物理

The purpose: is to protect the building against the fires\r The main idea: is an Automatic emergency exit.\r When fires happen, the smoking detector works, giving sound and light.(signals)\r Then the emergency Exist opens automatically.

本實作以光學全像術為基礎，拍攝出三維立體的影像。內容主要為分別製作「穿透式」全像片、「反射式」全像片及「彩虹」全像片等三部份。其中，在反射式全像片中，嘗試以不同數量的光束來拍攝。發現以單光束法拍攝出的全像片比較容易成功，但重建影像的視角與效果都不如雙光束拍攝法來的好。在拍攝彩虹全像片的過程中我們令狹縫為變因，做有加狹縫與未加狹縫的實驗，實驗發現效果不同。並以改變狹縫的角度、方位，來觀察底片的變化。最後，觀察出豐富多樣的彩虹變化型態。全像片可重建拍攝的物光與參考光，並顯現拍攝物的三維狀態。可應用於信用卡、紙鈔防偽，廠商標籤，附加商品（如鑰匙圈、貼紙），廣告看板等，用途廣泛。 The purpose of this project is to construct the 3-dimensional images utilized optical holography. The holograms we made can be categorized into three main types: transmission, reflection and rainbow. In reflection hologram, we have tried to construct the hologram by the use of different number of light beams. It could be found that the reconstructed image of the hologram formed by a single beam is better than those of the hologram formed by two beams. However, the field of view and image quality of the two-beam hologram was better than those of single-beam hologram. In rainbow hologram, we varied the orientation and position of slit to investigate the quality of the reconstructed images. The reconstructed images displayed rainbow image diversity. In application, the holograms can display three-dimensional images by reconstructing the hologram. In addition, the holograms are in widespread applied in security applications of credit card、banknotes、labels、stickers etc.

Table tennis the fastest ball sport in the world has become so fast that rallies have become\r very short. My investigation this year is a further study into slowing the game down. Last\r year I studied the effects the newly introduced 2mm larger ball had on the game. I\r concluded an average increase in rally length from 2.93 to 3.47 balls per rally passing the\r net. Although a 16% increase sounds large, it was an average of less than 1 ball per rally\r difference. I came up with another way to slow the game down my aim was to find out if\r increasing a table tennis net height will decrease spin, speed and increase control i.e. rally\r length and to find out what percentage extent each height level has on these factors. I\r wanted to be able to present a finding as to the optimum net height for the percentage\r increase in rally length that is desired.

溶液和溶劑置於同一容器中，當溶質向上擴散時，會形成濃度梯度及\r 折射率梯度dn/dy，且dn/dy 對高度y 的關係圖會呈現隨著高度改變的現\r 象。\r 半徑r 的Ｄ形容器，下方置溶液，上方置溶劑，以雷射光照射容器的\r 平面部份時，雷射光沿著法線出射，受折射率梯度的作用而向下偏Ζ距\r 離，a 為容器至屏的距離，得到dn/dy=Z/ar 的關係式；改變雷射光的高\r 度y 可得dn/dy 圖。\r 以硫代硫酸那作實驗，其dn/dy-y 圖為以原始界面為對稱軸，因其擴\r 散係數不隨濃度改變；甘游水溶液的dn/dy-y 圖呈現不對稱，圖形的極\r 大值往甘油方偏，主要係因為甘油的擴散係數隨濃度的增大而減少。\r 我們成功第把不同時間對同一溶液的實驗結果予以模型化，得到的\r dn/dy-y 曲線隨時間改變，並發現該曲線所涵蓋的面積為定值。\r \r The mixing in a vertical column between a pure liquid and a solution produced a concentration gradient, which in turn produced the refractive index gradient. As the solute particles diffused upward into the pure liquid, the gradient was generated by the varying solute concentration. The plot of the refractive index gradient versus vertical position y (dn/dy vs y) is found to be varied with time. A D-shape container of radius r is partly filled with denser solution, and partly filled with solvent which is on the top of solution. When laser beam enters perpendicularly to the flat surface of the container, the outgoing beam strikes the container at normal incidence, and deflected down a vertical distance Z by the refractive index gradient. We can get dn/dy=Z/ar, where a is the distance between the container and the screen,. By changing the vertical position (y) of laser beam, we can get the plot of dn/dy vs y. For a sodium thiosulfate-water solution, the trace of dn/dy vs y is symmetric with respect to the position of original boundary. Since the diffusion coefficient of sodium thiosulfate is independent of concentration. For the trace of dn/dy vs y of a glycerol-water solution, it will no longer be symmetric. A skewed curve which reaches its maximum position is displaced to the glycerol side, because the diffusion coefficient of glycerol is decreased with concentration. We have successfully modeled the time-dependent experimental gradient curves on the same solution. The trace of dn/dy vs. y at different time is found to keep the area constant.

本研究的目的在利用LP 唱盤系統發聲原理，以鑽石唱針摩擦各種金屬表面所產生的頻譜圖，與金屬材質的相關性。除了LP 唱盤外，我們應用CoolEdit 軟體來分析聲音資料，並利用相似度統計理論，將頻譜圖用量化比較。實驗結果發現：Ⅰ、藉用LP 系統錄取各種金屬材質頻譜圖形，有相當高的穩定性，相同金屬聲音頻譜圖形重疊性高，以統計演算出的量化結果與圖形觀察相似。Ⅱ、同一金屬在不同摩擦速率時，所產生的頻譜圖略異，經由樣本相似度門檻t 值鑑定，顯示摩擦的速率會影響聲音頻譜的產生。本研究的結果可應用在材質的分析比較。The objective of this study is, based upon the principle how LP phonograph players generate sounds, to obtain sound spectrographs from rubbing diamond phonograph needles against surfaces of a variety of metal and thus to link the sound spectrograph to certain metal material. Besides the LP phonograph player, we also use the software, Cool Edit, for analysis of sound data and, according to theory of similarity statistics, quantity comparisons of spectrographs. The result of the study shows: I. A high stability exists when spectrographs of a variety of metal material are recorded by the LP system. There is high frequency that spectrographs of same metal material overlap. The quantification result from statistic calculation is similar to the graphs as they are observed. II. Spectrographs differ slightly when a certain metal is rubbed at different speeds. As appraised by sample similarity threshold t value, it shows that rubbing frequency will affect the formation of spectrographs. The result of this study can be employed to analyze and compare qualities of material.

地震波會以橫波和縱波的方式傳遞能量，學校的教學大樓中地下具有蓄水池者搖晃的持續性感覺比較短暫，於是利用彈簧波模擬地震波測試不同質量的台車接收到的能量會較空車為多。並利用自製模型測試不同容器形狀和水量的阻尼作用，結果發現搖擺時，時間球形＞錐形台≒方形台；球形台裝有不同水量時擺動時間裝滿裝滿時＞未裝水＞裝1500mL 時；平行移動時則是球形台裝水2000mL 後鉛錘移動距離最短。整個實驗過程中由於未裝滿水的模型內部重心改變不規律，而且模型內所裝的水量因為不規則擾動經吸收的能量轉換成水溫上升的熱能，因此導致擺動能量的消耗造成擺動時間縮短，如果新式大樓興建時考慮消防蓄水池和水塔的造型和裝水容量，應可以減少地震時的搖晃時間，降低心理的緊張和物體因震動而產生的移動傷害。Seismic wave can transmit energy with transverse and longitudinal wave. The shaking of these buildings with reservoirs underground in our school for a shorter time, so we use spring wave to simulate seismic wave, and test the proportion of transmissible energy received from different mass of objects. The energy gets from wave motion passing on is bigger when cars carrying capacity than empty cars. And we use homemade models to test damped effect of different forms and water. At last we discover the time is Sphere ＞ Taper ≒ Square while they swing with different amounts of water, the time it cost is Full ＞ Non ＞ 1500 mL. When they move horizontally, the plummet moved shortest, when the water of the sphere is 2000 mL. During the whole experiment, the center of gravity in the models, which are not full of water changes irregularly, and the water in the models can absorb heat energy from energy disturbing, so the swing of energy consuming makes the time of the swing shorter. If the fire controls reservoirs, the shapes and dress up water volume of the water towers, are taken into consideration, the duration of the shaking of earthquake will be shortened so that our fear and nervousness will be lessened, and the damage causer from the shaking will be reduced.

這是一系列關於水蒸氣冷凝為極細微水珠的實驗。其中可以歸納為三大部分，第一部分是基礎實驗，將水蒸氣導引至親水性介面上，觀察冷凝水珠的結構。雖然看似簡單平常，但是卻發現：不同溫度的水蒸氣，其冷凝最初始的細微珠粒，尺寸相同；爾後溫度高者，堆疊速率較大，以至於最後同時呈現的水珠大小不一，尺寸不同！ 第二部分，是針對冷凝水珠自我組裝機制的探討。實驗是將水蒸氣導引至密度小於1的高分子溶液上，並藉由揮發性溶劑快速揮發，將水珠粒「分層保留」以便更深入了解「解構」後的水珠群聚機制。在這組實驗中得到兩張有趣的圖片： 在討論時，我是從對流機制切入，嘗試解構上面兩張圖。 第三部分的實驗，是將水蒸氣導引到磁場及靜電場上，觀察冷凝的機構。這部分呈現出來的結果，推翻了一般「水分子為電中性應該在電場與磁場中不受影響？」刻板觀念，實驗呈現水分子：不但在電磁場上不易長大同時也有固定的散佈模式(assembly pattern)。同時也觀察到：水分子在正電場形成的凝結水珠較為均勻，在負電場則表現出較大親水性特質。這部分的實驗對日後研究細胞膜上水分子通道應有助益。 I have tried to ask a famous math professor if he can create a formula describing the ordered array of water droplets. “Then, I should study Physics first!” He said. Condensation is the thing we live with, being found everywhere, passing without notice. But we never know when it dose start? By coalescence, water droplets grow bigger, but are not round again. We used the polymer film as template and designed the solution lighter than water, so the minute droplets will sink to the bottom and layer by layer. After seconds we may have multilayers of ordered array. This experiment presented here is actually the diary of the growth of water droplets through condensation, upon volatile fluid, magnetic field and electric field. Through convection, it discusses the self assembly mechanism of water droplets and peep into the uniformity of the size of water droplets. In this experiment, convection and magneto-electric force did play important roles in the self assembly mechanism of water droplets. The topic is mostly concerned as we are surrounded by magneto-electric waves in today’s world. This is the first step in discovering the homogeneous state of water droplets, providing insights into the self assembly mechanism of water droplets with nano sizes.

在本次實驗中，我發現膠狀電解質溶液中的帶電離子，會因為離子團的熱運動，和電偶極的庫倫吸引力 (electric dipole) 的交互作用下，使溶液的I-V curve (電流-電壓曲線)，具有類似磁滯曲線(Hysteresis curve) 的效果；而膠狀溶液之濃度越高，電解起始點的對應I-V 值也越大。此外，白金電極與銅箔電極的距離若改變，也會使溶液的I-V curve 變的不一樣。另一方面，我也發現，在給予膠狀電解質溶液一緩慢外加的電壓或衝擊電壓並持續維持此一定額外加電壓時，會因為該溶液的黏度持續增高、帶電離子濃度增高且反應不斷變化下，而使該溶液的對應電壓，形成一重複出現「先降-後升-再降」的震盪現象，且電壓值節節升高。最後，我利用掃描式電子顯微鏡（SEM）及能量分散光譜儀（EDS）觀察銅箔電極之表面變化並分析其上之化學組成，藉此嘗試解釋上述這些有趣的現象。In this experiment, with the interaction of the heating action of ionic atmosphere and electric dipole, I find that ions in the gel make the I-V curve in the colloid electrolyte liquor show up with the effect similar to Hysteresis curve. The higher concentration of the colloidal solution, the bigger value of I-V at the initial electrolysis reaction was found. Furthermore, the shape of I-V curve is dependent on the distance between platinum electrode and cupper electrode. On the other hand, I find that when I apply a gradual extra-voltage or a fast extra-voltage to the colloidal electrolyte solutions and then maintain to a fixed value, this will make a unique ‘two peaks’ state oscillation of corresponding voltage. The reason is owing to the climbing viscosity and ion concentration in the solution. With the methods of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), I observe the change and analyze the components of chemicals on the surface of the cupper electrodes. Finally, I present the interesting results and try to interpret these phenomena.

在高中光學裡，介紹了許多有關光波之特性，而聲波與光波皆具有波動性，因此聲波應具有如干涉、反射、聚焦等特性，但在物理課本上並未詳加敘述，所以我們開始了本項的研究，希望可以籍由改變聲源及邊界的各項條件，而探討其發生之現象。在本研究中，我們利用聲波之基本原理在電腦上進行聲場的模擬並加以改變其變因（頻率、相位、聲源數、聲源間距、強度、邊界反射），進而明瞭聲場之各項特性及應用與控制方式。經電腦模擬聲場圖中，我們觀察到，兩聲源干涉所形成之圖形為多組雙曲線所組成，近似於光學之雙狹縫干涉，增加聲音頻率與聲源間距離皆可使腹(節)線數目增加。如同現實世界中所知的，隨著頻率的增加，將會具有指向性的產生並且在聲源數目越多時越明顯，但發現頻率增加至一定值之後，指向性反而會降低而形成冠狀面。在延遲了多點聲源間相位之後，聲場分佈有偏轉之現象，利用相位延遲的方法，在多聲源中，將兩旁之聲音偏向中央將可造成聲音的聚焦。在兩聲源干涉中，調整其中一聲源之強度，將可完全消除兩音源連線間一點之聲音，可適當的應用在工業上消除噪音。聲場分佈在具有邊界的環境下，我們試著找出聲源位置及邊界條件對聲場分佈的影響與關係以模擬室內聲場，但在簡化的數學模式下，即無法有我們所希望之最均勻聲場分佈產生。最後我們將實驗中的結果與文獻上的實驗數據加以比較，以探討其誤差。 The optical course in senior high school , which introduced many characteristics of optical wave. However, both of sound and light have the characters of wave; therefore, sound wave should have the characteristics, such as interference, reflection and focalizing. Nevertheless, there are not many details of sound wave in the section of acoustic on our textbook. So we began this research, and discuss the different phenomena by changing many kinds of variables. In our research, we simulated the sound field on the computer, based on sound wave’s principle, furthermore we change many variables, which like frequency, phase, source number, distance, intensity and reflection. It helps us understand the characteristics of\r sound, how to control sound and how to apply these findings. According to the result of computer simulation, we discovered that the graph of two acoustic source’s interference comprised by many pairs of hyperbola, just like optical double slit interference. As the frequency or the sound source distance increased, acoustic direction became more and more obvious. But when the frequency was high enough to over the extreme, instead increasing, the acoustic direction would lower down like a crown. After we make phase differences on one of the two sound sources, sound field generated\r deviation. So if we use this method in multiple sound source, and delay the middle source, the sound field might be converged. In such two-sound-source interference pattern, when we control the intensity of one, a certainly point on the line of the two sources disappeared When the sound field enclose by borderline, the standing wave appear, and we discovered many funny phenomena. We put large amount of source in a narrow slit, the phenomenon of diffraction appeared. Finally, we discussed the discrepancies between interference pattern previously done by others experiments and the simulated one conducted by us.

當流體由圓管流下，在碰撞到物體後水流會產生類似駐波的形狀。為瞭解此現象的產生機制，及影響此現象的變因，我們改變流體的表面張力、流速及與碰撞物體間的距離，以探討各變因對波形所產生的影響，進而研究此現象的成因。由實驗結果發現波形會因流速加快、擋板距離增加、表面張力減少而有波長變短的趨勢，且可以用表面張力波的理論解釋。由理論推導的結果，可測量液體表面張力。由於圓球狀的外型使表面積增大，可增加液體之散熱的面積，因此可應用在水冷系統方面。A phenomenon similar to the standing wave, which occurs when a slow-velocity fluid jet collides with an obstacle, was observed. Because the free surface profile was observed to be stable, the phenomenon was not considered as standing wave. To understand the mechanism of this phenomenon and the factors that can affect the free surface profile, the surface tension of the fluid, jet velocity and the distance between the exit of the tube and the obstacle are varied to study their influences on the free surface profile. According to our experiment, the wave length is shortened when the jet velocity or the distance between the tube and the obstacle increases or when the surface tension decreases. The tendency of the investigated phenomenon can be explained by the capillary wave theory. Based on Bernoulli’s principle, continuity principle and surface tension\r equation, an ODE (ordinary differential equation) could be formulated. By using numerical method to solve this ODE, we predict the free surface profile which could match the experimental photo well. The tendency of the phenomenon can also be explained by the ODE. In order to measure the surface tension of the fluid, we wish to minimize the experiment apparatus. To enhance our assumption we use laser to locate the individual particle that we add in the fluid and calculate the velocity field of the flow jet.