化學

自組薄膜(SAMs, self-assembled monolayers)乃是具有特定官能基的化合物在不需外力作用 下自動吸附到基質表面上而自行排列成有自序規則之結構。SAMs技術因製備容易且穩定，在 應用上深具潛力。目前此方法中，以硫醇接在Au上的研究最為廣泛。本作品希望藉著SAMs 方法將硫醇分子吸附於鐵片或其他金屬表面上，以達成防鏽與抗酸目的。我們分別透過接觸 角量測研究正十二硫醇在鐵片上形成分子薄膜的可能性；利用酸與金屬產生氣體的速率研究 分子薄膜抗酸蝕的情況；測試分子薄膜的耐熱性；根據鐵片生銹時pH值變化、重量變化與[Fe2+] 含量差異來探究分子薄膜能否防鏽；最後找出適合形成分子薄膜的濃度與溫度效應。由實驗 結果我們發現SAMs薄膜確實能吸附於鐵(及鎳、銅、鋅等金屬)的表面上並增加抗酸與防鏽蝕 能力，薄膜對熱的穩定性極佳，35℃時結合效果較佳，而濃度的提高有助於SAMs的效用。 Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs) are elements which have specific functions.SAMs,ordered molecular aggregates can automatically adhere to the surface of substrate without any force.The applcation of SAMs’technique has high potential not only because ther are easy to make but also because they are stable.Exposing molecules such as alkyl thiols to an Au(0) surface is now in widespread use. In this work,we apply the thiols chemisorb onto the Fe or other metal surface to make it rust-resistant and acid-resistant.We study the following issues to find the appropriate conditions of forming monolayers in varying concentration and temperture: I. The possibility of forming n-dodecanthiol molecular monolayers on Fe surface by measuring the contact angles. II. The ability of antiacid corrodibility by comparing the rates of producing gas from acid and metal. III. The heat-resistant of molecular monolayers. IV. Whether it’s antirust by detecting the changes of pH,weight,and the concentrations of Fe2+ during the iron rust. According to the results,we conclude SAMs do adhere to the surface of Fe(and other matal like Ni,Cu,Zn), which increases the ability of antiacid and antirust.Besides they are stable to heat, have good combining effect at 35℃, and it is beneficial to the effect of SAMs through raising their concentration.

目前市面上缺乏簡單而精準的過氧化氫檢測法，我們參考Fenton Reaction 中，鐵離子對過氧化氫分解的催化模式，利用鐵、鈷、鎳、錳、鋅分子篩，測試他們催化過氧化氫分解反應的效率，從成本、毒性、活化能的多方考量下，選擇以分子篩來固定金屬催化離子，作為我們後續實驗的研究主軸。實驗的初步，我們選擇過氧化氫作為自由基，並著重於過氧化氫的分解反應。利用濃差電池的原理，設計出一套濃度檢測系統，由分子篩作為電極。鑒於粉末狀的分子篩容易流失，我們製備出陶土鐵分子篩，以陶土固定分子篩，並以此作為電極，搭配白金絲，透過能士特方程式，測出過氧化氫的濃度，且藉由電路調控放大倍率，可以直接控制檢測範圍。從實驗結果得知，鐵分子篩在處理過氧化氫的時候，不會有鐵離子溶出的現象，且其催化性在酸性液中可以維持，能不斷的使用，長時間來看，分子篩相當有經濟與環境保護上的價值。We attempted to provide a system for quickly determining the concentration of free radicals. The existing methods or techniques are inefficient or need expensive equipment, therefore, an inexpensive system is being sought for. As a preliminary study, we focused on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Taking the Fenton reaction as reference, we designed a measuring system. This system includes a catalyst containing Fe or Pt ions for catalyzing hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction. The Fe- and Pt-zeolite were prepared to hold Fe and Pt ions to avoid losing. Because the electrically induced potential would decrease with the decrease in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, we could measure the concentration of hydrogen peroxide by monitoring the electrical potential. We determined the initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide in water from the initial electrical potential measured through the equation obtained from the calibration line. The practicability of this system has been assured after a series of experiments. We will further develop the technique for measuring other free radicals. We anticipate that this technique will be further developed for measuring other free radicals. Although there are several problems and limitations to be solved and conquered, one thing is for sure: this system is an environment-friendly and cost-effective facility for determining the concentration of free radicals in an aqueous solution.

氫是一種非常理想的能源。不僅效率極高，且不會造成環境污染。空氣中的含量極少，常用的電解水方式又效果不彰。我們利用Ag、Ru、Cu 、C-CuPu、C 等數種電極，與H2SO4、 H3PO4 、HNO3 電解液，分別在10V 雙電極與-0.8V 三電極下做電解水實驗，研究何種電極與何種電解液能得到最多的氫氣量。在低電壓下找出最好的電極，液與太陽能電池結合，成為電池中的一部份，讓發電效果更好，以利未來燃料電池H is a kind of great power.It is not only effective,but also no environment pollution .Owing to the H in the air is very little,so it is not easy to take .Addition to,we often to take it by electro liquid,but the electrolysis effect is not ideal. Except Ag、Ru、Cu、C-CuPt、C and so on ,in theH2SO4、 H3PO4 、HNO3 electro liquid,we have a experiment in the 10V dual electrode and -0.8V triple electrode to study which electrode and which electro liquid to get the most of H.Under the low voltage,we can fund the best electrode.It is easy to bind with solar energy battery,andit can be a part of battery.Besides, it makes the generator effect better,and it is convenient to make the fuel cell commercialize in the future.

In this research we derived heating effects on anti-oxidation by optical rotation analyses. A simple and accurate Polarimeter was devised with polar screens, laser, and photo resistor; the laser was used for light source, and the photo resistor for detection. Four kind of fruits, Hyloceeus polyrhizus, California plum, kiwi and tomato were experimented by heating them in boiling water and microwave oven. Their optical rotations versus time duration were calculated. Then we used ABTS/ the H2O2/HRP analysis system from Arnao's research to obtain the heating effects on anti-oxidation by calculating the vitamin C densities versus lag time. We found that there was a tendency of increased anti-oxidation at the beginning by heating, but decreased afterwards. Better oxidation was achieved by using microwave for Hyloceeus polyrhizus, by using boiling water for kiwi and tomato, and by using both methods for California plum. The same tendency was also found in the optical rotation analyses. Therefore we successfully developed a new method to measure the antioxidant activities by the optical rotation. We can also apply this method to simulate the fruit digestion process in the stomach, which let us understand further about anti-oxidation ( or optical rotation ) versus time. 本研究利用偏振片、雷射光為光源、光敏電阻為偵測器，組裝成一個簡易且精確的旋光度計。 我們利用此旋光度計對奇異果、火龍果、聖女蕃茄、加州李子四種水果以微波、水煮及油浴三種方式來處理，求出水果的旋光度與熱處理時間的關係。再藉由Arnao 研究的ABTS/ H2O2/HRP 分析系統，以不同濃度的維生素C與延遲時間畫圖作為標準曲線來測量總抗氧化活性，並比較熱處理後抗氧化活性的變化趨勢。 透過本研究可以了解不同熱處理方式對四種水果之抗氧化活性初期皆有增加的趨勢，但隨著時間增長則抗氧化活性降低。其中奇異果與聖女蕃茄用油浴，火龍果用微波處理，加州李子則是用任何熱處理方式均可得較佳的抗氧化活性，而熱處理後在旋光度測量上也有相同的趨勢。因為此兩種方法有一致的反應趨勢，所以證明我們成功地開發出一種可以利用旋光度來測定抗氧化的新方法。 最後，應用本方法進一步模擬水果在胃部裡的消化，讓我們更可以了解在整個消化的過程中抗氧化活性(旋光度)隨時間變化的情形。

利用范式起電器將靜電導入蒸餾水、甘油、苯、環己烷、乙醇、正丙醇、正戊醇，以及HCl(aq)、NaCl(aq)、CuSO4(aq)……等不同溶液中，我們發現：非電解質溶液可以藉由極性分子的媒合作用"貯存”電子，而其中H2O效果最好，即水合電子是可以穩定存在的！但在水中若添加HCl、NaCl等電解質會提高容易導電性，以致於無貯存電子的效果。我們也發現苯雖不是極性分子，但因具有π共振系統，也能有效貯存電子。另外，從引入密度泛函數理論結合類導體可極化連續模型加以計算的結果，也能發現極性分子容易的溶劑電子親核能比非極性分子容易來的大，與實驗結果吻合。By using a Van de Graff Generator to put electrons into various solutions or solvents (such as water, alcohol, benzene, propyl alcohol, solutions of sodium chloride, etc.), we find out that nonelectrolytes can "store" electrons through hydration of polar molecules. And water has the best ability of keeping electrons among others. In other words, hydrated electrons can exist stably. However, if we add electrolyte into solvent, the solution won't store electrons because of its increasing electric conductivity. The experiment also shows that benzene can keep electrons though it is a nonpolar molecules. We infer that it is the " π resonance system " which contributes to its high ability of electron storage. In addition, by introducing the calculations of CPCM (Conductor-Like Polarizable Continuum Model), we find out that the electron affinity of polar solutions are stronger than those of nonpolar solutions. The computed results are in agreement with our experiment.

Anthocyanin is a water soluble pigment that may appear in various colors such as red, blue, and purple according to the pH. Ube is a fruit in the Philippines that is 3rd of the most cultivated crops. Since Ube contains a lot of anthocyanin, it helps to make the anthocyanin solution. As Anthocyanin reacts to the oxygen quickly it is also used as air pollution indicator because it changes its color according to what substances they are attached to it. To check if the solution reacts to the pollution such as SO2 and NO. When those pollutions are made artificially, examining the intensity of the anthocyanin solution depending on different Mol of the pollutions was able. The power of penetration of lights though the UV-VIS spectrophotometer increases according to the number of molecules of SO2, and also NO. To examine the change of intensity of anthocyanin solution in actual atmosphere, the solutions were exposed outside for several hours. The power of penetration decreases when exposed to an actual atmosphere. The other substances and oxidation were the causes of the changed in color of the solution To facilitate the usage of anthocyanin solution efficiently, it should be preserved, so that the density of specific color will be preserved when used as real air pollution indicator. In order to check what kinds of chemicals can preserve the anthocyanin solution; different kinds of strong acids, strong base, salts, and metals were added to the solution. After getting the data, the characteristics of the chemical which preserved the anthocyanin were scrutinized, than compared to the density of pure anthocyanin solution. To use anthocyanin as air pollution indication as a solid, the Korean traditional paper and cloth were dyed using ube which contains lots of anthocyanin than checked the pixel of red, green, and blue color. Firstly, chose 6 different salts. And then filter and boiled the anthocyanin solution. And then put each different salt in each paper. After that, dried the paper and check the difference of pixel of each paper. As a result, Calcium hydroxide (CaOH2) has highest pixel point. So, using calcium hydroxide to dye clothes is useful and it’s also useful for the air pollution indicator through the experiment. Especially it reacts to Nox and Sox, according to this experiment, it can use for eco-friendly air pollution indicator.

利用化學合成法合成出聚苯胺及MEH-PPV，經過一連串的製程作出高分子\r 發光二極體（PLED），再用I-V 儀量測。實驗中以聚苯胺及MEH-PPV 的薄膜厚\r 度為變因，進行實驗。設定I-V 的電壓值為10V，量測樣品通路上的電流。一開\r 始電壓在跑時，量到的電流都為0A，所得到的圖形為一水平直線；當電壓到達\r 一個值時會向上爬升，但爬到一個階段後圖形呈現鉛直掉落至電流為0A，圖形\r 又恢復成水平直線。過程中看到了薄膜厚度對樣品確實有影響，又鋁電極的厚度\r 不能承受過大的電壓，電壓一大，樣品馬上就燒壞了。\r Abstract：\r Using Chemiccal polymerize PANI and MEH-PPV make through a series\r Polymer light emitting diode（PLED）Produce.then using I-V meter surveies. PANI\r and MEH-PPV change of thick proces.Experiment design I-V volt for meter\r conduction of current of sample .The voltage moving.First meter current is obtaining\r the figure is horizontal when voltage increase to a special value , but increase a while ,\r the current will fall down to zero volt. Figure will go to horizontal that sample will\r change .Thick is different,and aluminum cathode can not suffer too much\r voltage .otherwise will burn.

Our aim to attend this science fair is to design an instrument that can plat and measure the mass at the same time. In hope of designing a simple, accurate and convenient apparatus, we created an electronic circuit to display our original idea. In the process of constant improvements, we finally accomplished a “Super Mass Plating Gauge”, which can be easily and widely utilized in school teaching. The production of microbalance and the arrangement of electric circuit are the most significant parts in our research. The major components of the “Super Mass Plating Gauge” include a straw, metal clips and our creativity—the well-arranged electric circuit. The idea of microbalance originated from the Internet, but we advanced it by numerous experiments. First, we attached a steel cord to one side of the cathode in the electricity supplier. Next, we fixed the other side to the negative plate. And then, on the end of the negative plate, we tied a metal clip with the metal that will be plated. Eventually a new “plating gauge” was invented. By doing so, we could use this instrument to make our experiments. Our experimental goal is to research how different kinds of metal, time, electrode and voltage can affect the reduced mass on the cathode. We made use of such metal as copper, zinc and silver to carry out the experiments. In the end, by analyzing the results, we concluded a plating formula that can be applied to metal plating. 我們做此科展的目的，是要設計一個可以邊電鍍、邊測量質量的儀器，我們希望這個儀器是簡便、精確、且線路簡單，並且能推廣到教學的器材。經過我們不斷改良，終於完成了「便利質量電鍍器」 。 其中製作微量天秤和線路的配置方法，是本研究的重要部分。微量天秤的主要結構是吸管、鱷魚夾、及線路。微量天秤的構想，是參考以前的科展作品並加以改良，可精準測量到0.00010g，而裡面的線路，則是我們的創意（如圖一） 。只要把電源供應器的正極，接上左右任一鋼條，負極接到容器另一端，並加上一個鱷魚夾，夾上被鍍物，便是一個可邊電鍍，邊測量質量的儀器了！如此一來，我們就能以此儀器來作我們以下的實驗。 我們實驗目的在探討電鍍時不同金屬、不同時間、電極大小及電壓，對正極金屬片所減少質量的影響。 最後，我們推導出一個有關電鍍時正極金屬片質量變化量的實驗公式。為此，我們也要做許多次、許多種的實驗，來驗證我們的公式是否正確，並以我們所學的理論來推論。

本研究以數學上的Burnside’s Lemma思維，利用排列組合結合化學領域中的群論概念，應用在計算取代基可被替換的化學結構，所具有的異構物數量。 研究中討論了環狀共振(例如苯環)、環烷、直烷、醇、醚、醛、酮、羧酸、酯、胺、醯胺等分子結構，推導出任意取代基種類與數量不同時，所對應的化學異構物數量公式與計算方法。 整理出公式與計算方法後，將CnHx中x個H的位置改成給定的取代基種類與數量時，然後系統化異構物數量的處理流程。最後再針對典型分子的化學點群，給出其對稱的數學排列群樣貌，作為各式計算的背景資料。

Surfactants have a great effect on decreasing the surface tension in aqueous solution and thus they are important components in detergents. The present study aims to explore the cleaning mechanisms of the substances for greasy subjects such as bowls and clothes. The roles of various surfactants that have on the changes in the surface tension of aqueous solution in the presence and absence of additives such as tea and salt have been carefully studied by using a lab-made equipment. We carefully observed the changes in the oil droplets after pushing oil in a syringe to the aqueous\r solution containing surfactants and additives. With decreasing the surface tension of the aqueous solution, the size of the droplet becomes smaller. By using this simple lab-made equipment, we are able to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with a result of 0.0079 M at 20 ℃. The result is in a good agreement with the literature (0.0077M). With decreasing temperature and adding salts such as sodium sulfate, the decreases in the surface tension have been confirmed by our simple experiments. This simple equipment also allows study of the effects of impure additives such as salt, tea, vinegar that have on the changes in the surface tension of aqueous solution containing commercial detergents. We have found that most of the additives have a great effect on reducing the surface tension of the aqueous solution. The present study results suggest that the simple experimental set-up is practical for measuring the CMC of surfactants and for exploring the effects of additives on changes in the cleaning ability of commercial detergents.界面活劑性可有效降低水溶液的表面張力，因此，他們是清潔劑的重要成份。該實驗主\r 要在探討各種物質的清潔機制。利用自製的實驗裝置，針對各種不同的界面活性劑在添加了鹽類或茶水後界面張力的改變量，作詳盡的探討。我們將含有不同濃度界面活性劑以及添加物的水溶液裝入容器中，在推擠針筒使其的油通過針頭並進入該溶液後，我們仔細的觀察紀錄油滴大小的改變。結果顯示界面張力的降低會使得油滴變小。藉這個自製的裝置，在20℃下，本實驗所測得的陰離子型界面活性劑-十二烷基硫酸鈉之臨界微胞濃度0.0079M。結果幾乎與過去的文獻0.0077M 值符合。該實驗同時也證實了降低溫度，添加了鹽類後，可有效的降低界面張力。此外，此實驗裝置也可以用來測量市面上販售的清潔劑在添加了不純的物質後，其界面張力的改變量。我們發現大多數的添加物都能有效降低界面張力。目前的實驗結果顯示，這項實驗裝置在測定臨界微胞上有很高的實用性，同時也可以探討不同的添加物對市面上販售的清潔劑之洗淨力的影響。