神經妙算流博村-是洪水？是山崩？
南投溪頭米堤飯店在2001 年因土石流受創，產險公司以「土石流即是山崩」為由拒絕理賠。歷經5 年的訴訟後，2007 年1 月台灣高等法院認定，土石流屬保險契約中所規範的「洪水」，並非「山崩」，判決產險公司應給付賠償金。土石流究竟是洪水？是山崩？主要因素便是土石流發生的水文因子。本文藉由博愛村的現場調查及文獻探討先作初步資料分析（preliminary analysis），了解到地文因子(physiographical factor)是土石流發生的充分條件，非必要條件；一般僅考慮雨量因子，把地文因子看作常數（忽略地文因子受水文因子歷程(course)影響），簡單易懂，但在安全與經濟考量上有待討論。使用類神經網路對已發生過的土石流事件計算土石流發生臨界曲線，並使用模糊理論計算松鶴地區其受水文因子影響的土石流發生臨界曲線，這樣的模式，考慮似乎比較周到。由「米堤飯店」的例證，更說明土石流發生的水文因子的必要性。Lemidi hotel, Xitou, Nantou because mudflows and landslides and was wounded in 2001. The Insurance Company refused to settle a claim on the position on “A landside is a debris flow”. After the lawsuit which was going through 5 years. In January, 2007, the High Court of Taiwan asserted that the adversity in the 2001 belongs to “the flood” in the norm of the insurance agreement. As the norm of the insurance agreement said, the debris flows in the land is the flood, not the “landslide”. The High Court of Taiwan judged that the Insurance Company should compensate the Lemidi Hotel. Is debris low a landslide or a flood? The main cause is the Hydrology in the happening of a debris flow. We did preliminary analysis of forms by on-the-spot investigation on Song-Ho Village and reference discussing. We realized that physiographical factor is an abundant condition for a happening of a debris flow, not the essential condition. Generally, people only consider rainfall factor. And they consider physiographical factor as not as constant (neglect the influence of hydrology factor to physiographical factor). We can understand easily in that way. Therefore, in the aspect of security and economy, there is much doubt that is needed to be discussed. People who use neural network method to calculate the curve of the debris flow happening , and used fuzzy theory to calculate the curve of the debris flow happening which is influenced by the hydrology in Song-Ho Village. In that way, we may consider more thoughtful. From the example of the Lemidi Hotel in Nantou, we can prove that how necessary the hydrology factor in the debris flow is.
千金難買「蚤」知道
我們的研究重心是設計簡便的裝置來檢測生活周邊的用水 · 利用生物對於環境污染的生理特徵、活動力、忍受極限 … 等變化，作觀察、實驗之後，將紀錄結果分析、做成表格，進而形成明確、簡易的指標，以供給一般人更容易的了解用水的品質。本實驗不必使用昂貴的儀器來檢測河水與用水，成本低廉的水生生物為本實驗的最佳選擇 · 可於任何地點完成，作為大及化的檢測方法，本實驗參考水樣急性檢測方法一水蚤靜水式，以水蚤在不同眾屬離子、酸鹼值溶液中的實驗結果，用以做為分析水質的標準，佐證我們生活圈附近的水質現況。Our point of study is design the simple and convenient device to measure the water with peripheral life. Utilize the living beings to the physiological characteristic , energy of the environmental pollution, stand limit. Wait for and change, after making observation , experiment. noting down the result will be analysed , make into the form , and then form the clear , simple and easy index , in order to supply common people with the quality of easier understanding water. This experiment needn’t use the expensive instrument to measure river and water . the best choice of the experiment that the cost is based on living beings cheap aquatically. Can finish in any place , as the popular detection method. This experiment consults the acute detection method of water sample — Water flea’s quiet ability of swimming. with the experimental result in different metal and ion sour soda value solution of water flea, use the standard taking making as water quality of analysis, prove the present situation of water quality of adjacent place of our life range.
Biochar: the Solution to the Next Green Revolution
1. Purpose of research \r To investigate the feasibility of using municipal cellulosic wastes as feedstock for production of biochar in pyrolysis, the effects of metal catalysts in pyrolysis, and the applicability of the produced biochar as a fertilizer\r 2. Procedures \r A. Investigation into the characteristics of (metal catalyzed) pyrolysis of various cellulosic wastes \r 1. The cellulosic waste (and catalyst) was weighed and put into a boiling tube. The tube was stopped with a plastic bung with holes. A plastic tube and a thermocouple were inserted through the holes. The other end of the plastic tube was submerged. \r 2. A Bunsen flame was used to pyrolyse cellulosic waste. Temperature and time of reaction were recorded. Gas produced was collected underwater. Biochar and bio-oil were obtained and weighed. \r B. Evaluation of adsorptive capabilities of different materials \r 1. Blue light absorbances of KH2PO4 solutions (mixed with vanadate-molybdate reagent to form yellow solutions) at different concentrations were found and an absorbance-concentration curve was established. \r 2. 5g of each material being evaluated was sandwiched between two pieces of filter paper before being put into a suction funnel. KH2PO4 solution was poured into the funnels. The setups were left overnight and filtrates were collected. \r 3. Collected filtrates were mixed with vanadate-molybdate reagent. Concentration of phosphates in each filtrate was found by the curve.\r 3. Data \r I. Highest percentage conversion from waste to biochar: 94.1% (paper towel, iron wool) \r II. Highest sequestration rate of carbon: 98.6% (paper towel, zinc) \r III. Lowest pyrolysis temperature: 162°C (paper towel, copper) \r IV. Best catalyst in terms of speed of biochar production: copper (+47.7%) \r V. Highest speeds of biochar production (w/ and w/o catalyst): 46.4g/hr (paper towel, copper) and 27.7g/hr (sawdust) \r VI. Adsorptions of KH2PO4: 14.4% (biochar from sawdust)/ 9.02% (sawdust)\r 4. Conclusions \r The pyrolysis of cellulosic waste to biochar was achievable at school laboratory conditions, with satisfactory results in carbon sequestration, production speed and percentage conversion. \r Under catalysis by various metals, the production of either biochar or pyrolytic gas and oil can be optimized, providing a low-cost way to derive fuel and sequestration-ready carbon, both crucial as answers to looming crises. The use of copper greatly speeds up pyrolysis and lowers the pyrolysis temperature, further increasing the economic potential of the process. \r Biochar is also an effective means to soil management, as shown in field and laboratory experiments. Its adsorption capability far exceeds that of untreated cellulosic waste, retaining nutrients to be taken by plants instead of leaching away. It was also shown to improve fruit yield and induce ripeness in tomato, making it obvious that biochar is also a viable fertilizer. \r All in all, metal-catalyzed biochar production from municipal cellulosic waste and the subsequent use of biochar as fertilizer have the benefits of: low feedstock cost, low energy cost, fast production, carbon sequestration, soil management and waste recycling. It is a remedy to some of the most persistent and serious global problems: food and energy crisis, water pollution, excessive greenhouse effect alongside waste treatment.
Improvement orchard Soil Ecology by Sustainable Cultivation
1.Purpose of the research We observed frequent application of chemical pesticides and herbicides at the pear orchards near our school. Our concerning questions are the influences of agricultural chemicals on soil ecosystem which may be slowly deteriorating. There are many other orchards where the farmers are practicing environmentally-friendly agriculture using organic fertilizers such as composed manure instead of sycnthetic fertilizers. The purpose of this research is to examine chemical and mocrobiological quality of the orchard soil. We report biological control of pear disease using antagonistic microorganisms and suggest improvement of soil quality as a result of nature friendly agricultural practice. 2.Procedures and Data Two orchards were selected: Conventional fertilizers and chemical pesticide application farm; Environmentally friendly farm using organic plant manure and biological control of disease. Several different aspects of soil micro-flora, indicator microorganisms, physiological characteristics of pear fruit, residues of synthetic chemicals in the soil, soil chemical properties were examined. We could observe that use of organic manure and biological control agents for disease control by indigenous microorganisms improved biological and chemical quality of the orchard soil. Results are summarized as follow: A. Microbial diversity could be observed in organic farming orchard soil. Among 42 fungal genus, 7 species of penicillium including P. decumns, 3 Alternaria species, 4 Fusarium species including Fusarium graminearum, 6 Aspergillus species including Aspergillus niger were identified. In case of bacteria, 59 samples were isolated and 17 genus including Cystophaga johsonae were identified. B. Beneficial indigenous bacteria having several biological functions were isolated: Enterobacter intermedium produces organic acid therefore this bacterium can solubilize insoluble phosphate. Several Pseudomonas species were isolated. These bacteria produce iron chelating compound under iron limited environments and can control plant disease. Interestingly, we could find indigenous biocontrol agent Hypocrea vinosa which can effectively control black star disease on pear surface. C. We have formulated ten different microbial-pesticides using several combinations of indigeous microorganisms such as Hypocrea vinosa, Trichoderma atroviride, Rhizopus microsporus etc. These microbial-pesticides could inhibit 100% of black star disease on pear surface which showed similar inhibition effect as commercial pesticides indicate that these microbial-pesticides may replace synthetic chemicals in the near furture. 3.Conclusions Our research demonstrates the eco-friendly organic farming system could improve soil eco-system of pear orchard, where no synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are applied. As a result of manure application, the soil chemical properties are more stable and microbiological flora was more diverse. Use of microbial and bio-pesticide resulted in strong inhibition of black-star disease incidence on pear surface. We suggest that eco-friendly farming systems are needed to diminish environmental pollution in soil and water caused by frequent and abundant use of agricultural chemicals.
『吸凍！』--再造保麗龍的第二個春天
中文摘要 本實驗先尋求將廢棄保麗龍磺酸化為陽離子交換樹脂(本實驗稱”保麗龍膠”)的方法。將保 麗龍依：丙酮溶解→硬化→打碎→與濃硫酸共煮三小時→浸於50%硫酸溶液中→沖洗→以水 浸泡的流程，即可達再造的目的；我們測得其磺酸化比例為62.5%。再利用「碘滴定法」(浸 泡式)與「相對電壓檢測法」(流動式)，依次尋求保麗龍膠吸附金屬離子的最佳條件。其中「碘 滴定法」可有效測出銅離子濃度，但手續繁瑣；「相對電壓檢測法」最大的好處是知道保麗龍 膠何時吸附達飽和必須再生。 目前我們所知，要保麗龍膠達到吸附陽離子的最佳效能，其條件依次為：使用細粒的保 麗龍膠；低濃度的金屬離子溶液；質量愈大的保麗龍膠；低溫下較慢的金屬廢水流速及pH 值約為4.30 的銅離子廢水；鈉型的保麗龍膠吸附效能優於氫型。保麗龍膠對不同金屬離子亦 有吸附力，單位體積所含離子數愈少，初始的相對電壓會愈高；在相同莫耳濃度下，不同離 子的吸附力依次為Cr3＋＞Fe3＋＞Ni2＋＞Cu2＋＞Co2＋；分次吸附確可將金屬離子完全去除；由 吸附等溫線觀察得知，可能保麗龍膠為多孔物質，導致500ppm 以下的吸附模式無法明確判 斷，1000ppm 以上則為物理吸附模式；保麗龍膠可以再生也可被覆在砂粒上達到不錯的吸附 效能；最後，我們將吸附過金屬離子的保麗龍廢膠與硫酸鈣、紙漿及些許的石灰(質量依序為 13 克、13 克、7 克、0.04 克)混合，可製成類似紙黏土，做成造型磁鐵，廢物利用十分有趣。 Abstract The Experiment will, first of all, explore the ways to sulfonate expandable polystyrene into cation ion exchange resin (called “polystyrene rubber” hereafter in the experiment). The procedures of treating expandable polystyrene are as follows: acetone dissolve→hardening→smashing→ boiling with sulfuric acid for three hours→immersing in 50% sulfuric acid solution→washing→ immersing in water so that we may reach the goal of reconstruction. We calculate the sulfonated rate to be 62.5%. Then we make use of “Iodine Titration”(immersion method) and “Opposite Voltage”(floating method) to seek for the best conditions of adsorption the metallic ion through polystyrene rubber. The former can effectively calculate the concentration of copper ion, but the procedures are quite complex. The greatest advantage of the “Opposite Voltage” method is that we may know when the adsorption of polystyrene rubber is saturated and should be regenerated. As far as we know at present, the conditions of obtaining the best effect that polystyrene may adsorb the cation ion are as follows: fine particles of polystyrene rubber; low concentration metallic solution; polystyrene rubber of which the mass is greater; at lower temperature, slower waste water flow speed and the copper ion waste water with pH 4.30; the adsorption effect of sodium type polystyrene rubber is better than the hydrogen type. Polystyrene rubber also has adsorption effect toward different metallic ion. The less ion per cubic contains, the higher the original opposite voltage. With the same mole concentration, different ion adsorption effects may range as follows: Cr3＋＞Fe3＋＞Ni2＋＞Cu2＋＞Co2＋. The batch adsorption definitely may erase metallic ion completely. By observing the adsorption isotherm, possibly because the polystyrene rubber is a multi-apertured matter, we find that it is impossible to judge exactly the adsorption model of those metallic ion solutions of which the concentrations are below 500ppm. Those which are over 1,000ppm belong to physical adsorption models. Polystyrene may be regenerated and get an adsorption effect by coating sand particals. In the last analysis, we may make paper clay and magnets of different styles by mixing the adsorbed metallic ion polystyrene rubber with calcium sulfate, paper pulp and a little lime(the mass are respectively 13g, 13g, 7g, and 0.04g). The reuse of waste is really very interesting.
黏質色拉雷菌(Serratia marcescens)發光重組菌偵測環境中含酚環之毒性化合物之?
A pair of bacterial two-component system RssB-RssA was cooperated into Serratia marcescens for toxicity phenolic compound detection. First step of this study, E coli was used to accept the plasmid and certified by fluorescent. Then transfer the system from E coli into Serratia marcescens. Finally, 7 kinds of chemical, included phenol, benzene, toluene, xylenes, 4-chlorotoluene, 2-nitrotoluene, and kerosene, were used to check the sensitivity of this gene modified Serratia marcescens line. The results showed that this gene modified Serratia marcescens line had good performances and responses to those chemicals. 本實驗是以一受到二元訊號傳遞系統調控的發光基因重組質體，送入黏質色拉雷菌中，並以製備好的菌株進行毒性化合物之測試。在實驗的第一階段，我們將重組質體送入大腸桿菌內，並以其發光的有無來判斷是否達到送入的目的，其後再以電泳法確認各基因片段是否正確。第二階段再以相同的方法將選殖好的重組發光質體送入黏質色拉雷菌。第三階段，以發光重組菌針對酚、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、4-氯甲苯、2-硝基甲苯及煤油進行發光測試。結果方面，我們發現黏質色拉雷菌發光重組菌對於這一系列的酚環類化合物的確具有相當高的敏感度。
整合型水族養殖系統研究與開發
本研究主要的目的是在開發二氧化碳製造、過濾與循環的整合型水族養殖系統。二氧化碳的產製是以基於發酵原理，並搭配具有純化二氧化碳作用的水濾裝置，發酵環境溫度以水族箱內的水來維持，循環過程中並搭配外部過濾器，所有容器均由保特瓶改裝完成，整合成一套價廉、環保且具有高效率的水族養殖系統。由實驗結果可得知，二砂糖發酵對於二氧化碳產生率而言，其最佳發酵環境溫度範圍25℃~35℃，一般水族箱的水溫即可保持在此一溫度範圍。過濾系統則使用光電比色計與一般市售過濾器相比較，亦有令人滿意的效果。本實驗除了研究以二砂糖發酵之外，還希望更進一步地朝向廚餘減量方面開發其他發酵材料，希望能為環保盡一份心力。;The purpose of this study is to develop an integrated system of aquatic breeding with the functions of producing carbon dioxide, filtering and circulating, where carbon dioxide is produced based on fermentative theorem and purified by the water filtering; the environmental temperature of fermentation is maintained by the water in the aquarium and circulating is through an external filter. All the containers are made of PET bottles and thus integrated a cheap, environmentally friendly and high efficient system of aquatic breeding. According to the experimental result, for the producing rate of carbon dioxide, the best fermentative temperature of NO.2 granulated sugar is 25℃~35℃. With a photocell colorimeter to compare the function of the self-made filter with that of the filters on the market, one can find it’s comparable. In addition to the fermentation of NO.2 granulated sugar, the study is also expected to develop other fermentative materials to reduce kitchen waste for environmental protection.