化學

本研究以數學上的Burnside’s Lemma思維，利用排列組合結合化學領域中的群論概念，應用在計算取代基可被替換的化學結構，所具有的異構物數量。 研究中討論了環狀共振(例如苯環)、環烷、直烷、醇、醚、醛、酮、羧酸、酯、胺、醯胺等分子結構，推導出任意取代基種類與數量不同時，所對應的化學異構物數量公式與計算方法。 整理出公式與計算方法後，將CnHx中x個H的位置改成給定的取代基種類與數量時，然後系統化異構物數量的處理流程。最後再針對典型分子的化學點群，給出其對稱的數學排列群樣貌，作為各式計算的背景資料。

由於低廉成本、無毒及其他原因，由二氧化鈦、有機染料及電解液所製造的光敏有機太陽能電池(DSC)被預測即將成為一種大規模廣泛流行的太陽能電池。本實驗比較合成染料(像紅汞和疊氮離子)及成本較低且無毒的天然植物染料用於太陽能電池的效能。有些天然植物染料的效能大於合成染料的效能，像是紫色高麗菜、地瓜……等。在研製太陽能電池的過程中, 本研究利用自製的幾丁質燒結出的奈米顆粒成效極佳，不但粒徑大小符合，在燒結的過程中也不需經過物理研磨及介面活性劑的輔助，並且在低溫下即可燒結，並由BET 和SEM 測得幾丁質燒結的TiO2 的孔隙度大於標準燒結的TiO2 的孔隙度，因此本實驗決定利用去乙醯化之幾丁質扮演太陽能電池的二種角色:介面活性劑及保護劑。在本實驗中，部分的電池效能不盡理想，或許是因為所有的太陽電池樣本均使用相同的電解液(I3-)。要找到每種太陽能電池最適合的電解液則需要更多的研究。Because of the desirable features of low cost, non-toxin, and other reasons a dye-sensitized nanostructured solar cell (DSC) composed of nanocrystalline TiO2, organic dyes and electroiytes is expected to be in prevalent use. This study compared the differences in the functioning of different dyes in the solar cells, specifically those between the synthetic dyes, such as Merchrochronate and Polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium (N3-), and dyes made of natural plants which cost less and are not toxic. Some natural dyes, such as purple cabbage, sweet potato, etc, were found to have better efficiency than the synthetic dyes. The study makes use of self-made chitin to sinter nano particles, and the result is excellent. First, the particle radius meets the size requirements. Second, in the process of sintering nano particles, no physical pulverizing or surfactant assistance was needed. Third, the nano particles can be sintered at a low temperature. Fourth, from BET and SEM measurements, the degree of aperture of TiO2 sintered with chitin is superior to that sintered with Triton X-100. For these reasons, the de-acetylated chitin was chosen to serve as surfactant assistance and protector in the solar cells in this study. The study also found that some solar cells were not efficient enough. Maybe it is because all the samples of solar cells in this study were produced with the same electrolyte (I3-). Further study is needed to figure out the most suitable electrolytes for each solar cell.

Reflex charging, or burp charge, is a prove method of effectively charging secondary\r batteries under extremely high current. It is commonly used in military and aerospace\r applications where short recharge time and long cell life are essential. Eric C. Darcy, a NASA\r chemical engineer, in his 1998 PhD thesis, ‘Investigation of the response of Ni-MH cells to\r burp charging’, outlined some of the most important theories behind this seemingly\r miraculous technique. However, due to the technical limitations of his equipment, Darcy was\r unable to determine the effects of varied reflex charging frequencies. This research overcame\r this problem by using a purposed built multi-frequency programmable reflex charger\r (PRESTO ALPHA I), and aimed to optimize chemical energy storage by searching for an\r optimum charging frequency.

吊白塊是一種在現切水果中常見的食品添加物，它可使剛切的水果不易被氧化，並同時具有漂白的效果，但此種添加物會對人體造成許多疾病。本研究針對吊白塊作嘗試性的初級檢驗，選用一般常見的氧化劑和染料，自行研發簡易的檢驗方法，且進一步製作安定性佳且攜帶方便的試紙。本實驗結果發現，由衛生局提供的「藍吊試劑」本身不甚穩定，且顏色變化不明顯；在自製檢驗試劑方面，效果最佳的是過錳酸鉀，濃度可測至0.0005M，且反應相當快速，唯試液容易與水果表面的Fe(II)離子反應；孔雀綠和晶紅酸等染料效果亦佳，且變色相當明顯，但反應時間較長。Rongalit is a bleaching agent commonly used as a food additive. It can prevent fresh fruits to be oxidized (without color-changed), especially when they were cut for sale. However, as for this additive, it is not good on health and is necessary to be detected. The test-paper currently used, the so-called “blue-test paper”, can be obtained from the Department of Health (Taipei). However, its stability is poor; the color change is not clear when it reacts with Rongalit. For this reason, I developed simple methods for detecting Rongalit by using various oxidizers and dyes. A test-paper, with better stability and easily for carry, was successfully developed. The findings show that the use of KMnO4 on the homemade test-paper provides the best result. The reaction time is short and the limit of detection can be improved to 5 × 10-4 M. The color changes were also clear when malachite green and fuchsin acid were used, but the reaction times were longer.

導電高分子在各面之應用非常廣泛，其中聚苯胺因價格便宜，製作簡便，使\r 其應用潛力更為突出。聚苯胺在鐵系及非鐵系金屬之防蝕能力已被證實，但由於\r 聚苯胺與金屬之附著力不良使其應用受到限制。奈米粒子所具有的表面效應、小\r 尺寸效應及宏觀量子隧道效應，使得奈米微粒材料之應用蓬勃發展。但在高分子\r 奈米微粒之製備仍屬有限。本文以微乳液法製備聚苯胺奈米粒子，以提高聚苯胺\r 與金屬間之附著力，使其防蝕能力充分發揮。國外雖已有廠家製作聚苯胺防蝕塗\r 料，但屬於商業機密無從得知其製備方法。本文所研發的微乳液法則是國內首\r 創！\r The development and application of the conducting polymer polyaniline is\r getting prosperous and popular. The capability of polyaniline in corrosion protection\r has been proved. But due to the adhesion of polyaniline on the metal is poor, the\r applications are restricted. By the way, the nanoparticles have the special effects such\r as the surface effect, the small size effect and the macro-quantum channeling effect\r make its applications are prosperous.\r In this paper, the authors utilized the microemulsion method to produce the\r polyaniline, to modify the adhesion of polyaniline on the metal in order to improve\r the effect of the corrosion protection of polyaniline in ferrous metal. The experimental\r results show that the nano-polyaniline has good adhesion on metal. The metal coated\r a layer of nano-polyaniline has the great ability of anticorrosion under different\r corrosion situations after weeks. The nano-polyaniline produced by the\r microemulsion method add the recipes invented by the authors has great potential to\r use in scale-up production in industry.

本報告研究內容，是利用電化學氧化還原方法合成金、銀、銅三種奈米粒子，以及探討電流是否會影響電解合成奈米粒子，在前半部成功地利用控制電解的部份條件，如界面活性劑、以及電流值大小，而合成出金、銀、銅三種奈米粒子，利用UV-VIS的光譜分析，鑑定其三種奈米粒子不同的吸收波長，其光譜出現吸收的現象是因為金屬表面特殊的表面電漿共振吸收現象而產生的。但是在本實驗中發現在UV-VIS的光譜中，電壓值的大小對金奈米粒子吸收波長並沒有關係，這些奈米粒子在水溶液中藉由界面活性劑的包覆，而溶解的相當好。 The content of thesis focuses on using electrochemistry oxidation-reduction reaction to synthesis gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles. We confer whether current of the electrolysis is an influence for the synthesis of nanoparticles. We succeed in synthesizing nanoparticle by controlling some terms of the electrolysis, like the micelle concentration, and current value. Using UV-VIS spectrum to analyse wavelength of three kinds of nanoparticles. The special phenomenon of absorption spectra is appeared because the surface plasma resonance on the surface of metal. From the UV-Vis spectra, we didn’t find the exact relationship between the potential value and the absorption spectra of gold nanoparticles. Finally, we also obtained good results in spectra observation, which meant that these nanoparticles encapsulated with surfactants were well solved in the solution.

As the most dominant species on planet Earth's surface, humans have become the sole protectors of the planet, in charge of keeping it hospitable for billions of species. However, a swift look around Egypt's streets in contemporary 2007 showed proof of our exploitive use of fossil-fuels. Provoked by such a scene, I set out to discover the negatives of fossil-fuel consumption that more than 2 million websites were ready to detail. The increased CO2 emission, due to fossil-fuel use, is contributing to the greenhouse-effect, causing global-warming and thus leading to climate-change. This affects biodiversity by causing the eventual extinction of species, thus upsetting food-chains and affecting humanity in the long-run. Statistically 40 more years of consumption are left if the current rate-of-consumption persists. My proposal is to use solar-energy as an alternative power-source. Two requirements must be fulfilled: it must hold research potential and shouldn't suffer from problems associated with fossilfuels. 3rd-generation nanocrystalline dye-sensitised solar-cells have a conductive-glass-electrode coated with titanium-dioxide, then a layer of dye on it for light-absorption, electrolyte and finally a counterelectrode coated with graphite.\r In the dye-experiments, dyes extracted from fruits & vegetables, and the wavelengths of visible-lightspectra that they absorb, were examined using a UV-spectrophotometer. The solvent for the extraction-process was tested and ethanol was better than water because it actively extracts the dye while water doesn't help and contains ions that alter the dye's absorption-abilities. I combined 2 dyes: chlorophyll (absorbs the red & violet areas in spectrum) with blackberry (absorbs the green area) thus enabling the solar-cell to absorb the entire spectrum and maximising its power-reading. I investigated whether the dyes should be freshly-mixed or combined earlier (and used every time to build the cell). Freshly-mixing dyes is better because that stops the enzymes that were extracted out with the chlorophyll from denaturing blackberry's anthocyanins and rendering them dysfunctional thus the dyes work better maximising the power. Testing the dye-combination's concentration showed that the 6.25% concentration is the best because it can coat the TiO2 with a single-layer of dye instead of high concentrations that give multiple layers of dye which doesn't give good electron transition or low ones that don't give enough dye which means a lower amount of electrons are being excited and thus less power. In the material-section, anatase and rutile, TiO2's 2 major constituents (structurally identical but with different crystal-orientation), were compared and anatase proved itself better because of its smoother conduction-band. Different anatase particle sizes were examined and the smaller particles (4 nm) were better because of increased surface-area. I investigated the ways of coating the counterelectrode and found that using carbon-paste is the best. Ultimately my solar-cell's power-reading increased from 2.04 nW to 6.41 μW which is 3142 times the initial reading, a dramatic increase for a solar-cell whose size doesn't exceed 4 cm2. This proved the great research potential held by solar-energy. After extensive comparisons between the ups and downs of both fossil-fuels and solar-energy, solar-energy clearly proved itself the perfect alternative for powering our future.

After short period of storage the coconut oil at room temperature we found that it becomes rancid. The oxidizing flavor is disgusting and causes economic loss. Some chemicals are used to prevent the oxidation of coconut oil but they are expensive and may be harmful to consumer’s health if used daily. Moreover, they are not suitable for homemade coconut oil and residual waste from the process may be environmental toxic. The present work thus aims at extracting substances from local plants and used as antioxidant for coconut oil. Seven kinds of local Caesalpiniaceae plants in Eastern Thailand namely Tamarind (Tamaridus indica L.), Peacock flower Caesalpinia pulcherrima L.), Flame tree (Delonix regia L.), Golden shower (Cassia fistula L.), Siamese cassia (C. siamea Lamk.), Candelabra bush (C. occidentalis L.), and Copper pod (Peltophorum pterocarpum DC.) were used. Ten grams of seed coats were mixed with 50 ml of the distilled water and 95% Ethyl alcohol (1:1) mixture in a closed container. The mixture was heated in a water-bath at 60 ℃ for about 2 hrs. and then kept in 10 ℃ icebox about 2 hrs. The mixture was then filtered and the filtrate was heated in an hot-air oven at 80 ℃ for about ? hrs. Ten ml of coconut oil was added with 0.5g of the extracts and kept at room temperature for 5 days. The pH and peroxide value (using the Iodometric titration method) of the oil were measured. It was found that the coconut oil with the Tamarind seed extract had the lowest peroxide value and was selected. Next the suitable amount of the Tamarind extract was studied by adding the extract to 10 ml coconut oil at 0-7% (w/v) and the contents were kept at room temperature for 5 days. The result showed that the 3% (and more over) Tamarind extract had the lowest peroxide value. Then the coconut oil with 3% Tamarind extract was kept at room temperature for 30 days. The pH and peroxide value were measured every 5 days. It was found that the oil could be stored for 25 days without significant change in pH and its peroxide value was less than 10 milliequivale n t oxygen per kilogram oil according to FAO/WHO (Codex) standard .Therefore, Tamarind seed coat at 3% could be used to retard the coconut oil oxidation for 25 days. This work presents the applicable use of plentiful local plants such as Tamarind seed, which is normally discarded, as an antioxidant for coconut oil.

Chitin, a polysaccharide common in biocomposites, has an interwoven organic framework that can act as a scaffold for mineralization in natural systems. Acidic amino acids, namely aspartic (Asp) and glutamic (Glu) acids, are the primary active molecules at biomineralisation interphases in mollusks and play an important role in controlling the polymorph and morphology of the associated mineral.\r In this study, chitin was extracted from squid pens and used as a scaffold for crystallization. The chitin scaffold was functionalized with glutamic acid and aspartic acid separately to create an artificial microenvironment for the study of biomineralization of calcium carbonate. The objective was to investigate the usefulness of the extracted chitin to serve as a scaffold for calcium carbonate crystallization, especially the fidelity of the polymorph nucleated to the amino acids and proteins used.

洗滌用的界面活性劑分散系，沾在吸管可吹成泡，沾在框上則生成特定形體的薄膜；兩種不同現象，依據各自的性質原理，分別設計為可測量的裝置，研討表面張力與濃度間的關係，發現『兩泡連通法』，測量的靈敏度較佳，並且；薄膜總面積法則會因為框的形不同，測得薄膜總面積與表面張力大小的變化趨勢不一樣，而且數據誤差都比『兩泡連通法』大。市售的洗劑有肥皂與合成清潔劑兩類，它們溶於水的分散系，表面張力與濃度大小的變化趨勢正好相反；肥皂的濃度愈大表面張力愈大，合成清潔劑的濃度愈小表面張力愈大。這種現象發生的原因，和分散質是否含苯環結構無關。用數位照相輔助毛細管上升法，觀測『兩泡連通法』標準液的張力與濃度關係，數據顯示兩泡連通法與毛細管上升法，兩者比較各種分散系張力與濃度大小的結果相同。因此，用『兩泡連通法』比較不同分散系張力大小是簡便生動的可行方法。The dispersion of surfactant used for the purpose of cleasing,if dipped on a blowpipe,can be blown into bubbles and,if dipped on a frame,will form a certain shape of membrane.For these two different situations,according to the principle of their quality,measuringdevices can be respectively designed to explore the relation of surfact tension to its concentrate.It is discovered that,with the measuring device of the Two Bubble Connection Method,the sensitivity measured is better;and that,because of the difference of the structures of the frames,the total area of the membrane and the change trend of the degree of the surface tension will also be different and the probable error of the measured digits is always larger and it is not easy to find regularity. For the two categories of dispersion,soaps on the market and synthesis detergent,when they are measured with the Two Bubble Connection Method about the relationship of their surface tension to the degree of their concentrate,the trend of change is exactly opposite.The surface tension and concentrate of the category of soap are in right proportion whereas,for synthesis detergent used for cleaning bowls and plater and washing clothes,when its concentrate is less,its surface tension is more intense.Based on the findings of this study,the concentrate and the change trend of the degree of tension have no connection with whether there is benzene structure in the solvent. With the Capillary Rise Method assisted by digital photography to observe the relation of the tension of standard solution to the concentrate,we have found that they totally correspond to the result measured with the Two Bubble Connection Method designed in this study.