Nano additives is becoming popular trends nowadays due to its nanosize (1-100 nm). Incorporating nano additives in polymer could increase different properties such as mechanical, physical, electrical and thermal stability (1, 2). Different nano additives has been used such as nano copper oxide, nano silica, nano zinc oxide, nano titanium dioxide but most of these come from synthetic or metal oxides that considered as non-environmentally friendly and harmful to human when exposed or inhaled (3). One of the green materials that become attention by researchers is nano cellulose. Nano cellulose can be extracted in different methods and sources such as from wood, and non-woody resources such as kenaf, jute, bamboo as well as from bacteria such as Acetobacter species(4). This making nano cellulose abundantly available in resources. Nano cellulose can be in the form of nano crystalline cellulose (CNC) or NCC or can be in form of nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC) and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)(5). This nanocellulose has many advantages that can give improvement in different applications such as mechanical, physical, thermal and improving the biodegradation when added together in different matrices (6, 7). Polymers have a problem in thermal stability while processing. It hard to control and maintain the thermal stability of polymer during processing and most polymers considered to have low in thermal stability except for thermosetting polymers such as epoxy. Epoxy has been widely used in many fields such as coating, adhesive, laminates, castings and many more (8). But the drawbacks of epoxy while using is hard to maintain and controll the thermal properties when processing of this materials and used for long period due to aging and attack by free radicals causing by UV radiation (9, 10). In this study we are incorporating nano additives into epoxy as polymer matrix to enhance and improve the thermal stability of composite by crosslinking the polymer chains with the nano additives. Furthermore, the nano additive used is come from nano cellulose extracted from date palm waste and thus to create an environmentally friendly and sustainable nano additives products.

Increasing energy needs alongside the urgent issues of chemical pollution has prompted the need for developing novel green energy sources. Nitrogen-based fertilizers are of fundamental importance for the ecosystem as their usage has increased eight times in the last fifty years [1]. On the other hand , increased use of nitrogenous fertilizers is followed by higher ammonia emissions, which are dangerous pollutants responsible for deterioration in biodiversity by means of eutrophication, acidification of soil and water, and climate change [2]. Ammonia has the2apacityy to bond with other pollutants including sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to create particles that cause smog, which is associated with lung disease. Ammonia also increases frost sensitivities and causes necrosis of many plant species [3.] Therefore, there is a need to properly manage the ammonia-rich nitrogen waste to decrease the environmental threat factors. Of the possible approaches suggested for ammonia waste treatment, the ammonia electro-oxidation reaction (eAOR) has various promising features for application in the energy sector. It is economically appealing because Ammonia can serve as an excellent hydrogen carrier due to its storage capabilities and existing transport infrastructure alongside having no net carbon emissions. Apart from this, it requires 95% less of the theoretical energy [4] to perform the process. But the reaction is kinetically slow [5], which has been a research obstacle during the development of (eAOR), due to factors ofmslow reaction rate and large catalytic overpotential that this process consumes an unnecessary amount of power [6]. Nickel-based catalysts are a promising solution to these problems, they are cheaper , more stable and easier to produce than electrocatalysts for water electrolysis which makes it highly energy efficient for widespread use on the industrial scale. N films deposited on the anodic side also allow the creation of N-containing products such as (NH42SO3) and nitrates, which can be converted into fertilizers or renewed into the nitrogen cycle to make the process more environmentally friendly while enhancing the (eAOR) process [7,8]. Compared to Pt and Ir which are the most used noble metals, they are less poisoned on the potentials less than 0.65V and are more stable [9,10]. However , noble metals are scarce, and their cost is high for industrial applications as well as the energy they waste during (eAOR) [11].

tosyl-indoly起始物是一種良好的兩性起始物，可以與雙鍵行環化反應，故本研究先使用tosyl-indoly起始物和chalcone起始物藉由鹼合成2-aryl-4-(indol-3-yl)-chromane骨架的產物，再改變tosyl-indoly起始物的親核基團，合成2-aryl-4-(indol-3-yl)-tetrahydroquinoline骨架的產物，並藉由改變取代基、溶劑、鹼和催化劑等變因，使2-aryl-4-(indol-3-yl)-tetrahydroquinoline的產率達到了97.5%，最後嘗試藉由脫去反應消除其中的掌性中心，使其具有軸手性。 產物具有三種生物活性結構：indole, chromane與quinoline，其中indole出現於生長激素與褪黑激素中，chromane出現於維生素E與兒茶素中，而quinoline出現於奎寧和塔克寧中，並且產物具有兩端基團巨大，無法自由旋轉的單鍵，使產物具有軸手性，故推測產物可以運用在醫學或不對稱催化中。

本研究利用在地取材的棋盤腳樹葉片經過高溫碳化後應用於鋰硫電池，並探討其電化學性能，並檢視其降低穿梭效應發生之成效。 利用三種不同碳化溫度探討溫度對棋盤腳樹葉結構的影響，由SEM圖中我們可以發現，隨著碳化溫度的升高，葉片表面呈現越光滑且越少雜質的樣貌，代表其碳化程度越高，導電性也隨著提升。電化學性能部分1000°C中間層在首圈0.2 C速率放電表現出1702.8 mA h g-1高電容量，而經過100圈0.2 C充放電循環後仍保有82.63%最高的電容保留率。在倍率性能部分，1000 °C中間層在1 C高電流密度下仍保有450.5 mA h g-1超高電容量，遠高於其他樣品。CV分析中可以看到1000°C中間層其還原峰重疊程度良好，且未發現較嚴重的偏移，代表其抑制穿梭效應能力較佳，且反應動力學良好。EIS分析中，1000 OC中間層具有最低的總阻抗，使鋰離子在高倍率時具有良好的導電性，是倍率性能提升的關鍵。

Energy has had an enormous impact on the development of technology and is a main factor in humans’ advancement towards an evolved society. Nevertheless, nonrenewable energy resources – which are the most effective in everyday application - have led to changes in the climate, environment, human health, and the world in general [1], which has encouraged researchers to switch to the use of renewable energy sources. Solar Cells are one of the most effective resources that rely on renewable energy. They come in a variety of types, operation methods, and efficiency as shown in Figure 1, including Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC), which, inspired by photosynthesis in plants, uses photo-sensitive dye to capture sunlight and generate electricity. DSSCs were proved to have generated a great deal of interest and are one of the most promising solar cells among third-generation PV technologies, due to their low cost, simple preparation, good performance, and environmental friendliness compared to conventional photovoltaic devices [3]. However, their efficiency is quite insufficient for everyday use. Previous studies proved that Tandem DSSCs – which are two dye-sensitized cells stacked on top of each other – are able to enhance cell performance. The light absorption range of a tandem cell is increased because the bottom cell behind the top one absorbs and uses the incident light that was not absorbed by it [4]. It operates as shown in Figure 2, where the light photons excite the electrons of the dye molecules. The electrons are then transported to the FTO (conductive glass) by the semiconductor, which is used in the figure as TiO2 nanoparticles. The electrons pass through the circuit to perform the work, then move to the counter electrode (shown as Platinum). They are then transported by the electrolyte (I-/I3-) back to the dye molecules, and the process is repeated.

Fungal infections, particularly those caused by resistant strains like Candida auris and Candida glabrata, pose a significant threat to global health. The widespread use of azole antifungals, such as fluconazole, has driven the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, undermining the efficacy of existing treatments. These challenges necessitate the development of novel antifungal agents with enhanced activity and reduced resistance profiles. To address resistance mechanisms, we designed and synthesized hybrid molecules combining triazole and thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) pharmacophores. This strategy leverages dual mechanisms of action: inhibiting fungal CYP51, a key enzyme in ergosterol biosynthesis, and disrupting fungal cell wall integrity. The structural versatility of hybrid molecules allows for targeted modifications to enhance antifungal potency, binding specificity, and pharmacokinetics. Using a stepwise synthetic approach, triazole-containing piperazine derivatives were first prepared and coupled with TZD-based carboxylic acids via optimized condensation reactions. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed through advanced spectroscopic methods, including 1D/2D NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The antifungal activity of these hybrids was evaluated in vitro against clinical and reference strains of Candida spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus. Among the synthesized compounds, 6a demonstrated notable activity against Candida parapsilosis (MIC 0.06 μg/mL), comparable to voriconazole. Compound 4b exhibited moderate activity against C. parapsilosis (MIC 1–2 μg/mL) and A. fumigatus (MIC 8 μg/mL). However, most compounds showed limited efficacy against highly resistant strains such as C. albicans 8R and C. krusei. This study highlights the potential of hybrid triazole-TZD molecules in overcoming resistance and improving antifungal efficacy. While promising, further optimization is required to broaden the spectrum of activity and enhance efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens. These findings contribute to the growing field of antifungal drug development, emphasizing hybrid approaches as a viable solution for combating fungal resistance.

本研究提出一款新型硫化氫偵測之螢光探針，我們選用BTIC作為探針螢光主結構並藉由修飾上疊氮達成偵測硫化氫之目的。帶入設計上，利用PPH3形成與粒線體的電位差使其將探針帶進粒線體，最終進行粒線體內硫化氫之偵測與顯影。 目前本實驗已合成出螢光探針基本結構與側鍊結構，並初步檢測探針對於硫化氫的偵測能力，確認其能夠與之反應並有顯著螢光變化。另外，目前已成功接上側鍊，待純化出目標產物後將進行進一步的性質檢測，包括選擇性、靈敏性、及持久性。 最後，我們預計將探針實際進行生物顯影，做多個結構顯影的比對，確認本研究之成效。此外，我們希望此款螢光探針除硫化氫偵測外，還能夠進行生物機制探討或疾病細胞篩選的應用。

研究使用化學液相沉積法製作摻鋁氧化鋅(Zn1-xAlxO，x=0、2%、4%、6%)奈米線於染料敏化太陽能電池上，研究摻鋁氧化鋅奈米線之晶體結構、光學及染料敏化太陽能電池特性。結果顯示摻鋁濃度4%之氧化鋅奈米線具有最佳(002)結晶相及奈米線直徑及長度，也具有最佳太陽能參數為:開路電壓0.683V、短路電流4.56mA、填充因子52.3及轉換效率1.62%。因為鋁離子取代鋅離子時，可改變氧化鋅晶格結構降低缺陷密度，使奈米線的直徑及長度增加，提升染料的吸附量，並降低能隙使電子與電洞復合機率降低，大幅提升光電轉換效率。然而摻雜過量的鋁離子6%時反而導致晶格產生扭曲，導致晶格內缺陷密度增加。從這研究可了解摻雜鋁元素對於氧化鋅奈米線之染料敏化太陽能電池影響，未來希望能研究其他參數進而改善染料敏化太陽能電池之發電效率。

When doing an experiment to produce colloidal ferric hydroxide, the bottom of the beaker used was colored in yellow-brown with thin film interference. This phenomenon is well-known, but the cause has not been clearly studied. As a result of the research, the coloration on the bottom of the beaker is caused by β-FeOOH forming a thin film which is chemically bonded with Si-OH on the glass surface. Also, the amount of β-FeOOH depends on the number of experiments, the area of the bottom of the beaker, and the concentration of FeCl3 aq. We found that it can be possible to determine the amount of β-FeOOH from the formula m=knsc and the adhesion constant was found to be 6.8✕10-3 (L/m2). In addition, from machine learning we predicted that the thin film thickness becomes thicker as it moves away from the center.

Theseparation, purification, and recovery of precious organic solvents is a huge challenge for many industriesincludingpetroleumandpharmaceuticalcompanies,sincethesecompaniesusehugequantities of organic solvents [1-2]. Natural dissolvable nanofiltration(ON)has atremendous potential for supplantingafewenergy-concentratedcrudepurgingtechniques,similartorefiningandextraction[3-4- 5]. The importance of OSN is obvious from the fact that one cubic meter of methanol requires 1750 MJ of energy for distillation since the process of distillation is comprised of heating, evaporation, and condensation while OSN can purify the same volume of methanol by consuming 3 MJ of energy [6-7]. Additionally, OSN is a useful technology since it is simpler to use than conventional purification and separationmethods.Themembrane'sporestructure,whichinfluencesbothitsselectivityandpermeance, hasasignificantimpactonhowwellthemembranesperform[8-9].Ingeneral,thetrade-offbetweenflux andselectivityaffectsthemembrane'sperformance.Asaresult,themembranes'fluxandpermeabilityare affectedbythetailoringandtuningoftheirporestructure.Therefore,designinganefficientnanofiltration membranes with ideal porosity is highly desirable. Interfacial polymerization (IP) is highly versatile as it provides a freedom of selection of various monomersfortargetingaspecificapplicationsuchasnanofiltrationandreverseosmosisThepotentialfor organicsolventnanofiltration(ON)toreplacevariousenergy-intensivetraditionalpurificationtechniques, suchasdistillationandextraction,isenormous.[8-9].Despitethefactthatmanydifferentmonomershave been successfully used by utilizing IP to create thin film composite nanofiltration TFC-NF membranes, one of the main limitations of such membranes continues to be the poor selection of closely related comparable nanometer sized solutes. Many efforts are still being made to develop potential monomers with the perfect properties for creating membranes that operate excellently [10-11]. Another strategy is also getting more popular in which different porous additives are added to the TFC membrane either at thesupportleveloractivelayerlevel.Theseadditivesincludecarbonorganicframeworks(COFs),metal organic frameworks (MOFs), hyper-cross-linked porous polymers (HCPs), and natural polymers such as chitosan[12-13-14-15]. However,maintainingthecrystallinity ofsuch additives,particularlyMOFsthat lead to crystalline membranes, is extremely difficult while other additions suffer from aggregation and agglomeration that results in membrane flaws that impair the performance of the membranes [16]. Therefore,changingthechemistryofthereacting monomerduringIPcansignificantlyalterthestructure of the resultant active layers of the membranes. The current study was carried out by using linear aliphatic amines 4A-3P and 4A on a crosslinked PAN support. The study was carried out through interfacial polymerization between either 4A-3P and TPC or 4A and TPC on crosslinked PAN. In comparison to the previous studies where cyclic amines such as piperazine or aromatic amines such as meta-phenylenediamine (MPD) are used, we have used linear aliphatic amines 4A and 4A-3P crosslinked with organic phase containing terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) asacross-linker.TheIPreactionwascarriedoutbetweenamineandTPConacrosslinkedPANsupport. The fabricated membrane was extensively characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), ATR-FTIR, water contact angle (WCA), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and elemental mapping . The fabricated membrane was used for OSN applications by using dead-end filtration setup.