愛的教育，鐵的紀律-果蠅的學習與記憶
The main purpose of this study is to explore whether fruit flies (Drosophila melanogasters which background is 2U) can distinguish and memorize different colors and smells by learning. Futhermore, to find out the relation between age and learning ability, and analyze the influence of repeated training on how long the memory would last. According to our experiment, in smell training, the fruit flies are able to distinguish and memorize different smells, and young fruit flies have better memory than old flies. In color training, the fruit flies can distinguish and memorize different colors, but the effect was less than that of smell training. In intensive learning, proper times of learning increased the memory ability, but excessive learning exhibited an opposite effect. In the labyrinth experiment, we select and nurture the fruit flies having the best color memory in order to further understand the gene correlated with the memory learning. In addition, in one-time training, fruit flies are able to remember the smells and colors in four minutes, and young ones have the better ability. In six-time training, fruit flies have the ability to remember the smells and colors in twelve minutes. In the end, we hope you can know more about the learning and memory ability of fruit flies through our report. 本實驗主要探討果蠅是否可經由學習分辨、記憶顏色與氣味，並探討年齡與學習能力的相關性、分析多次訓練對記憶時間的影響。由實驗結果得知，氣味方面，果蠅有辨識記憶氣味的能力，以年輕果蠅的效果較佳；顏色訓練方面，果蠅亦可分辨記憶顏色；密集學習方面，適當學習次數內，有助於增加果蠅的記憶能力，但過度的學習刺激會降低學習效果。並且，我們選顏色訓練中記憶較佳的一組進行迷宮實驗，經三次的岔路選擇，選出對顏色記憶最佳的果蠅，希望能探討訓練過的果蠅子代能否有較優良的記憶。至於記憶時間方面，一次氣味學習，果蠅在四分鐘內皆有記憶，且年輕果蠅記憶效果較強，達六分鐘；另外，多次氣味學習，果蠅於第四次訓練效果最佳，且記憶能力可達十二分鐘。希望藉本實驗報告，以期更瞭解果蠅學習與記憶的資料。
黑龍仔知人間冷暖
為了瞭解黃斑黑蟋蟀叫聲和溫度之間的關係，我應用物理熱平衡原理，自製水浴槽控制環境溫度，以電腦錄音程式分別錄製15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃時的蟋蟀叫聲，利用Sound Forge軟體分析並比較不同溫度下的各種特性。結果發現所分析的chirp、chirp period、syllable period、pause均和溫度呈負相關，而單位時間內的叫聲次數則與溫度成正相關，並推導出15~35℃範圍內蟋蟀叫聲次數與溫度成正相關的公式。最佳直線為：﹙15秒內叫聲次數＋19.385﹚÷2.483=當時溫度﹙℃﹚，呈高度正相關﹙相關係數：0.9398﹚。本實驗也比較母蟋蟀對不同溫度下雄蟋蟀叫聲的偏好程度，發現母蟋蟀較偏愛25℃時的雄蟋蟀叫聲，此結果可能與雄蟋蟀在25℃時叫聲的波形最為穩定有關。為探測蟋蟀觸角上的溫度感受器位置，我們曾將不同部位的觸角加以剪除，結果顯示觸角剪除面積越大的雄蟋蟀越不傾向鳴叫，但無法證實是否為溫度偵測異常所導致。本實驗除供學術研究外，因黃斑黑蟋蟀在世界各地均有分布，所以希望能藉由分析溫度與蟋蟀叫聲的相關性實驗，未來嘗試能探討其在不同環境的適應行為亦或種化的可能性。另外，全球暖化問題日益嚴重，也希望能藉由相關實驗探討暖化對蟋蟀生態上的影響。最後，我們的實驗證明了蟋蟀叫聲和環境溫度確實有極大的關聯性，未來或許能參考蟋蟀感覺溫度的機制，製作出一個天然零污染的溫度計。 To find out the relationship of cricket’s calling and temperature, we use a hand-made water-bath tank to control the temperature and record the callings with microphone and software, Sound Forge. After analyzing the collected data, we’ve found that cricket’s chirp, chirp period, syllable period, and pause are indeed affected by temperature (15 degrees - 35 degrees C). Moreover, we also compare female cricket’s preference to the callings, and the result indicates that female cricket’s preference is changing with temperature. In the last, we tried to find out where the thermoreceptors are by cutting out the antennae. After cutting, crickets tend to not to make any calls at all, so we conclude the antennae might play an important role in sensing and calling. The experiment proves that this communication system is temperature coupled. Because the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, is a worldwide species, we may learn the accommodation or the possibility of performing a new species by researching the relationship of temperature and cricket’s callings. By the way, the Green House Effect is getting more and more serious, so we want to search for the influences on crickets that are caused by Green House Effect. The last but not the least, according to the report, maybe we can investigate the mechanism of sensing temperature and then make a natural thermometer that is no pollution in the future.
安培植物假說
在「植物的秘密生命」這本書中提到植物在電場或磁場中會生長的更好，我最近正好學到了電磁場如何產生，以及一些產生電磁場的方法，所以本研究即利用螺形管線圈來產生均勻的電磁場，並用運用安培右手定則來控制磁場產生的方向，來探討電磁場在不同條件下對實驗植物－綠豆生長的影響。本實驗使用銅質線圈纏繞鐵碗的方式，且通入不同大小電流來改變磁場的強度，以探討對實驗植物－綠豆生長的影響。本研究所得到的結果顯示：(1)綠豆在通入電流50mA 時所產生的電磁場可促使綠豆達到最好的生長效果；(2)栽培綠豆環境中所架設的電磁場較高，可使綠豆表現出較為明顯的生長速率；(3)促進綠豆的生長並不需要二十四小時都通入電流；(4)綠豆在N 極朝上的電磁場中生長的速率較S 極朝上的磁場中要快；(5)在較低溫度環境中，電磁場促進綠豆生長的效應較為顯著。;It has been mentioned that the plants will grow faster in the electronic or magnetic field in the book of “the secret life of plants”, I learned about the knowledge and methods of how to produce the electromagnetic field just now, I use the screw wire to produce electromagnetic field and control the direction by the Amplifier’s rule to investigate the growing speed of green beans under electromagnetic field in those different temperature. In this experiment, I use the wire to screwed around the ironed bowl, and make different electric current to generate different strength of electromagnetic field, the results indicate that (1) The faster growing speed will only exist in some strength of electromagnetic field, (2) The higher ironed bowls that full of screwed wire will result in the faster growing speed, (3) It will not need electromagnetic field all days, (4) The green beans will grow fast in those north magnetic pole than those in south magnetic pole, (5)The effect of electromagnetic field to increase growing speed will be significant in higher room temperature.
應用生物特徵及視覺密碼學防治車輛失竊和酒醉駕車
車輛遭竊以及酒醉駕車對社會安全造成的危害普遍存在於世界各先進國家。以目前看來，此問題並非嚴刑峻罰就能解決的。若本研究計畫將來普及應用於大眾，必定可以同時減少車輛遭竊之機會和預先防範酒醉者開車駕駛。 生物特徵泛指指紋、虹膜、臉型、聲紋甚至DNA 等等，它的特性即每個人均具有此獨一無二的性徵，加以應用就如同無法被仿造或偷竊的身分證明。若車主能利用自己的生物特徵為車輛上鎖，即可防止車輛遭竊。 視覺密碼學是屬於資訊隱藏技術的一種，藉由兩張以上的影像疊合後呈現其中隱藏之機密資料。雖然視覺密碼學原先純粹是為了加密資料，但我們將之加以修改，設計出複雜且無意義的偽裝影像，使其不易被酒醉後神智不清的人疊合成功而讀出其中的加密資料。 結合生物特徵及視覺密碼學，即可設計出一套可安裝於車上的系統，不僅防止車輛失竊又能防止酒醉駕車事故的發生。 ;The damage which is caused to social security by car stealing and drunk driving universally exist in others developed countries. As things are, these problems can not be solved by severe law. If our project can be applied in the masses extensively, it must be able to prevent both car stealing and drunk driving. Roughly speaking, biological characteristics mean fingerprint, iris, face, pronunciation and DNA. Their uniqueness is a special feature that everyone has. If we can apply it more, the characteristics are identification that can not be imitated or stolen. If the car owner can use his or her biological characteristics to lock the car, the car stealing could be prevented. Visual cryptography belongs to a kind of information hiding. By stacking two or more images, user can recognize the secret information hiding in the stacking. Although visual cryptography is merely created for encryption at first, we modify it and design a complex as well as meaningless stego-image. That makes the unconscious driver who is drunk fail to both stack the images and recognize the secret information hiding inside. We combine biological characteristics with visual cryptography and design a suit of system that is able to install in the car. This system can prevent not only car stealing but also drunk driving.
利用Google Maps 建立高中地理資訊系統
台灣通史「婆娑之洋，美麗之島」，身為台灣人，應知台灣事，本研究本維 基百科（Wikipedia）所揭示的「海納百川，有容乃大」精神，以Apache 網頁伺 服器為平台，MySQL 為資料庫，利用AJAX、PHP 網頁技術，並使用Google Maps 提供之服務，建立符合Web 2.0 精神的的b04地理資訊共享系統。在此系統下， 我們允許教師(編輯者)以合作方式上網提供與課程相關的地理資訊，並可進行資 訊修改或刪除，希望集合所有教師之力，提供給學生最豐富、最正確的b04地理 資訊系統。 In this paper, we propose a new map-based collaboration environment “MyGIS” for geographical information distribution. In MyGIS, the publishers/teachers can easily collaborate to annotate a spot with contents such as messages and links. The annotations of a spot are updated on the map in real-time which enables the receivers/students to correctly study at anywhere and anytime. To ensure the trustfulness of the content, the publishers are authenticated using login mechanism. In this study, several technologies inc lu ding Apache, PHP, MySQL, Ajax are involved. Finally, We implemented MyGIS on Google Maps and evaluated its feasibility and usefulness.
STATIN類降血脂藥物對血管平滑肌細胞之作用
動脈硬化是個致病率和致死率相當高的慢性發炎疾病，為台灣十大死因之一。在病理過程中血中濃度過高的膽固醇為動脈硬化的一大危險因子，其會誘發一連串的發炎反應驅使血管壁內皮細胞功能喪失，血壓上升，平滑肌細胞增生等。Statin 是臨床上十分有效的降血脂藥物，雖然其作用機制已知在於抑制膽固醇合成酵素 HMG-CoA reductase 而有降血脂功效，但近年來探討 statin 在抗發炎方面的作用也漸受重視。nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 代謝產物如 nitric oxide (NO)，cyclooxygenase (COX) 代謝產物如 prostaglandin (PGE?、PGI?)，及 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) 代謝產物如 carbon monoxide (CO)，均有文獻指出可以改善血流，而可能在動脈硬化上扮演保護角色。相反的，matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 的表現會誘使更多的免疫細胞浸潤到血管壁，並增加動脈硬化斑破裂，引起栓塞和中風的發生。在此實驗中，我們利用培養的大鼠主動脈血管平滑肌細胞作為研究材料，發現了 statin (lovastatin 、pravastatin、atorvastatin 、fluvastatin) 具有一些和降血脂無關的直接保護血管壁能力。包括會增加 interleukin-1β (IL-1β) 所誘導 iNOS 蛋白的表現及NO 的產生; statin 本身會增加 COX-2 和 HO-1 蛋白的表現及 PGE? 和PGI? 的產生，及抑制 MMP-2 和 MMP-9 蛋白活性的表現。此外分析調控 iNOS 基因轉錄最為關鍵的基因轉錄因子 NF-κB，發現適量的 statin 會增加 IL-1β 活化NF-κB 的作用。值得一提的是雖然適量 NO 有維持血管恆定的功能，過量時則會造成血壓過低休克的現象，這就是細菌感染後因內毒素 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 作用引發敗血性休克的主要原因之一。為更進一步釐清 statin 是否會影響受細菌感染病人的生命危險，我們也探討 statin 對LPS 作用的影響。結果發現 statin 反而會抑制 LPS 誘導大量 iNOS 蛋白的表現，NO 的產生及 NF-κB 的活化。這些新的實驗結果提供更多證據支持 statin 可以藉由維持血管舒張，減緩血管壁的發炎反應，穩定動脈硬化斑的作用，以有效控制動脈硬化各個病程的進展。這發現能讓我們更透徹明白 statin 的作用，且對將來研發 statin 在心血管疾病方面新的臨床治療用途是有所助益的。 ;The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, are potent inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis and have wide therapeutic use in cardiovascular diseases. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the beneficial effects of statins may extend beyond their action on serum cholesterol levels. In this study, we investigated the effects of lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, and fluvastatin on cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. We found statins can inhibit LPS-induced iNOS expression and NO production, while they can potentiate IL-1β-elicited responses. Moreover, statins themselves can stimulate COX-2 expression, PGE?, PGI? formation, and HO-1 induction. In contrast, statins can inhibit basal and IL-1β-induced enzyme activities of MMP-9 and MMP-2. In studying the activity of NF-κB, which plays an important role for iNOS gene induction, we found that statin can increase IL-1β-induced NF-κB activity, while inhibit that induced by LPS. All these results suggest that stimulation of iNOS expression in the presence of IL-1β, togeth1er with the increased COX-2 and HO-1 expression might contribute to the beneficial effects of statins in atherosclerotic process in terms of vasodilation and inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation. The inhibition of MMP activity might enhance plaque stability and reduce the development of atherosclerosis. All these results strengthen the pleiotropic actions of statins in anti-inflammation and anti-atherosclerosis.
藉由lotus effect 之原理來探討超疏水性表面的製備
超疏水表面(superhydrophobic surface)因其自我清潔效果在近年來引起廣泛的研究及探討，目前世界各大公司皆積極投入自潔性產品(超疏水表面)的研發，但是截至目前為止除了塗料及織物有產品外，其他尚在研發階段。降低表面能及增加表面粗糙度為製作超疏水性表面的兩種方法。本實驗我們針對使用不同方法去仿照自然界植物「蓮花效應」，將二氧化矽粒子適當的分佈在基材表面，以增加粗糙度，製造出超疏水性表面。我們發現鍛燒會使其二氧化矽粒子黏聚在一起，對接觸角的增加無幫助。而在溶膠凝膠的配置過程中直接加入OTS(Octadecyltrichlorosilane)，並利用光散射儀比較二氧化矽奈米顆粒的平均粒徑及粒徑分佈隨時間變化的情形，一段時間後發現會有明顯大顆粒沉澱，塗佈在玻璃基材表面後容易脫落，不適合往後實驗或其他用途。而以氨水催化的溶膠凝膠以不同流速滴入TEOS (Tetraethylorthosilicate，四乙氧基矽)對接觸角的影響也不大。最後我們利用砂紙在基材表面上刷磨，可以使二氧化矽粒子分佈均勻，明顯增加接觸角。塗佈速率的改變搭配疏水性矽烷單分子膜的改質，我們已可以製造出159°的超疏水性表面。Superhydrophobic surfaces are generally made by lowering the surface energy and increasing the surface roughness. In this experiment, we use different methods of spreading silicon dioxide nanoparticles properly on the surface in order to increase the surface roughness and also make superhydrophobic surfaces. In the beginning, we find that the calcinations can cause its silicon dioxide nanoparticles to stick together instead of increasing the contact angles. Then, add OTS (Octadecyltrichlorosilane) directly to manufacture process of sol-gel, and observe the situations of the average length and the spread of silicon dioxide nanoparticles with the time goes by. After a period of time, we will discover that many obvious big particles deposit and spin-coating on the glass surfaces flop easily. Hence, this phenomenon is n’t proper for the following experiments or other uses. However, the contact angles have nothing to do with dropping the sol-gel catalyzed ammonia to TEOS(Tetraethylorthosilicate) by different flowing rates. Finally, it is crucial for us to use the sandpapers to brush on the surfaces because it may cause the silicon dioxide nanoparticles to spread well and obviously increase the contact angles. Combining the silicon dioxide surfaces with the change of spin-coating rate and the cover with hydrophobic SAM, we have made the superhydrophobic surfaces of 159°.