環境工程

中文摘要：\r 化學實驗中，常常會使用到各種具有揮發性的有機溶劑，如醇類、酸類、醛類及酮類等。\r 當吸入過量的揮發性有機溶劑時，將會對人體造成嚴重的傷害，故使用時格外需要留意。有\r 鑑於此，我們開始著手研究如何偵測氣相中的有機氣體分子。\r 本研究中，我們利用聚苯胺薄膜吸附氣體分子的特性並結合對質量變化極靈敏的石英晶\r 體微天平，自行設計了一套簡單、藥品用量少且不需昂貴儀器的實驗系統。藉由此系統，我\r 們有效的針對各種揮發性有機溶劑進行偵測，並進一步地探討不同氣體分子對於聚苯胺薄膜\r 的吸附現象。\r \r 英文摘要：\r Students usually use volatile organic solvent in laboratorys such as alcohols, carboxylic acids,\r aldehydes, ketones, etc. It will injure our body when we breathe in too much volatile organic\r solvent. For this purpose, we begin to study how to detect volatile organic compound in air.\r In this work, we combine polyaniline membrane which can adsorb gas molecules and quartz\r crystal microbalance which is highly sensitive to mass changes to design a simple and inexpensive\r system which needs only little chemicals. With this system, we can effectively detect different\r volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, we can also study the adsorption of polyaniline\r membrance for different volatile organic compounds.

Our research started from June, 2003 to May, 2004. During these twelve months, we collected and discussed the basic ecology material of malformed “ Rana latouchii ”, which we call it frog in the following paragraphs . Thanks for the favorable geographical position, we collected the first-hand data in the area of Jin-Mian Mountain foothill gully situated in Taipei. Our investtigation project includes：the percentage of the malformed frogs in a whole race, the geographical distribution of dominant-abnormal frogs, the sexual distribution of dominant-abnormal forgs, and the possible roots for the generation of malformed frogs. We have altogether carried seventy-six times field investigations. In those investigations, we focused our research on the randomly-sampled 580 Rana latouchii. In these 580 sample, there are 190 female, 350 male, and 40 adolescent. We discovered seventy-six malformed frogs, constituteed by 21 female, 53 male and 2 adolescent. In another words, the occurance of malformed frog in a race is around 13.1. %. In our observation, we can classify dominant-abnormal frogs, “Rana latouchii”, into eight species. Here are the species: 1. the entire body is obviously malformed, 2. with only one eye, 3. in lack of appendage apod, 4. in lack of arms,5. in lack of palms, 6. with excess webbed toes, 7. the maltfromed of appendiculars, 8. the lack of toes on the palms. Within these 8 species, the last species has the highest occurance, 66.38% in aproximation. If we look at the classfication by sex, the ratio of female to male is around 1 to 2.52(1:2.52). However, the possibility of being maleformed is regarded as the same for female and male frogs in the same group. In statistical term, our research shows that the chi-square is 1.742 while our degree of freedom is 1 and confidence level is 95% (X2=1.742，df=1，p>0.05). During the research, we also observe that each malformed species affect different living activities of malformed frogs. In the worst situation, the malformed nature can result in shorter life. In our sampling area, malformed frogs mostly reside in high concealment and high humidity location. In our research data, within these area, our re-captured rate for malformed frogs is 25% and hirudin-parastical rate is 4.31%. As our research shows, the occurance of malformed “Rana latouchii” in our selected area results from 3 main causes： First, the parasitism of leeches or parasitic worm；Second, the agriculturally chemical contaminants；Third , the injured causes from escape from predator. 本研究自2003年6 月至2004年5月為止，共12個月的期間，於臺北市內湖區金面山南麓溪谷，對拉都希氏蛙(Rana latouchii)族群之畸形蛙個體進行基本生態資料的蒐集與探討，調查項目包括：族群中畸形蛙發生的比例、畸形蛙外部形質異常分佈的情形、族群中雌蛙與雄蛙發生外部形質異常之情況及可能造成畸形蛙產生的原因。 研究期間共進行了76次的野外調查，總紀錄了拉都希氏蛙580隻，雌蛙有190隻，雄蛙有350隻，幼蛙有40隻；畸形蛙個體共紀錄有76隻，雌性畸形蛙有21隻，雄性畸形蛙有53隻，幼體畸形蛙有2隻。族群中畸形蛙發生率約為：13.10％，外部形質異常的畸形拉都希氏蛙總計有八大類，包括：1.整隻個體形質畸形，2.單眼個體，3.附肢缺少，4.附肢缺臂，5.附肢缺掌，6.腳掌多趾，7.附肢腳掌畸形，8.附肢腳掌缺趾，其中以附肢腳掌缺趾類的66.38％發生率最高。畸形蛙中雌雄比約為1：2.52，族群中雌蛙與雄蛙發生畸形的比例並無顯著的差異（X2=1.742，df=1，p>0.05）。 不同部位形質畸形的發生，將會影響畸形蛙的個體活動，甚至可能降低畸形蛙的存活機率。研究調查樣區中，畸形蛙較常活動於濕度高且隱蔽度大的分樣區中，畸形蛙的重複捕捉率為25％，被水蛭寄生的比例則約是4.31％。 由調查研究結果顯示，造成內湖金面山區南麓溪谷拉都希氏蛙畸形蛙發生的主要原因，推測可能有下列幾種：(1)水蛭或是吸蟲類的寄生；(2)農作過程中的化學污染物；(3)逃脫掠食者捕食過程受傷。

Purpose of Project: To save energy and to help the underprivileged with a cooler that uses no electricity to make their lives better. Procedure/method followed: STEP 1: Collected 28, used, 2 litre plastic bottles. STEP 2: Chose the window with the best wind flow. Measured the size of the window and the room chosen. STEP 3: A sturdy thick polystyrene board was cut to the size of the window. Holes were drilled to the rim size of the bottles spacing them according to the body size of the bottles. STEP 4: Bottles were cut in half. STEP 5: The bottle necks were slid through the holes with the necks open to the inside of the room and the bodies open to the outside. STEP 6: Fixed a thermometer in the room and measured the temperature and recorded it. STEP 7: Fixed the Powerless Shack Cooler with the necks of the bottles open to the inside and the bodies open to the outside of the room. STEP 8: The temperature variation was checked and recorded every 30 minutes for 3 hours. STEP 9: Another room of the same size and window was also chosen. Fixed a thermometer and temperature variation was checked and recorded every 30 minutes for 3 hours. This served as the control of the experiment. Data/results: The room temperature decreased over time inside the room where the Powerless Shack Cooler was installed onto the window. But the control room maintained the initial room temperature although slight fluctuations in the room temperature were observed over time. Conclusion: The hypothesis was supported. As the air molecules moved through the bottles, it bounced off each other, and off the walls of the container, holding the air. A small volume of air passed at a high velocity. When the molecules moved faster the collision became more often. These collisions and the push increased air pressure. When the container’s space was getting smaller, the molecules picked up speed and the temperature went up. When the air was released out into the room, the volume suddenly expanded. The intermolecular spaces became larger; so less agitation and vibration of molecules took place. The molecules moved slowly. The room temperature reduced. Air inside the room became cooler. During the adiabatic expansion, air molecules used heat energy from the room and converted it into kinetic energy for faster movement.

運用自製低頻噪音( The relations between vehicle average speed with low frequency engine exhaust noise(

"Nitrates and phosphates cause eutrophication when present in high concentrations.\r This project aims to employ macrophytes to reduce such macronutrients in water bodies via growth and kinetic studies, which is a unique fusion of methodologies. It also involves a novel design and analysis of several enclosure prototypes to introduce macrophytes into waterways and their effects on the waterway’s ability to convey storm water rapidly away from flood-prone areas.\r Tropical macrophytes (emergent macrophytes Typha angustifolia and Cyperus haspan, submerged macrophytes Hydrilla verticillata and Cabomba aquatica, floating macrophytes Lemna minor) were grown in simulated wastewater with high nitrate and phosphate concentrations. Analysis of the growth and uptake kinetics of the macrophytes showed a correlation between high growth rate and high nitrates and phosphates uptake. C. aquatica had the highest uptake rate for nitrates and phosphates as well as the highest growth rate of 6.11 ± 1.2 % day-1 . The remaining macrophytes were proven to exhibit good phytoremediative properties, with emergent macrophytes C. haspan and T. angustifolia having great affinity (as indicated by a low Km value) for phosphate and nitrate respectively. An analysis of the phytoremediative abilities of each macrophyte was done to provide recommendations for growth in different aquatic areas.\r A total of eight nettings, made from different materials-linen and plastic, and pore sizes were used to design the enclosure prototypes. These enclosures possess a metal skeletal structure for greater stability. Results show that a combination of 2 different nettings provided the best trade-off between ensuring that the macrophytes were contained within the enclosures and minimising the enclosure’s impact on the flow velocity of the waterways. Enclosures could then be attached to existing infrastructure like the float booms as a platform for large scale phytoremediation locally."

本研究自2005 年12 月開始，以臺北市內湖區大湖自公園死亡的漂浮琵琶鼠魚(Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish )為主要研究對象，探討外來物種與放生行為對大湖生態系的影響。 研究期間共觀察到死亡的琵琶鼠魚隻數計有1085 隻，可記錄到個體形質資料的隻數為910 隻，背鰭棘數則有11 棘、12 棘、13 棘與14 棘四種，分析四種不同棘數的琵琶鼠魚後發現：在體長、頭寬及吻到背鰭長度均無差異(p>0.05)，因此判斷所記錄的個體應是棘甲鯰科(Loricariidae) Pterygoplichthys 屬中的同一種魚種。由檢視魚體並分析記錄數量與環境因子相關性後推測：琵琶鼠魚死亡主因是劇烈起伏的溫度差異，其次是人為因素的刻意傷害。 所記錄到大湖池塘水棲動物有：環節動物、軟體動物、節肢動物、魚類、兩棲動物及爬行動物等六大類共34 種，其中外來物種有16 種，本地入侵物種有3 種，而這些外來動物進入大湖的主要管道應是由個人的棄養或放生行為所造成。琵琶鼠魚因繁殖能力強、具攻擊性、吞食其他魚種卵塊、可適應高污染水體及垂釣客對魚種的篩選等因素，而成為最具生存競爭能力的優勢魚種。不但造成大湖池塘呈現嚴重魚種單一化，更可由靜止水域大量擴散至流動水域。未來如何將政府相關部門、學術研究單位與民間社團等力量結合，共同防範大湖琵琶鼠魚的持續蔓延、宣導民眾正確的放生觀念、積極改善大湖水體污染狀況，並訂定完整之外來物種移除計畫，以期恢復大湖池塘物種歧異度，都將是刻不容緩的重要生態課題。;This research began in December of 2005. Focusing on dead floating Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish in Dahu Park, Nei-hu Distrct, Taipei city. We discuss the impacts of Alien and of behaviors of the release of captured animals on Dahu Park’s ecosystem. During observation period, there were totally 1085 dead Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish, of which 910 bodies were found. The number of the thorn bushes on dorsal fins includes 11, 12, 13,and 14. After analyzing four kinds of different thorn bushes, we find that no differences exist in Total length, Head width, Predorsal length (p>0.05). We hence conclude that the recorded object should be species with identical with Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys. With the inspection of the fish’s body and the analysis of the relevance of the recorded quantity and the environmental factor, we infer that the main reason of the Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish’s death is violent temperature differences and the second is attributed to human’s intentional abuse. The aquatic animals of Dahu Park amount to 34 kinds and six classes such as Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Pisces, Amphobian, and Reptilia. Among them, 16 kinds that are Alien and 3 kinds are Native Invasive Species. Intentional abandon and release behavior channel of these Alien to Dahu Park. Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish are highly productive, aggressive, and adaptable to highly polluted water. Besides, they eat ovums from other fishes. Moreover, they are not the fisher’s preference and hence often thrown back into pond once hooked . Thus, they become the most competitive survival fish species in Dahu Park. The high competitive ability of Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish causes Dahu Park to present a serious unification of fish species. This serious unification of fish species could also be spread from static water areas of Dahu Park to flowing water areas. According to our research, certain urgent ecological issues in Dahu Park are to take precautions against the spread of Many-rayed Sailfin Sucker Catfish, to promote the correct idea of releasing captured animals, to improve Dahu Park’s water pollution, and to stipulate a complete plan about eliminating Alien. Our research suggest that government’s relevant departments, academic research units, and folk corporations should be cooperated to achieve the above four goals. Once the four goals are achieved, we believe that the fish species of Dahu Park will be full of varieties again.

灰色理論近來廣泛應用於各行各業的管理資訊科學上，本研究乃應用灰色理論的一階微分中輸入變數為一項之 GM ( 1 , 1 ）模型，來預測台灣中部地區土石流主要因素雨量的月平均量值。本文運用三筆以上的歷史資料，作最近一年歷史性資料的預測，藉以驗證獲得其誤差（±△e）之校止參考依據值，比利用殘差檢驗所得的誤差校止數據，更能修止出精確的預測值，接著再做台灣中部雨量未來之預測，以作為未來雨水、土石流防治之參考 · 為了能迅速產生所要的灰色預測值，研究中並以 VB 程式語言及以Petri-net分析其動態處理行為，藉 GM ( 1 , 1 ）模型的專屬處理支援程式，以做為未來雨輦自動化處理警示與預測之支援機制。Recently Grey Theory has been widely applied to management information science in all kinds of areas. This research applies the first Level differential of the Grey Theory to put a variable in GM( 1,1) model to forecast the monthly average value of the most common precipitation, in the midland Taiwan earth-stone flood zone. This paper uses more than three historical data to forecast the most recent year’s historical data, which can be used to verify and acquire referential correction data of its errors ( ±△e). The aforementioned method can correct forecast data more precisely than the differential inspection. In addition, this method can then forecast future precipitation in midland Taiwan earth-stone flood zone and the results can serve as reference for future precipitation control. To rapidly receive the needed Grey forecast values, the research analyzes its dynamic process method by utilizing VB program and Petri-net to build a dedicated process-support program of GM( I , 1) model. This program will serve as a support mechanism for future automatic precipitation warning and forecast.

This project is a research to find out if prawn pond sludge can be used as a fertilizer . This because so far there is no beneficial use of these prawn pond sludge from over 154,000 hectares of water pond culture in Sarawak . The objectives of this project were to determine if this sludge can be combined with topsoilito produce an eco-friendly and effective fertilizer for plants and to investigate what combination of sludge and top soil is the best for plant growth . It was found that sludge has high nutrient contents such as nitrogen , phosphorus , sulphur , potassium , calcium , magnesium and iron . The effectiveness of sludge as a fertilizer was investigated by growing water spinach or “kangkong” (Ipomoea aquatica) in 5 different mixture of sludge and topsoil for 3 weeks . After the third weeks , the results showed that the combination of 30% sludge and 70% topsoil produced the best results in terms of height of plant , survival , number of leaves , stem thickness and average plant weight as compared to the other combination of 0%：100% , 50%：50% , 70%：30% and 100%：0% sludge top soil ratio . Therefore , prawn ponds sludge has a great potential to be process to become a fertilizer .

In this project, the stem of the banana tree is innovated into the absorbent substance in the baby’s diapers. A water proof material too has been innovated . In the study carried out, several changes has been identified in the production of an environment friendly disposable diapers.The structure of water molecules and cellulose as well as charges in both materials will enable cellulose present in all green plants to absorb water easily and effectively. Cellulose is also insoluble in water or solvent. This project uses the banana stem due to its high cellulose content and furthermore the cellulose present has a very fine structure which will increase its absorbency rate. Baby’s urine will be absorb into the absorbent material through capillary actions due to surface tension that develops between the cellulose and baby’s urine. The absorbent substance in baby’s diapers available today in the market is made up of Polyacrilate (SAP) and cellulose which are extracted from hardwoods, particularly pine trees. The production of the absorbent substance from the cellulose will help to reduce the logging of hardwoods.

Generally speaking in order for a exotic plant life to dominate over the local ecology, the following factors must hold true: 1. A close proximity of the environment (including geographical and climatic factors) 2. A lack of nature enemy and competitor 3. A strong reproductive and adaptability capacity. Base on the above factors, We will be using Field Observation record, Sample placement, virtual environment factor experiment and other methods to conducing our investigation. This study shown the African Touch-Me-Not（Impatiens wallerana） has a strong reproductive and adaptability capacity. Even under adverse condition the African Touch-Me-Not survive for a period of time. It can produce flowers then fruits all year round, within each fruit there is on average 45 seeds with, under the right condition, near 100% germination rate. It can also reproduce asexually via cutting. Taiwan’s warm and humid geographical condition is similar to its origin of Africa. And so far haven’t found any obvious natural enemy. In the future this plant will be likely to spread on the low to mid. level mountain region. It also can be seen that the divergence within its habitat is low. Therefore it will decrease the variety, the density and the diversification of the local eco-system. Here to advise the government’s forestry and agriculture department, to study the relevant ecological information on this species, when they are considering popularization this plant. Using the information to evaluate the impact of this plant may have on the environment, and use it as a guideline for their plant conservation policy. 一般而言，外來植物入侵本地原生植群成功的條件有：一、相似的環境（包括地理、氣候等因素）。二、缺乏天敵及競爭對手。三、旺盛的繁殖力和適應力。針對上述條件，利用野外觀察記錄、樣區設置及模擬環境因子實驗等方法，來探討非洲大鳳仙未來是否會在臺灣蔓延、擴展進而影響本土的生態系。結果顯示非洲大鳳仙有旺盛的繁殖力和適應力，?使在不利的環境下，短時間不會死亡。一年四季皆可開花結果，每粒果實平均有四十五粒種子。環境適宜時，有接近百分之百的萌發率，亦可用莖進行無性繁殖。另外，臺灣溫暖多雨的地理環境亦與其原產地非洲相似，且未發現明顯天敵，未來極有可能在中低海拔山區蔓延。調查也發現它生長的地區岐異度明顯偏低，使其他植物種類、密度減少，生物多樣性降低。因此建議政府、森林、園藝和農業工作人員在推廣時，多吸取相關物種的生態學資訊，評估其對環境可能造成之影響，以作為植物保育之重要參考。