化學

目前市面上可以轉換顏色的物品大多可是經由物理變化所控制的，而以化學發光的產品，往往都只能有單一顏色，例如螢光棒，當它被製造出來時，就註定了本身就帶某種顏色，難道光的顏色無法經由某些特殊反應讓其在不同顏色間轉換嗎 ?

Surfactants have a great effect on decreasing the surface tension in aqueous solution and thus they are important components in detergents. The present study aims to explore the cleaning mechanisms of the substances for greasy subjects such as bowls and clothes. The roles of various surfactants that have on the changes in the surface tension of aqueous solution in the presence and absence of additives such as tea and salt have been carefully studied by using a lab-made equipment. We carefully observed the changes in the oil droplets after pushing oil in a syringe to the aqueous\r solution containing surfactants and additives. With decreasing the surface tension of the aqueous solution, the size of the droplet becomes smaller. By using this simple lab-made equipment, we are able to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with a result of 0.0079 M at 20 ℃. The result is in a good agreement with the literature (0.0077M). With decreasing temperature and adding salts such as sodium sulfate, the decreases in the surface tension have been confirmed by our simple experiments. This simple equipment also allows study of the effects of impure additives such as salt, tea, vinegar that have on the changes in the surface tension of aqueous solution containing commercial detergents. We have found that most of the additives have a great effect on reducing the surface tension of the aqueous solution. The present study results suggest that the simple experimental set-up is practical for measuring the CMC of surfactants and for exploring the effects of additives on changes in the cleaning ability of commercial detergents.界面活劑性可有效降低水溶液的表面張力，因此，他們是清潔劑的重要成份。該實驗主\r 要在探討各種物質的清潔機制。利用自製的實驗裝置，針對各種不同的界面活性劑在添加了鹽類或茶水後界面張力的改變量，作詳盡的探討。我們將含有不同濃度界面活性劑以及添加物的水溶液裝入容器中，在推擠針筒使其的油通過針頭並進入該溶液後，我們仔細的觀察紀錄油滴大小的改變。結果顯示界面張力的降低會使得油滴變小。藉這個自製的裝置，在20℃下，本實驗所測得的陰離子型界面活性劑-十二烷基硫酸鈉之臨界微胞濃度0.0079M。結果幾乎與過去的文獻0.0077M 值符合。該實驗同時也證實了降低溫度，添加了鹽類後，可有效的降低界面張力。此外，此實驗裝置也可以用來測量市面上販售的清潔劑在添加了不純的物質後，其界面張力的改變量。我們發現大多數的添加物都能有效降低界面張力。目前的實驗結果顯示，這項實驗裝置在測定臨界微胞上有很高的實用性，同時也可以探討不同的添加物對市面上販售的清潔劑之洗淨力的影響。

高效液相層析儀（HPLC）為測定中藥指標成分常用的分析工具，而近年來高效液相層析質譜儀（LC-MS）的應用，亦在天然藥物分析上逐漸扮演重要角色。本研究利用HPLC 分析人參中的12 種人參皂素，並以 LC-MS 確認各化合物。 本研究分為三個部份，第一部份為開發適當的HPLC 分析方法分析人參中的主要成份，並使用LC-MS 確認這些化合物。人參中的12 種人參皂素( ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Ro and malonylginsenosides mRb1, mRb2 and mRc ) 可於60 分鐘內成功分離，在 HPLC 分析方法中使用Cosmosil 5C18 管柱，以200nm 偵測，並以20mM KH2PO4-CH3CN 進行梯度沖提， 在LC-MS 分析中則以20mM CH3COONH4-CH3CN 進行梯度沖提。 第二部份為利用上述分析方法，比較同批人參藥材進行不同處理方式後，所得人參皂素含量的多寡，包含泡茶、煮茶、泡酒等。結果顯示若為切段（飲片）泡茶，至少應浸泡30 分鐘，切段（飲片）水煮則以15-20 分鐘較佳，粉末（茶包）泡茶的變化不明顯，而切段酒浸可以得到最多量的人參皂素，且浸泡越久含量越高。 第三部份為使用多變量統計軟體SPSS 進行區別分析（DA），統計結果可作為人參藥材基原辨識之依據。 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a common analytical tool that has been used to analyze the index components of Chinese herb medicine. In recent years, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) gradually plays an important role. In this study, we used HPLC to detect 12 ginsenosides in Ginseng Radix, and used LC-MS to identify the 12 compounds. This study includes three parts. The first part concerns the development of HPLC method for determining the chemical constituents in Ginseng Radix, and using LC-MS to identify them. In Ginseng Radix, components such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Ro and malonylginsenosides mRb1, mRb2 and mRc could be separated successfully in 60 mins. They were detected at 200nm by using a Cosmosil 5C18 column with a linear gradient elution of 20mM KH2PO4-CH3CN in the HPLC method, and with a linear gradient elution of 20mM CH3COONH4-CH3CN in the LC-MS method. In the second part, we used this method mentioned above to evaluate the different results from various processes, which include brewing snippets in hot water, brewing powders in hot water, cooking snippets with boiling water, and brewing snippets in rice wine. Our results are listed as follows, First, the tea using Ginseng Radix snippets brewing for about 30 mins in hot water has the best result. Second, using Ginseng Radix snippets cooking for about 15-20 mins with boiling water has the best result. Third, using Ginseng Radix powders brewing in hot water has no apparent difference. Finally, using Ginseng Radix snippets brewing in the rice wine can get most ginsenosides. The third part is using the statistic software SPSS to proceed the Discriminate Analysis（DA）. The results of the statistic analysis can help us to identify the origin of the herb medicines.

Anthocyanin is a water soluble pigment that may appear in various colors such as red, blue, and purple according to the pH. Ube is a fruit in the Philippines that is 3rd of the most cultivated crops. Since Ube contains a lot of anthocyanin, it helps to make the anthocyanin solution. As Anthocyanin reacts to the oxygen quickly it is also used as air pollution indicator because it changes its color according to what substances they are attached to it. To check if the solution reacts to the pollution such as SO2 and NO. When those pollutions are made artificially, examining the intensity of the anthocyanin solution depending on different Mol of the pollutions was able. The power of penetration of lights though the UV-VIS spectrophotometer increases according to the number of molecules of SO2, and also NO. To examine the change of intensity of anthocyanin solution in actual atmosphere, the solutions were exposed outside for several hours. The power of penetration decreases when exposed to an actual atmosphere. The other substances and oxidation were the causes of the changed in color of the solution To facilitate the usage of anthocyanin solution efficiently, it should be preserved, so that the density of specific color will be preserved when used as real air pollution indicator. In order to check what kinds of chemicals can preserve the anthocyanin solution; different kinds of strong acids, strong base, salts, and metals were added to the solution. After getting the data, the characteristics of the chemical which preserved the anthocyanin were scrutinized, than compared to the density of pure anthocyanin solution. To use anthocyanin as air pollution indication as a solid, the Korean traditional paper and cloth were dyed using ube which contains lots of anthocyanin than checked the pixel of red, green, and blue color. Firstly, chose 6 different salts. And then filter and boiled the anthocyanin solution. And then put each different salt in each paper. After that, dried the paper and check the difference of pixel of each paper. As a result, Calcium hydroxide (CaOH2) has highest pixel point. So, using calcium hydroxide to dye clothes is useful and it’s also useful for the air pollution indicator through the experiment. Especially it reacts to Nox and Sox, according to this experiment, it can use for eco-friendly air pollution indicator.

本報告研究內容，是利用電化學氧化還原方法合成金、銀、銅三種奈米粒子，以及探討電流是否會影響電解合成奈米粒子，在前半部成功地利用控制電解的部份條件，如界面活性劑、以及電流值大小，而合成出金、銀、銅三種奈米粒子，利用UV-VIS的光譜分析，鑑定其三種奈米粒子不同的吸收波長，其光譜出現吸收的現象是因為金屬表面特殊的表面電漿共振吸收現象而產生的。但是在本實驗中發現在UV-VIS的光譜中，電壓值的大小對金奈米粒子吸收波長並沒有關係，這些奈米粒子在水溶液中藉由界面活性劑的包覆，而溶解的相當好。 The content of thesis focuses on using electrochemistry oxidation-reduction reaction to synthesis gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles. We confer whether current of the electrolysis is an influence for the synthesis of nanoparticles. We succeed in synthesizing nanoparticle by controlling some terms of the electrolysis, like the micelle concentration, and current value. Using UV-VIS spectrum to analyse wavelength of three kinds of nanoparticles. The special phenomenon of absorption spectra is appeared because the surface plasma resonance on the surface of metal. From the UV-Vis spectra, we didn’t find the exact relationship between the potential value and the absorption spectra of gold nanoparticles. Finally, we also obtained good results in spectra observation, which meant that these nanoparticles encapsulated with surfactants were well solved in the solution.

本研究以數學上的Burnside’s Lemma思維，利用排列組合結合化學領域中的群論概念，應用在計算取代基可被替換的化學結構，所具有的異構物數量。 研究中討論了環狀共振(例如苯環)、環烷、直烷、醇、醚、醛、酮、羧酸、酯、胺、醯胺等分子結構，推導出任意取代基種類與數量不同時，所對應的化學異構物數量公式與計算方法。 整理出公式與計算方法後，將CnHx中x個H的位置改成給定的取代基種類與數量時，然後系統化異構物數量的處理流程。最後再針對典型分子的化學點群，給出其對稱的數學排列群樣貌，作為各式計算的背景資料。

導電高分子在各面之應用非常廣泛，其中聚苯胺因價格便宜，製作簡便，使\r 其應用潛力更為突出。聚苯胺在鐵系及非鐵系金屬之防蝕能力已被證實，但由於\r 聚苯胺與金屬之附著力不良使其應用受到限制。奈米粒子所具有的表面效應、小\r 尺寸效應及宏觀量子隧道效應，使得奈米微粒材料之應用蓬勃發展。但在高分子\r 奈米微粒之製備仍屬有限。本文以微乳液法製備聚苯胺奈米粒子，以提高聚苯胺\r 與金屬間之附著力，使其防蝕能力充分發揮。國外雖已有廠家製作聚苯胺防蝕塗\r 料，但屬於商業機密無從得知其製備方法。本文所研發的微乳液法則是國內首\r 創！\r The development and application of the conducting polymer polyaniline is\r getting prosperous and popular. The capability of polyaniline in corrosion protection\r has been proved. But due to the adhesion of polyaniline on the metal is poor, the\r applications are restricted. By the way, the nanoparticles have the special effects such\r as the surface effect, the small size effect and the macro-quantum channeling effect\r make its applications are prosperous.\r In this paper, the authors utilized the microemulsion method to produce the\r polyaniline, to modify the adhesion of polyaniline on the metal in order to improve\r the effect of the corrosion protection of polyaniline in ferrous metal. The experimental\r results show that the nano-polyaniline has good adhesion on metal. The metal coated\r a layer of nano-polyaniline has the great ability of anticorrosion under different\r corrosion situations after weeks. The nano-polyaniline produced by the\r microemulsion method add the recipes invented by the authors has great potential to\r use in scale-up production in industry.

本實驗係以台灣常見之數種植物(甘蔗、橡膠、破布子、苦苓)乾餾所成之多孔性碳棒鍍上銅和拷上Chitin 為電極兼電容，而以NaOH(aq)為電解液，製成化學電池。希望能研究出一低污染、低成本、能在常溫下經濟運作、並具有教學演示功能之電池。This research is based on the poromeric carbons which are made of several Taiwanese common plants (including: sugarcane, babul, Sabastan Plum Cordia [Cordia dichotoma Forst] , and Chinaberry tree [Melia azedadach L.]) by means of destructive distillation. The copperplating poromeric carbons later covered with Chitin functions as an electrode ac well as capacitance. Along with NaOH(aq) eletrolyte, a accumulator is then produced. The chief objective of this research is to produce a accumulator with low class of pollution and low cost, which is able to function economically under the normal atmospheric temperature. Also,this accumulator can serve as a teaching demonstration.

吊白塊是一種在現切水果中常見的食品添加物，它可使剛切的水果不易被氧化，並同時具有漂白的效果，但此種添加物會對人體造成許多疾病。本研究針對吊白塊作嘗試性的初級檢驗，選用一般常見的氧化劑和染料，自行研發簡易的檢驗方法，且進一步製作安定性佳且攜帶方便的試紙。本實驗結果發現，由衛生局提供的「藍吊試劑」本身不甚穩定，且顏色變化不明顯；在自製檢驗試劑方面，效果最佳的是過錳酸鉀，濃度可測至0.0005M，且反應相當快速，唯試液容易與水果表面的Fe(II)離子反應；孔雀綠和晶紅酸等染料效果亦佳，且變色相當明顯，但反應時間較長。Rongalit is a bleaching agent commonly used as a food additive. It can prevent fresh fruits to be oxidized (without color-changed), especially when they were cut for sale. However, as for this additive, it is not good on health and is necessary to be detected. The test-paper currently used, the so-called “blue-test paper”, can be obtained from the Department of Health (Taipei). However, its stability is poor; the color change is not clear when it reacts with Rongalit. For this reason, I developed simple methods for detecting Rongalit by using various oxidizers and dyes. A test-paper, with better stability and easily for carry, was successfully developed. The findings show that the use of KMnO4 on the homemade test-paper provides the best result. The reaction time is short and the limit of detection can be improved to 5 × 10-4 M. The color changes were also clear when malachite green and fuchsin acid were used, but the reaction times were longer.

本實驗使用奈米級二氧化鈦能經紫外線催化，分解空氣中的水分子產生自由基，攻擊膠原蛋白中碳與氫鍵結的部份，使膠原蛋白的分子量成功的從300000 減少至少到20000 以下。其次，利用紫外線波長或酸鹼值的變因之下，控制降解出來的分子量大小。利用此法可在4個小時內得到很好的降解效果，不僅可以節省反應所需的時間，所需的成本也比當今所使用的酵素降解法來得低。 其次，我們檢測降解完後膠原蛋白的活性，發現只要不照光超過2 小時，膠原蛋白所剩的活性還不錯。如此一來，我們就可以利用此法快速的製造出有用的膠原蛋白了。 ;In the experiment, we use the properties of TiO2 which can be catalyzed by UV rays and breaking the molecules of H2O and produce free radicals that can attack the bond between carbon and oxygen in collagen, degrading collagen's molecular weight from 300000 to at least below 20000. We also use different UV rays and pH to conduct the experiment, controlling the molecular weight by degradation. By using this technique, we can get good effect of degradation in 4 hours. It can not only cut back the reaction time, but also costs much lower than the way using enzyme to degrade collagen. Furthermore, after the degradation of collagen, we also carry out the experiment to make sure whether collagen is “alive” or not. We have got the result that collagen can still work if it is not shone under UV rays more than 2 hours. In this way, we can use the technique to produce useful collagen rapidly.