered and performed.