化學

The purpose of this project was to create a detection device for alcoholic drunk condition in human by using the principle of vapor pressure difference between breath samplings from normal and alcoholic-drunk men. The work comprises of three major steps. The first task was an experiment to determine an average air volume that can be fully blown out from the lungs of non-drunk people as a control. Twenty adult Thai volunteers weighing between 50 - 80 kg (average 59 kg) were used. The average blown out air volume was found to be 369.9 mL, with the range in values from 340-400 mL (sample size N = 20, SD = 15.47). The second task was an experiment to measure relationship between the blown air volume (100-700 mL, both from alcoholic-drunk and control groups of people) and the resulted vapor pressure by using manometer. The vapor pressure of normal breath increased from 400 to 1,600 newton/m2 with increasing blown air volume, whereas that of the alcoholic-drunk was found to be 600 to 1,800 newton/m2. The last task was to create a detection device prototype to gauge the alcoholic content in the human body from the breath. Air volume of 300 mL was arbitrary chosen to trigger lighting up of indicator lamps. The breath samples of low vapor pressure (low amount of alcohol, 21.12-44.00 mL, equivalent to 14.00-29.17 mg%) would trigger a green lamp to light up. A moderate vapor pressure range (medium amount of alcohol, 88-132 mL, equivalent to 58.33-87.57 mg%) would trigger green and yellow lamps to light up while a high vapor pressure (high amount of alcohol, 250 mL, equivalent to 165.72 mg%) would trigger green, yellow and red lamps to all light up. None of the three lamps would light up from (non-alcoholic) breath of control people. This device has also been tested to external group of volunteers. The work in this project has successfully demonstrated a useful application of simple principle in chemistry on partial vapor pressure.

本實驗在探討，當金奈米粒子和植物中的葉綠素產生鍵結作用力時，能量轉移的結果是否能幫助葉綠素激發電子。經由兩者混合後光譜的變化,發現兩者之間發生能量轉移。為探討此轉移現象和濃度的關係，我們將大小不同的金奈米和不同毫升數的葉綠素作用，並將其結果和金奈米與葉綠素的吸收強度和作比較，使用正規化的計算方法算出比值，由此看出兩者之間能量轉移的效率。當金顆粒約大於30nm時，正規化的數值隨的葉綠素濃度的增加而變大；而當金奈米顆粒約小於30nm時，則隨著葉綠素的增加而變小。Much attention is currently focused on chromophoric molecules because they can not only mimic natural antenna systems but also exhibit unique optical and physical properties. Chlorophyll , produced by extracting from green leaves, has electrostatic interactions with Au nanoparticles through carboxyl groups. Herein, we report the charge transfer between chlorophyll and Au nanoparticles using UV-vis electronic absorption spectroscopy. The efficiency of charge transfer from chlorophyll to Au nanoparticles was estimated by the normalization of Q-ban absorption intensity. From the observation of absorption intensity versus concentration of chlorophyll curves, we find that the efficiency of charge transfer is increased while the size of Au-particle is larger than 30nm, but decreased while the size smaller than 30nm.

超導體具有兩大特性 - 抗磁性及零電阻，若善加利用便能大量減少能量損\r 失。不過目前發現的超導體有的結構太複雜，其他則是臨界溫度太低。一年前科\r 學家發現不同於以往銅氧組成的鐵基超導體（FeSe），結構簡單但其臨界溫度仍\r 然太低。故我們利用原料濃度比例不同的Fe 及Se 以TOPO 熱熔法析出奈米顆\r 粒，分析其超導性質。結果顯示Fe 比Se 難析出，故Fe 濃度應比Se 多，且在油\r 性水域中較好混合。

Nano-sized calcium phosphate was used in the synthesis of starch-based composite plastics to provide a cheap but sturdier biodegradable alternative to petroleum derived plastics used in film packaging. Nano-sized calcium phosphates were produced from the precipitation reaction of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2 ‧ 4H2O) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The nanoparticles were co-extruded and molded with thermoplastic starch (TPS) at ratios of 0%, 1%, and 5% by mass. Tensile strength and elongation percentage of the resultant composite plastics were tested in three replicates. The results show that there is a significant difference between the tensile strengths of the 0% and 5% calcium phosphate composites at a 5% level of significance. The trend between the composite’s tensile strength and percentage calcium phosphate follows a geometric progression, enabling a projection for the 10% nano-calcium phosphate to have a tensile strength of 10 MPa, the average tensile strength for low-density polyethylene (LDPE). This shows that it is feasible to synthesize a 10% nano-calcium phosphate-TPS plastic that can be a viable substitute for LDPE plastics in film packaging, paving the way for the commercialization of starch-based plastics. The use of biodegradable plastics with improved physical characteristics will lessen consumer dependence on petroleum derived plastics and solve the environmental issues brought about by the use of such plastics.

1. Purpose of the research: Recovering bioethanol from fruit wastes by using brewing yeast and enzyme Viscozyme L\r 2. Procedures: Four different experiments were conducted in our project.\r Experiment-1: Samples in RM by the addition of only S.Cerevisia.\r Experiment-2: Samples in RM broth meduim by the addtion of 100 μl/g ViscozymeL and S. Cerevisiae\r Experiment-3 : ViscozymeL with different concentration\r Experiment-4: to determenine whether the enzyme with high concentration inhibited the fermentation.\r Analysis of ethanol: HPLC method was used for the analysis;\r HPLC method: (high performance liquid chromatography)\r 3. Data\r HPLC measured initial and final concentrations of glucose and ethanol by the addtion of S. Cerevisiae.\r Initial glucose concentration and final ethanol concentration was the highest in Grape pulp 12 and 9 g/L respectively. Despite the glucose concentration was the lowest, the ethanol concentration was quite high (7 g/L) in the mixture with orange. The lowest ethanol was produced in the mixture with pomegranate.\r Concentrations of ethanol and glucose from the samples in RM broth meduim by the addtion of 100 μl/g ViscozymeL and S. Cerevisiae\r After the 24 hour incubation by the addition of enzyme glucose concentration incresed by 1, 4 and 2 respectively in sample 1, 2 and 3. The ethanol concentrations in comparison to first experiment were higher especially in the sample1 (grape pulp).\r Effect of ViscozymeL with different concentration on glucose production.\r The glucose concentration generally increased by the addition of 200 micro L of enzyme as the time proceeded. In grape pulp sample glucose concentartion didnt increased by the addition of 500 micro L enzyme.\r The remaning glucose and produced ethanol concentrations by the addition of viscozyme L with two different concentartion and S. Cerevisiae\r As the concentartion of enzyme added incresed the amout of ethanol also inreased in sample 2 and 3 but in the sample 3 the fermentation was inhibited.\r 4. Conclusions\r In this study sugars in fruit wastes that are regularly not recylecled were fermented successfully into ethanol by using S. Cerevisiae.\r Generally we get more ethanol from the samples when the enzyme was used. As the graph5 shows the ethanol concentration generally increased as the enzyme concentration increased. But especially in the sample1 (mixture with pomegranate) at 200 and 500 micro liter concentrations, ethanol production were 2 and 0 g/L respectively. In the light of this daha we conluded that the enzyme with high concentartion might inhibit the fermentation. When the activity of enzyme was inhibited by keeping the pretreated enzyme in boiling water, the fermentation restarted and recovered more ethanol; 8 and 12 g/L at the enzyme concentration of 200 and 500 microliter respectively.

高分子發光二極體為導電高分子之熱門研究課題，因其有低成本、製程簡易、可大面積化之優點為無機高分子發光二極體所缺乏，所以受到學術界與工業界之注目。由於高分子發光二極體其有廣視角、高答應速度、低驅動電壓、可製成撓曲式元件等特質，極具成為下一世代顯示器之潛力。高分子聚苯胺為高分子發光材料中，具有低驅動電壓與高發光效率之優點，故本研究將之選為電洞傳遞層材料。但唯一缺點就是不易溶於溶劑中，所以在實驗驗中有安排質子酸摻雜的步驟，就是為了要改變高分子的電性、磁性、光學性質或結構，同時導電度也隨之增加。本研究以ITO基板改質及無電極電鍍為研究主軸，以此來增加其之性能。改質ITO基板目的，是希望使得ITO陽極表面平坦化且可促使電洞注入，進而增加發光層材料附著力與阻隔電子直接導入陽極之特性，故可增加元件之發光亮度。而使用無電極電鍍法，因為其不須通電就能進行電鍍的反應，行成的薄膜也很均勻。所以採用無電極電鍍法，來完成電鍍的步驟。The polymer light emitting diodes is one of the most important study projects in the field of the conducting polymer due to the low production costs、 simple production process、great surface products that the organic light emitting diodes can not achieved. The purpose of this study is try to utilize the polyaniline as the electric hole transfer layer, and the MEH-PPV as the light emitting layer. The disadvantages of the polyaniline are the low solubility in solvents that was improved by doping proton acids. The performance of the indium-tin oxide was improved by the self-assembling method that made the surface of the ITO became more smooth to help the electric hole injection of electrions. And the aluminum cathode was produced by the electrode less plating.

Smoothened (SMO) is a critical component of Hedgehog (HH) pathway that is essential for stem cell renewal and is dysregulated in many cancer types. SMO is a seven transmembrane domain protein with three intracellular loops. Primary structures of SMO intracellular loops are unique and very much conserved among the species, which is indicative of significant and unique roles in intermolecular or intramolecular interactions. The hypothesis was that synthetic analogs of SMO intracellular loops may function as HH pathway inhibitors. Derivatives of second intracellular loop were synthesized utilizing automated solid phase peptide synthesis based on Fmoc chemistry. Peptides were purified by HPLC and there anti-proliferative activity tested on melanoma cells by MTT assay. Targeted libraries of second loop derivatives of varying length helped to identify compounds that inhibited the growth of melanoma cells in vitro with IC50 in nanomolar range. The most potent of antagonists obtained is the palmitoyl derivative of the Nterminal half of the loop, and is 12 residues long. Lipidation proved to be critical for the activity. Remarkably, retro-inverso versions of the peptide, in which all amino acids are in D-configuration, are even more potent and have IC50 in subnanomolar range. Circular dichroism studies proved that the peptides are folded both in aqueous solutions and in the presence of lipids mimicking the membrane environment. They also suggested that retroinverso analogs have a different fold, which may contribute to higher activity. The new compounds are promising drug candidates and present convenient tools for solving the\r mechanisms of hedgehog signaling.

In the last two decades, there has been increased interest in the utility of quantum scale semiconductors. These fluorescent single crystals can be as small as 1 nm in diameter, and their size and shape has been shown to be controlled by the duration, temperature, and ligand molecules used in their synthesis. Quantum dots, provide clear benefits over the organic dyes currently used for tracking biological processes. Yet, as the production of quantum dots is often very costly, the search continues for finding an industry-ready synthesis for a quantum scale semiconductor which would have high yield, optimal durability, high luminescence, and a broad absorbance range. Silicon, in particular, has been of great interest as it is the second most abundant element on the Earth’s crust and is generally a bioinert and electrochemically stable element. We report the synthesis of water-soluble, luminescent silicon nanoparticles with potential applications to bioimaging. Through a solution state top-down approach, the synthesis of hydrogen capped silicon nanoparticles was achieved in various organic solvents. The surface of the nanoparticles was capped with the functional organic molecules rendering the Si-QDs both air and water stable. Cell studies performed with our silicon nanoparticles and human monocytes show the direct applications these particles could have for tracking biological processes and the progression of cancer in the human body. In attempt to shift the luminescence of these particles, alterations of experimental methodology was also explored in the areas of reaction solvent and heating time. Through these changes, shape control of silicon nanoparticles was achieved in the form of silicon nanorods. The synthesis of this new shape of silicon at the quantum scale was confirmed by ultraviolet spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and transmission electron microscopy. The results of this study indicate that the use of silicon nanocrystals for biomedical applications is feasible.

A study was done to determine if the antioxidants found in peanut hulls could be used\r for lessening the corrosion rate of iron. Peanut hulls were ground then divided into two\r batches, P1 and P2, then oven-dried at temperatures of 50°C and 60°C, respectively. The\r moisture content of each batch was then determined before performing methanolic extraction\r to isolate the antioxidants. Eighteen iron strips of approximately the same surface areas were\r thoroughly cleaned and weighed, then divided into six groups. The iron strips in the first five\r groups were respectively coated with pure extract from batch P1; a 1:1 mixture of P1 extract\r and turpentine; pure P2 extract; a 1:1 mixture of P2 extract and turpentine; and pure\r turpentine. No treatment was done on the sixth group. All iron strips were exposed to air to\r allow formation of rust thru atmospheric corrosion. After 12 days, the iron strip were cleaned\r and weighed; then the individual corrosion rates of the metals were determined.\r The corrosion rates of the metals treated with pure P1 extract, the P1-Turpentine, and\r the P2-Turpentine mixtures were found to be significantly lower than the corrosion rates of\r the metals without treatment, at 5% level of significance in a t-Test for independent samples.\r The average corrosion rates of all the treated metals were found to be lower than that of\r metals treated with pure turpentine, though not significantly. The corrosion rate of the metals\r coated with turpentine was not significantly less than that of untreated metals. The corrosion\r rates of the metals were also found not to be dependent with the moisture as there was no\r significant difference in the mean corrosion rates of metals treated with P1 extract and those\r treated with P2 extract, with or without turpentine.\r The project has shown that peanut hull extracts can be used to lessen the production\r of rust on the surface of the metal. Moisture content of the hulls was not found to be a factor\r in lessening the corrosion rate.

The highly water-absorbing polymers were prepared by the reaction of acrylic acid as a graft\r monomer and natural starch (eg. rice starch, sticky rice starch or corn starch) as the backbone\r using water hydrogen peroxide and vitamin C as solvent, initiator and catalyst, respectively. The\r reaction was carried out by mixing of starch in distilling water and stirring at 60-70 ℃ for 3\r hours and then cooled to 30℃ Acrylic acid was added and the pH was adjusted to 6-9 by the\r addition of limestone powder. To the stirred mixture were then added hydrogen peroxide (30%\r v/v) and vitamin C and continued stirring for 3 hours until the solution became viscous The\r viscous solution was neutralized with potassium hydroxide (30%v/v) to give the pH for 6.5-7\r and allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The resulting solution was spread on\r winnowing baskets and allowed to dry under the sun to yield a continuous absorbent polymer\r film. The absorbent polymer film was ground and yield of white powder, The above procedure\r was repeated by using another types of starch. The ability of starch slurry to swell on heating, by\r absorption of water, is it’s most important practical property. Rice starch has very low swelling\r capacity in aqueous media compare with sticky rice starch and corn starch. The capacities of\r water-absorbing polymer were tested by placing polymer powder in the beaker and adding of\r water until it swell and cannot absorb more water. The polymers were found to be an excellent\r water absorbent, which absorbed water about 248, 245 and 167 times in weight of polymer for\r corn starch, sticky rice starch and rice starch, respectively. The water retention was calculated by\r measuring the amount of water releasing after every week for 10 weeks. They have also good\r water retention capacity. The swollen polymers were mixed with soil in ratio 1:3 and the\r increasing water holding capacity of soils which promotes more efficient plant growth in pot were\r test. It was found that the soil could be absorbed water for 10 weeks. It is possible to use highly\r water-absorbing polymers from natural starch in agriculture because they are low in cost and the\r polysaccharide main portion of the product is biodegradable