Peanut Hull as an Antioxidant in Metal Coats
A study was done to determine if the antioxidants found in peanut hulls could be used\r for lessening the corrosion rate of iron. Peanut hulls were ground then divided into two\r batches, P1 and P2, then oven-dried at temperatures of 50°C and 60°C, respectively. The\r moisture content of each batch was then determined before performing methanolic extraction\r to isolate the antioxidants. Eighteen iron strips of approximately the same surface areas were\r thoroughly cleaned and weighed, then divided into six groups. The iron strips in the first five\r groups were respectively coated with pure extract from batch P1; a 1:1 mixture of P1 extract\r and turpentine; pure P2 extract; a 1:1 mixture of P2 extract and turpentine; and pure\r turpentine. No treatment was done on the sixth group. All iron strips were exposed to air to\r allow formation of rust thru atmospheric corrosion. After 12 days, the iron strip were cleaned\r and weighed; then the individual corrosion rates of the metals were determined.\r The corrosion rates of the metals treated with pure P1 extract, the P1-Turpentine, and\r the P2-Turpentine mixtures were found to be significantly lower than the corrosion rates of\r the metals without treatment, at 5% level of significance in a t-Test for independent samples.\r The average corrosion rates of all the treated metals were found to be lower than that of\r metals treated with pure turpentine, though not significantly. The corrosion rate of the metals\r coated with turpentine was not significantly less than that of untreated metals. The corrosion\r rates of the metals were also found not to be dependent with the moisture as there was no\r significant difference in the mean corrosion rates of metals treated with P1 extract and those\r treated with P2 extract, with or without turpentine.\r The project has shown that peanut hull extracts can be used to lessen the production\r of rust on the surface of the metal. Moisture content of the hulls was not found to be a factor\r in lessening the corrosion rate.
魂「縈」夢「牽」－談重金屬污染
近年來重金屬污染問題日益嚴重，因此檢測地下水、工業廢水中的重金屬含量為一重要課題。本實驗即是利用錄音機中的零件－石英振盪器作為電化學分析偵測的工作電極，在0.1 M KNO3（pH = 3）溶液中利用循環伏安法以50 mV/s 的掃描速度從 – 100 到 – 700 mV 持續掃描 10 圈，來穩定電極表面。
以方波陽極剝除伏安法（SWASV）模式設定預濃縮電位– 700 mV、預濃縮時間60 秒偵測重金屬的鉛離子。掃描電位範圍由 – 700 到 – 100 mV vs. Ag/AgCl 往氧化方向掃描。偵測鉛離子濃度範圍為200－600 ppb，之後可針對各種條件作最佳化的條件探討可降低偵測濃度及實際運用於地下水及工業廢水的檢測。
Heavy metal pollution becomes very serious. Lead (Pb) determination is a continuous research interest in clinical, environmental, and industrial application. The main causes for living biological media are mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic activity. The determination of trace metal in the ground and industrial waste water will be a important project. Here, we report a simple system which using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) (use in radio machine) for working electrode. The QCM was first equilibrated in 0.1 M KNO3（pH = 3）base electrolyte for about 1 min before electrochemical experiments. It was then pretreated by continuous scans in the window from – 100 to – 700 mV at a scan rate of 50 mV/s until a stable background current obtained.
The amount of Pb2+ was detected quantitatively using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry（SWASV）. The potential range was set from – 100 to – 700 mV in the cathodic direction for most cases. The standard addition method concentration range is from 200 to 600 ppb. Analytical conditions were systematically optimized and extended to practical applications aslo.
Study of Highly Water - Absorbing Polymers from Natural Starch for Agricultural Use
The highly water-absorbing polymers were prepared by the reaction of acrylic acid as a graft\r monomer and natural starch (eg. rice starch, sticky rice starch or corn starch) as the backbone\r using water hydrogen peroxide and vitamin C as solvent, initiator and catalyst, respectively. The\r reaction was carried out by mixing of starch in distilling water and stirring at 60-70 ℃ for 3\r hours and then cooled to 30℃ Acrylic acid was added and the pH was adjusted to 6-9 by the\r addition of limestone powder. To the stirred mixture were then added hydrogen peroxide (30%\r v/v) and vitamin C and continued stirring for 3 hours until the solution became viscous The\r viscous solution was neutralized with potassium hydroxide (30%v/v) to give the pH for 6.5-7\r and allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The resulting solution was spread on\r winnowing baskets and allowed to dry under the sun to yield a continuous absorbent polymer\r film. The absorbent polymer film was ground and yield of white powder, The above procedure\r was repeated by using another types of starch. The ability of starch slurry to swell on heating, by\r absorption of water, is it’s most important practical property. Rice starch has very low swelling\r capacity in aqueous media compare with sticky rice starch and corn starch. The capacities of\r water-absorbing polymer were tested by placing polymer powder in the beaker and adding of\r water until it swell and cannot absorb more water. The polymers were found to be an excellent\r water absorbent, which absorbed water about 248, 245 and 167 times in weight of polymer for\r corn starch, sticky rice starch and rice starch, respectively. The water retention was calculated by\r measuring the amount of water releasing after every week for 10 weeks. They have also good\r water retention capacity. The swollen polymers were mixed with soil in ratio 1:3 and the\r increasing water holding capacity of soils which promotes more efficient plant growth in pot were\r test. It was found that the soil could be absorbed water for 10 weeks. It is possible to use highly\r water-absorbing polymers from natural starch in agriculture because they are low in cost and the\r polysaccharide main portion of the product is biodegradable
化學光電池之光敏劑的開發與研究
六種自行合成出來的聯吡啶釕錯合物Ru(bpy)₃、Ru(bpy)₂(phen) 、 Ru(bpy)₂dcbpy、Ru(phen)₃、Ru(phen)₂(bpy)、Ru(phen)₂dcbpy 及商用染料N3-dye，被成功的做成光敏性太陽能電池。光電流的產生率可由IPCE (incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency) 的測量可知。此類釕錯合物可以物理吸附或化學鍵結於TiO₂奈米粒子上。IPCE 的大小可以用來探討不同吸附方式的釕錯合物轉換光電流的效率。在物理吸附上Ru(phen)₂(bpy)的效率最好。化學鍵結的以N3 Dye 最好，我們合成的錯合物以Ru(bpy)₂dcbpy 較佳。此種以TiO₂奈米結構為承載基材的太陽能光電池(Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell)，染料仍以商用染料 N3-dye 最佳。本研究發現物理吸附的Ru complexes 也可產生光電流，若能最佳化，將可簡化染料錯合物之合成。
Six ruthenium complexes, Ru(bpy)₃, Ru(bpy)₂(phen), Ru(bpy)₂dcbpy, Ru(phen)₃, Ru(phen)₂(bpy), and Ru(phen)₂dcbpy were synthesized. These Ru complexes and N3 dye have been incorporated into the dye-sensitized solar cell system. The solar energy conversion of the ruthenium complexes were measured and converted to IPCE (incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency). There complexes were either chemically bonded or physically absorbed onto the nano-sized TiO₂ particles. The IPCE were utilized to compare the photon-to-current efficiency of these Ru complexes. Among the physical-absorbed dyes, Ru(phen)₂(bpy) has the highest IPCE. For chemical-absorbed dyes, the commercial N3 dye is still the best. Among the complexes synthesized in this research that are chemical-absorbed, Ru(phen)₂dcbpy has the highest IPCE
The commercial N3 dye has the highest IPCE in the dye-sensitized TiO₂nanoparticle solar cell. We found that physically absorbed dye can convert photon to current. With better solar cell assembly, physically absorbed dye can have the same conversion efficiency as N3 dye.
甲醇氧化物對直接甲醇燃料電池發電效能的影響
The purpose of this paper is to study the roles of formic acid and formaldehyde playing in the Direct Methanol Fuel Cells(DMFCs).The assumption is now widely accepted that the Oxidation-reduction intermediate of cell like formic acid and formaldehyde will hinder the reaction of DMFCs. At first, we recorded data which measured the efficiency of DMFCs working under the different temperature of fuel, then we recorded data which measured the efficiency of DMFCs working under the different consistency. In the end, we compared the data we recorded before and chose the best reaction environment as standard environment for the future experiment. Then we discover intermediate has positive effect on DMFCs. we separately put formic acid and formaldehyde into fuel, and we discover the efficiency is better than\r before. For example, the volt stability and volt intensity of DMFCs are better. The above conclusion is mainly based on open current volt, equally volt and electric current density which is the standard of evaluation.本實驗主要探討甲酸、甲醛等雜質在直接甲醇燃料電池中扮演的角色，一般認為甲酸等是甲醇在電池中反應的中間產物，大多數人認為這些中間產物會阻礙燃料電池的反應。而我們先針對了甲醇在各種溫度下電池的效能先做出了圖表，並使用不同濃度的甲醇燃料來測量電池的效能並與之前溫度的圖表做比較，選出最合適的直接甲醇燃料電池反應環境作為添加雜質實驗的標準環境。接下來我們在研究過程中發現，其實中間產物可能對電池有正面的效果，我們發現甲酸、甲醛等對直接甲醇燃料電池的電源輸出有正面的影響，例如電壓穩定性與電壓強度的增強。在研究中，我們將甲酸等加入燃料電池的燃料(甲醇)內，模擬甲醇因不當保存而產生的雜質，針對添加物的濃度做些調整，以電池的開路電壓(OCV)、平均輸出電壓、以及單位面積的電流密度作為評比電池效能的標準，並找出甲酸等對燃料電池效能的影響，並進一步找出最適合的電池燃料配置。
什麼尚「氫」--談燃料電池之放氫探討
氫是一種非常理想的能源。不僅效率極高，且不會造成環境污染。空氣中的含量極少，常用的電解水方式又效果不彰。我們利用Ag、Ru、Cu 、C-CuPu、C 等數種電極，與H2SO4、 H3PO4 、HNO3 電解液，分別在10V 雙電極與-0.8V 三電極下做電解水實驗，研究何種電極與何種電解液能得到最多的氫氣量。在低電壓下找出最好的電極，液與太陽能電池結合，成為電池中的一部份，讓發電效果更好，以利未來燃料電池H is a kind of great power.It is not only effective,but also no environment pollution .Owing to the H in the air is very little,so it is not easy to take .Addition to,we often to take it by electro liquid,but the electrolysis effect is not ideal. Except Ag、Ru、Cu、C-CuPt、C and so on ,in theH2SO4、 H3PO4 、HNO3 electro liquid,we have a experiment in the 10V dual electrode and -0.8V triple electrode to study which electrode and which electro liquid to get the most of H.Under the low voltage,we can fund the best electrode.It is easy to bind with solar energy battery,andit can be a part of battery.Besides, it makes the generator effect better,and it is convenient to make the fuel cell commercialize in the future.