液態導體的磁效應
本文所探討的議題為電解質溶滿通以電流後所產生的效應與機制。本實驗所採用的方法為電解與電鍍，運用這兩種方法，來比較電解液在不同狀況下所產生的結果；經過多次的實驗，累積了許多實驗結果，使我們可以得到更精確的數據 · 在此次實驗中，我們發現電解液在相同的電壓下，通以電流後的穩定性與金屬的活性有關，活性越大越不穩定；反之，活性越小越穩定。另一個發現為，只有單一極性離子移動的情形，可通過的電流，比陰陽離 r 同時移動時為大；但因通過的電流大使電解液反應劇烈，產物時時覆蓋電極使電流下降。所以就穩定性來說，是以陰陽離子同時移動為佳 · 在展望方面，希望可以發展到液態磁屏避的設備，可減少設備過重之問題 ·This is a study of how electric current effects the electrolyte solution. The experiment was conducted through two methods: electrolysis and electroplating, the results of which were compared. The experiment of the same designs hi been conducted repeatedly and, as a result, accurate data were collected and accumulated.One of the two major findings from the experiments was that, when under the same voltage, stability of the electric current varied with the change of activity of the metals; the greater the activity of the metals, the less stability of the current, and vice versa. The other major finding was that, with the movement of dipole-ion, a greater amount of current would go through the solution than that which would go through with the movement of cathode and anode; however, the greater amount of current would cause intense reaction of electrolyte solution, hence merging the electrode and reducing the current. So as long as stability is concerned, the movement of cathode and anode is preferable.It is hoped that more sophisticated experiments designed on the basis of the similar principles will eventually lead to the construction of equipment of liquid-magnetic shielding of smaller weight and size.
會旋轉的電解液
本研究主要探討電解液之帶電離子在磁場中的動力行為。為了觀察更細微的結果，共歷經三代裝置改良，第一代用五個電錶及探針測量徑向橫截面上五點的電壓，所測數值電壓有下降趨勢但不足以呈現細微部份的變化。第二代利用電壓感應線、搭配平移台及電腦，呈現連續性且經數位處理之結果，出現電壓升降的電荷堆積現象。第三代為了更精確，將裝置結構及器材上改良。觀察到在磁場作用下有旋轉現象，改變電極極性時，會有順逆時鐘方向的改變，且只有電解質液才會有旋轉。更可以使用帶電質點受到勞倫茲力F=q(VxB)理論解釋。且旋轉中的電解液比沒有旋轉時，析出的銅量少，反應溫度升高快，電解液內電壓分布因電荷堆積造成的高低起伏。經過改變磁場強度、電解液濃度，不銅價離子電解液，結果濃度大、磁場大、離子數較多者，呈現電壓分布圖快速變化，彎曲大。This thesis report is the study of combining the moving charged particles under the perpendicular magnetic field. By using the theory of moving and electrolysis, the electrolytic liquid will swirl through the particular arrangement of the horizontal cylinders enclosed in a circular enclosure container and strong magnet. Then, the researcher observes the force situation of the charge in the magnetic field and discusses the differences of the electrolysis effect, which is experimented under the different conditions, such as, in the magnetic field or no-magnetic field. Furthermore, the researchers discuss the conduction of voltage spreading and interfering when the moving electrons under different position of two electrodes and under the different interaction of electric field and the magnetic field. And the changing reason as follow: （1）the magnetic field strength. （2）the concentration of the electrolytic liquid. （3）electrolytic solution. When the experiment group compared with the comparison group, the result may provide fundamental understanding as follow：（1） The researchers can find out the charged particles rotating in the magnetic field. And it proved the moving condition when the moving electrons in the magnetic field. （2） This experiment can be used in judging the solution, which I electrolytes, or not. （3） This experiment also proved for Arrhenius’s ionic theory. （4） The researchers found out the quantity of Cuprun decrease, the rise in temperature and the reducing in voltage.
終端速度
液體中之球體運動與液體的黏滯性有關，本實驗找出球體半徑與終端速度之間的關係。利用攝錄機作為紀錄工具，拍攝三種材質（壓克力、玻璃、水晶）的球體在沙拉油中的自由落體過程。使用電腦影像處理軟體將影像分解成幅影像，時間的解析度為1/30秒。測量球體的高度與時間，分析高度與時間的變化情形，發現終端速度與球體半徑之間的關係。
流體中之運動方程Fdrag = -k1V，無法符合實驗結果。我們的實驗結果顯示油中的自由落體的運動方程應該是Fdrag = -（k1V+ k2V2）。由不同材質的壓克力球（~1.18g/cm3）、玻璃珠（~2.47g/cm3）與水晶球（~2.66g/cm3）所獲得的終端速度（Vt）與球體半徑（a）的關係為a3(ρ-ρ') = 0.00003（a Vt）2 + 0.00021（a Vt） + 0.00575，其中ρ與ρ'分別為球體密度與沙拉油密度（0.90 g/cm3）。
再者，在相同半徑的條件下，密度越大的球體終端速度越大，在靜止下落後，越久達到終端速度。
The motion of a sphere which is falling through a fluid is subject to the fluid viscosity. In this study, we find out the relation between the radius of a sphere and the terminal velocity. We used a digital camera to record the sphere's descent in the oil. The three kinds of sphere we choose are acrylic（~1.18g/cm3）, glass （~2.47g/cm3）and crystal （~2.66g/cm3）. Frame-by-frame analysis of the video footage yielded rough estimates of the sphere's location within 1/30 seconds accuracy for statistically consistent results. By measuring the location and time and analyzing them, we find out the relation between the radius of a sphere and the terminal velocity. The expression of the drag force,Fdrag = -k1V, is not cosistent with our results. The study indicates the expression of the drag force should be Fdrag = -（k1V+ k2V2）. The expression for the terminal velocities of the three kinds of sphere is of the form：a3(ρ-ρ') = 0.00003（a Vt）2 + 0.00021（a Vt）+ 0.00575, where a is the radius, ρ is the sphere density and ρ' is the oil density（0.90 g/cm3）. In addition, if the radius is the same, the terminal velocity of a denser sphere is higher and the time to approches the terminal velocity is longer.
超聲波在液體的探討
本實驗一開始主要探討超聲波在水中的基本性質，如：指向性、衰減性…等。實驗發現，超聲波的衰減會同時與其指向性以及衰減性有關。 接著希望利用超聲波在水中的物理性質，近一步測量超聲波在水中的聲速，實驗中則利用駐波以及聲光效應測量。在駐波法測量聲速的實驗中，用洗淨機當作聲源，內部放置量筒，量筒內盛水後放入木屑，並使聲波在其中產生駐波即聲浮現象，求出波長後反推聲速，測量出的聲速誤差值僅有1.13%，而在使用聲光效應測量聲速的實驗中，使1.65 MHz 的超聲波在自製的壓克力容器內部所裝的水中產生駐波後，以波長650 nm 的紅光雷射通過，在遠處屏幕即產生似於光柵繞射現象，藉著屏幕上的繞射條紋反推該液體聲速，測量出聲速誤差均在5%以下。 在觀察聲光效應實驗中，發現過段時間後有氣泡產生，由文獻上，得知此現象為超聲空蝕現象(Acoustic cavitation)，就設計實驗測量聲場中聲壓分部，並利用蠟紙觀察氣泡的成長。實驗發現聲場中的聲壓強度以及液體的表面張力和蒸汽壓會影響到產生空蝕的臨界值及產生氣泡的數量。 ;At the beginning this experiment explores the ultrasonic base in the water, including its velocity, the physics property of liquid, direction, and attenuation etc. . . At first, we use methods of standing wave to measure the velocity of sound under the water, using an ultrasonic cleaner as the sound source and putting some wooden powder in the water. As the standing wave accrues/produces, the powder will “stand still.” To measure the length between two grains of powder, in this way we can calculate sound velocity. Another method we use is diffraction of optics. Put 1.65 MHz source and water in a transparent container; then using laser through it. At the board much diffraction light stripes are created. By this way, we can estimate the velocity. Following these ways can calculate velocity precisely. In these experiments, some bubbles create in the container are discovered. We learn it is so-called “Acoustic Cavitation” based on the reference paper. Besides, we design experiment to know the bubbles’ growth and the number of the bubbles is connected to the physics property of liquid. We use different kinds of liquid with different vapor pressure and surface tension. Finally, we know when it has the smaller surface tension and bigger vapor pressure, the liquid makes bubble velocity grow faster and larger amount of bubbles are produced.
利用雷射光實驗研究液的折射率梯度
溶液和溶劑置於同一容器中，當溶質向上擴散時，會形成濃度梯度及折射率梯度 dn/dy，且dn/dy 對高度y 的關係圖會呈現隨著高度改變的現象。 半徑r 的Ｄ形容器，下方置溶液，上方置溶劑，以雷射光照射容器的平面部份時， 雷射光沿著法線出射，受折射率梯度的作用而向下偏Ζ距離，a 為容器至屏的距離， 得到dn/dy=Z/ar 的關係式；改變雷射光的高度y 可得dn/dy 圖。 以硫代硫酸那作實驗，其dn/dy-y 圖為以原始界面為對稱軸，因其擴散係數不隨濃 度改變；甘游水溶液的dn/dy-y 圖呈現不對稱，圖形的極大值往甘油方偏，主要係因 為甘油的擴散係數隨濃度的增大而減少。 我們成功第把不同時間對同一溶液的實驗結果予以模型化，得到的dn/dy-y 曲線隨 時間改變，並發現該曲線所涵蓋的面積為定值。 雷射光經光柵再照射半圓筒，可直接測出各高度的折射率，量出y、 dn/dy、n、及濃度可算出擴散係數。The mixing between a pure liquid and a solutionin a vertical column produced a concentration gradient , which in turn produced the refractive index gradient . As the solute particles diffused upward into the pure liquid , a gradient was generated because of the varying solute concentration . The plot of the refractive index gradient versus vertical position y (dn/dy vs y) is found to vary with time . A D-shape container of radius r is partly filled with a dense solution , and partly filled with solvent which is on the top of the solution. When laser beam pendicularly enters the flat surface of the container, the outgoing beam strikes the container at a normal incidence , and is deflected down a vertical distance Z by the refractive index gradient . We can get dn/dy=Z/ar , where a is the distance between the container and the screen . By changing the vertical position (y)of laser beam , we can get the plot of dn/dy vs y . We have successfully modeled the time dependent experimental gradient curves on the same solution . The area beneath the trace of dn/dy vs y at different time is found to be constant . Additionally, with a grating at the center of the semicircle, we can measure the index of refraction n and get the plot of n vs y. The diffusion coefficient D of the solute can be calculated using the plot of dn/dy,y,and time t.
天空之城耐震設計與隔震技術之探討
我們的研究包括兩部份，第一部份是實地調查訪問。瞭解地震成因、傷害及現有防震方法，並調查坊間各種建築物類型，及常見私自改變建築物結構現象，做為研究的基礎。第二部份為建築物抗震實驗。研究發現：牆面挖空、頂樓加蓋、樓層挑高，建築物會在該處產生弱點，由此斷裂。柱子數量相同下，散開時支撐力較弱。不對稱建築物遇震時會不自然扭轉且易倒。隔震素材恰當，能有效提高耐震力。滑軌、彈珠隔震效果很好，但位移太大，為實際建築所不容許。建物下加裝阻尼材料，能吸收部份地震能量，降低地震對建築物的危害，並有效控制位移問題，是良好的隔震素材。樓頂加裝消能設施亦能減震，但設計極其不易。 The research includes two parts. In the first part the work is concentrated on on-site visiting and investigation such as understanding the cause of earthquake, the damage and the preventive method currently available, investigating the different types of building and the phenomenon of altering the structure of an existing building without permission by government authorities which is popularly seen in Taiwan. These are considered as the basis of the research. The second part is the experimental study of earthquake resistance of a building. The test results showed that weak-point can be caused at the place where the existing wall is moved or an extra building is attached to the roof or the structure of building has extended space between floors, and fracture always occurs at the weak-point. If the number of columns of a building is the same, then the scattering arranged location of columns is weaker than concentrating type of arrangement of columns. The building having unsymmetrical structure will twist in uneven fashion that causes the building apt to collapse in case of earthquake. Employing proper vibration-absorption material can effectively increase earthquake resistance. Sliding rails and balls can provide satisfiable vibration-isolation effect, but can also cause too much displacement of building structure. Install damping material beneath the building can absorb part of the energy of earthquake, and decrease the damage, and can solve the problem of displacement of building, therefore, damping material can be considered as an ideal vibration-isolation material. Install energy-attenuation equipment can also reduce vibration but the design of the equipment is extremely difficult.
水分子自我組裝之機制探討
Up to this time we have spent almost three years in studying condensation and water droplets. Little could we have done as compared with the almighty nature. However we are rewarded by the nature as we gradually found the secrets about electro-magneto field and water droplets: The size of water droplets turn smaller upon electro-magneto field and grow more uniformly especially upon electric field. This experiment presented here is actually the diary of the growth of water droplets in condensation, upon magnetic field and electric field. Through convection, it discusses the self assembly patterns of water droplets and peep into the uniformity both of the size and the distribution mode of water droplets. In former basic experiment, we focus on temperature and the speed of water moisture; generally speaking, higher temperature speeds up the coalescence procedure but does not affects the nucleation size of water droplets in simple plain surroundings; while speed of moisture does affects the nucleation size. As we went farther, deep into convection and found magneto-electric force did play an important role in the self assembly mechanism of water droplets. The topic is mostly concerned as we are surrounded by magneto-electric waves in today’s world. This experiment anchors the first step in discovering the uniformity of water droplets in different environment, and providing insights into the self assembly mechanism of water droplets upon electro-magneto field with nano sizes. 這是一系列關於水蒸氣冷凝為極細微小水珠的實驗。其中可以分為兩大部分； 第一部分是基礎實驗。將水蒸氣導入至潔淨的介面上(蓋玻片)，觀察冷凝水珠的結構。雖然看似簡單平常，但卻有令人驚奇的發現；不同溫度的水蒸氣，其冷凝最初始的細微顆粒之尺寸是相同的 ！爾後隨著溫度的升高，堆疊速率也跟著上升；以致於最後一起呈現出來的水珠大小不一，尺寸不一。 第二部分是將水蒸氣導到磁場及靜電場上，觀察其冷凝結構。這部分的實驗推翻了一般「水分子是電中性在電磁場中不受影響？」的刻板觀念 ！實驗所呈現出來的冷凝水珠，不但於附加磁場中尺寸縮小又不易長大，同時還有固定的自我組成模式( Slef-assembly pattern);而且也發現在磁場中的冷凝小水珠的尺寸比電場中的小，可是電場中的小水珠則表現出較大的均勻特質。
黑暗的力量
We study the magic power of dark energy and dark matter by using theoretical derivation and numerical simulations. We found that: 1. The dark energy will gain kinetic energy from the moving dark matter through gravitational interaction. Due to the law of energy conservation, the motion of the dark matter will slow down and satisfy Ek(t)−Ek0 ∝ρDE1.92 t, where Ek(t) is the kinetic energy of the dark matter, Ek0 is its initial kinetic energy, ρDE is the energy density of the dark energy, and t is the time. 2. The formation history and the structure of galaxies will be different due to the existence of dark energy. The more the dark energy, the earlier the formation of the galaxy core. In addition, the kinetic energy Ek(R) as a function of R will be different if the ρDE is different. Thus we can observationally measure the Ek(R) of galaxies, compare it will our results here, and then deduce the ρDE in our universe. The results here can be applied to the observations in the near future.
我們藉由理論的推導，配合電腦模擬的手段，來探討宇宙中黑暗物質和黑暗能量的神祕力量。我們發現：一、黑暗能量會透過重力交互作用而從運動中的黑暗物質獲得力學能，而且因力學能守恆，致使黑暗物質的速率減慢，滿足 Ek(t)−Ek0 ∝ρDE1.92 t, 其中 Ek(t) 為黑暗物質的動能， Ek0 為其初始動能， ρDE 為黑暗能量的密度，t 為時間。二、星系的形成過程及結構，會因黑暗能量的存在而改變。黑暗能量越多時，星系的核心會越早形成。而且動能 Ek(R) 隨著至星系中心距離 R 的變化，會因 ρDE 的不同而不同，因此可以試圖量測宇宙中星系的 Ek(R) ，然後和這裡的結果比對，即可推導出宇宙中的 ρDE 。這些研究成果，將可直接應用在未來的觀測結果上。
模擬複雜系統的演化
複雜系統廣泛地存在每個人生活的周遭，儘管這些系統在表象上有明顯的差異，卻不約而同的都呈現出臨界現象。一個簡單的物理概念卻能廣泛地使用在許多不同的場合當中，這是令人始料未及的。這份報告在尋找，是什麼原因導致這許多似乎與物理沒什麼關聯的系統，都呈現出臨界現象？以及這類系統是如何演化的？臨界現象在系統的演化歷史中，又是扮演怎樣的一個角色？一開始，先介紹臨界現象在實際系統中表現的形式，在這以文字系統作為範例。接下來，進入思考的階段，猜測系統個體間存有的關聯性，提出如何影響的假設，並建立模型。從模型結果，可以了解複雜系統隨時間演化的趨勢改變，並發現臨界現象在系統中扮演的角色以及代表的意義。這份報告有三項結論：1. 臨界現象在複雜系統中呈現的形式 2. 模型結果與實際系統十分相似 3. 臨界現象代表著系統的穩定態。The theory of Scaling Law and Universality was originally used in researching Critical phenomena, and now we find it existing in our normal life. A simple physical concept can be used extensively in different courses. This study try to find out the relation between individuals which causes Critical phenomena appear in such different courses in our normal life, and figure out the effect time brings about. To begin with, we introduce the sights of Scaling Law and Universality by exploring the formation of complicated system. Facing a complicated word system as a real example, we observe an extraordinary phenomena, and find out the Universality and Scaling Law in different kinds of linguistics. In the main part, to think further, what’s the relation between the individuals that leads to Critical phenomena? We will give hypotheses and build a model to simulate complicated system from the view of Universality, trying to find out the cause of the interaction of complicated system. From this model, we could understand: When a complicated system evolves with time, the Critical phenomena will naturally occur in this system that could be considered as dynamic equilibrium. From this study we found out(1) The Universality and Scaling Law in complicated systems, here we use linguistics as an example.(2) Under the hypotheses, the simulation is almost as same as the real result of linguistics system.(3) Time plays an important part in the Critical phenomena which can be found in many different complicated systems, and Critical phenomena symbolize a stable state of such systems.