物理

One afternoon, a photography enthusiast, Mr. Cheung was holding some photos, completely absorbed in the fond (but ancient) memories of his honeymoon in Cairo. The badly-yellowed photo prints reminded him of every sweet and romantic moment of the “good old days”. He was soon rudely awakened when Mrs. Cheung shouted, “Honey dear! I was told that high-tech is ‘in’, and the single-lens reflex camera is totally out! So stop hugging the old out-dated pictures.” Mr. Cheung fired back, “Oh, you know nothing. This is something you cannot replace at all, and my camera is a classic.” Smiling at him, Mrs. Cheung took out a new gadget, “Right, right, now calm down. It never hurts to have both worlds. Look what I’ve got you. This is called ‘Stereoscopic Camera Lens’. Its little coloured spectacles can capture everything, say, the sensational Great Pyramid, in three dimensions!” As we are asking for and relying more on technological advances, the Stereoscopic Camera lens and the Stereoscopic Magic Box are surely innovations that promise to add a new dimension to our lives. Surprisingly, the working of these two gadgets involve only some simple scientific theories such as polarization, doping and anaglyph; and employs the special property of Liquid Crystal Layer (LCD) under electric current. Stereoscopic photos can now be easily available to us. Both of our designs, the Stereoscopic Camera Lens and the Stereoscopic Magic Box, can turn something ordinary into extraordinary by making plain, 2-dimensional things ‘stand out’ before your eyes. The Lens itself is crafted with such precision that it can capture any image both faithfully and flawlessly. The Magic Box uses electric current to catalyze and enhance the 3-dimensional transformation. So each picture is vibrant and true-to-life. The Lens and the Magic Box will certainly revolutionize our vision of things around us. To enable you to have a good understanding of the theories behind the making of the Stereoscopic Camera Lens and the Stereoscopic Magic Box, we have made simple models of them with prisms, and they are in display at our booth. Anyone who is interested in these fancy gadgets should definitely come to our booth to experience a new view of the world!

能源之獲得為當今半導體科技要突破所必須克服的課題，尤其須顧及到環保之要求。所以太陽能之研究及使用已經越趨重要之地位。本實驗用天然的染色子（葉綠素 A 及亞甲藍）當作觸媒劑加在自行研製的太陽電池薄膜： Cul /光敏物質/TiO? P-N型結構。光敏物質／ CuI/ Cu plate P-型結構。 光敏物質TiO?/ SnO?/glaaa N-型結構。不同層次薄膜分別是以溶膠凝膠法及化學沉積法將 TIO?及CuI長在玻璃甚板、鋼基板及 TIO?薄膜上。本實驗的太陽電池薄膜生長速率極其穩定 ( Cul : 0 . 25um/hr , TIO? :2um/hr) ，薄膜照光電壓 0 .01~0 .1V ，照光電流 0 . 030~0 . 050 mA/cm2。

本實驗是控制奈米碳管的成長條件，研究奈米碳管的成長機制、電子場發射特性。奈米碳管的物理性質會因捲曲度(helicity)、管壁厚度(單層或多層)、管徑所影響，而不同的捲曲度，會形成不同電性(金屬性或半導體性)的奈米碳管。由此可知，探討奈米碳管的成長機制，以控制奈米碳管的穩定成長，及如何長出電性或光學性質相近的奈米碳管，是極為重要之事。為了研究奈米碳管的成長機制，我們使用微波電漿輔助化學氣相沈積法 (Microwave plasma ehanced chemical vapor deposition) ，在市售的縫衣針針尖上，成長奈米碳管，這個技術能夠經由吸收微波達到局部加熱針尖的方式，再透過控制微波功率、通入氣體的種類、壓力的變化以及催化劑的使用，能夠達到有效控制奈米碳管的成長條件。我們改變三個參數：催化劑的使用、氣體種類(Ar+CH4 或N2+CH4)及壓力，之後利用SEM 觀察奈米碳管的成長情形；再測量場發射(測量電性)，討論不同成長的條件與場發射電流關係。

Our traditional bow is a kind of horn bow which appeared at the side wall in the sepulcher\r around A.D 600. A lot of traits of the horn bow have been handed down to us in an\r unwritten form. This is the reason why I would like to research and investigate the several\r potential capacities in the field of Physics, such as structures, materials and efficiency.

這是一系列關於水蒸氣冷凝為極細微水珠的實驗。其中可以歸納為三大部分，第一部分是基礎實驗，將水蒸氣導引至親水性介面上，觀察冷凝水珠的結構。雖然看似簡單平常，但是卻發現：不同溫度的水蒸氣，其冷凝最初始的細微珠粒，尺寸相同；爾後溫度高者，堆疊速率較大，以至於最後同時呈現的水珠大小不一，尺寸不同！ 第二部分，是針對冷凝水珠自我組裝機制的探討。實驗是將水蒸氣導引至密度小於1的高分子溶液上，並藉由揮發性溶劑快速揮發，將水珠粒「分層保留」以便更深入了解「解構」後的水珠群聚機制。在這組實驗中得到兩張有趣的圖片： 在討論時，我是從對流機制切入，嘗試解構上面兩張圖。 第三部分的實驗，是將水蒸氣導引到磁場及靜電場上，觀察冷凝的機構。這部分呈現出來的結果，推翻了一般「水分子為電中性應該在電場與磁場中不受影響？」刻板觀念，實驗呈現水分子：不但在電磁場上不易長大同時也有固定的散佈模式(assembly pattern)。同時也觀察到：水分子在正電場形成的凝結水珠較為均勻，在負電場則表現出較大親水性特質。這部分的實驗對日後研究細胞膜上水分子通道應有助益。 I have tried to ask a famous math professor if he can create a formula describing the ordered array of water droplets. “Then, I should study Physics first!” He said. Condensation is the thing we live with, being found everywhere, passing without notice. But we never know when it dose start? By coalescence, water droplets grow bigger, but are not round again. We used the polymer film as template and designed the solution lighter than water, so the minute droplets will sink to the bottom and layer by layer. After seconds we may have multilayers of ordered array. This experiment presented here is actually the diary of the growth of water droplets through condensation, upon volatile fluid, magnetic field and electric field. Through convection, it discusses the self assembly mechanism of water droplets and peep into the uniformity of the size of water droplets. In this experiment, convection and magneto-electric force did play important roles in the self assembly mechanism of water droplets. The topic is mostly concerned as we are surrounded by magneto-electric waves in today’s world. This is the first step in discovering the homogeneous state of water droplets, providing insights into the self assembly mechanism of water droplets with nano sizes.

An orbital angular momentum (OAM) sorter concept was designed for high-speed data transfer. The OAM of a light beam known as an optical vortex can exist in one of an infinite number of states and may be used to carry information. The augmented alphabet of states carries the potential to increase date transfer speeds over conventional binary (0 and 1) methods. A vortex generator, or OAM encoder , was constructed from a slit cover slip functioning as an adjustable spiral phase plate, and a vortex analyzer, or OAM measurer, was created using a transparent print of a computer-generated hologram. The two components were then incorporated in an OAM sorter concept that that employs a novel combinatoric method for sorting data. The vortex generator and analyzer created were inexpensive simpli-fications of previous devices and have the potential to increase the alphabet of transmission states several thousand times over binary methods if implemented in the OAM sorter concept.

本專題研究之目的，在於運用簡單的原理自製出準確、廉價、適用於低風速範圍的風速計；方法是藉由將一連接轉軸的玻璃片迎風，探討迎風時，玻璃片偏轉夾角和風速之間的關係。實驗過程中同時發展出可以用馬達旋臂的裝置與v=rω的原理，產生穩定可計算風速的環境。研究結果發現：在低風速的環境下，θ 範圍小時玻璃片與地夾角和風速大略成正比的關係，所以我們可以得到近似式” v≒aθ+b”，參數(a,b)依玻璃片而定。另外θ 範圍大時，我們可以使用二次逼近曲線的方程式與內插法來作角度與風速的對應。藉由控制玻璃片的厚度、質量與形狀，我們可以製造出相對應風速範圍的風速計。The purpose of our research is to use easy theorems to make accurate and inexpensive anemometer which is available in low wind velocity. To make such anemometers, we made a piece of glass, which was connected to a axle, to face wind; then, we could figure out the corresponding relation between wind speed and the angle created by the original and the resulting positions of the piece of glass. While we were experimenting, we found that we could make a steady-wind-speed environment by using motors, sticks, and the theorem ”v=rω”. The research showed that the angle created by the original and the resulting positions of the piece of glass and wind speed are in direct proportion in low wind velocity in small θ range. Consequently, we\r can derive the formula ” v≒aθ+b” , for each piece of glass (a,b) can be different. In addition, when in bigger θ range, we can use quadratic approximate equation and interpolation to describe the corresponding relation between the angle and wind speed. By adjusting the thickness, mass , and the shape of the glass, we can make anemometers corresponding to different wind velocity ranges.

Table tennis the fastest ball sport in the world has become so fast that rallies have become\r very short. My investigation this year is a further study into slowing the game down. Last\r year I studied the effects the newly introduced 2mm larger ball had on the game. I\r concluded an average increase in rally length from 2.93 to 3.47 balls per rally passing the\r net. Although a 16% increase sounds large, it was an average of less than 1 ball per rally\r difference. I came up with another way to slow the game down my aim was to find out if\r increasing a table tennis net height will decrease spin, speed and increase control i.e. rally\r length and to find out what percentage extent each height level has on these factors. I\r wanted to be able to present a finding as to the optimum net height for the percentage\r increase in rally length that is desired.

這是一系列關於水蒸氣冷凝為極細微小水珠的長程實驗。其中可以分為下列三個階段：第一階段是基礎實驗。將水氣導入至潔淨的光滑表面上(蓋玻片)，觀察水珠冷凝的機制。第二階段是在外加磁場及電場作用下，將水氣導入至潔淨的光滑表面（蓋玻片），觀察水珠冷凝的機制。這部分的實驗推翻了一般「水分子是電中性，在電場或磁場中不受影響 」的刻板觀念！實驗所呈現出來的冷凝水珠，不但有明確的自我組成模式( Self assembly pattern)。並且發現：電場會增速凝結水珠的成長(Aggregation)，而磁場則會抑制凝結水珠的成長。第三階段是將水蒸氣導引至超聲波的環境中：我們先將超聲波訊號產生器(變頻、定頻)面向於載台旁，再讓水氣導入至潔淨的光滑表面上(蓋玻片)，觀察冷凝水珠的機制。當使用固定頻率超聲波波源，我們發現：在超聲波場中水珠的成長會受到抑制，且成長速率會隨著頻率的升高而逐漸減小。第一階段與第二階段的實驗結果與討論已分別發表於2004 年及2005 年的台灣國際科學展覽報告中，本作品將詳述第三階段。 This experiment explores the basic nature of the condensation of water vapor into droplets on the surfaces of cover glasses. This condensation occurs because of the difference in temperature between the water vapor and the cover glass. The condensation process is observed under a microscope. The growth of the droplets can be described as: nucleation, aggregation (piling up) and coalescence. The growth is irrelevant to surfaces or environments. It is found that the temperature difference of moist air over the cover glass do not affect the nucleation size of the droplets in simple plain surroundings; while the change of flow rate does. In general, the coalescence is speeded up at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the effects of electric fields 、magnetic fields and ultrasonic waves are also studied. It can be observed that the size of water droplets become smaller and grow more uniformly under magnetic fields or imposed ultrasonic waves; also, the aggregation rate is decreased by imposed magnetic fields or ultrasonic waves, and it is increased by imposed electric fields. These effects of magnetic fields 、electric fields and imposed ultrasonic waves might be related to the flow conditions and the vibration of surrounding air in the system. This experiment provides the first step in the understanding of the formation of water droplets and their self assembly mechanism in different environment.

The purpose: is to protect the building against the fires\r The main idea: is an Automatic emergency exit.\r When fires happen, the smoking detector works, giving sound and light.(signals)\r Then the emergency Exist opens automatically.