環境工程

Microplastics are tiny invisible plastic pieces that are piling up in the marine environment emerging as one of the many environmental issues which our planet is facing today. Researches for the removal of these particles are important because studies that have been made so far haven't come up with an effective solution. This project aimed to detect microplastics and remove them from aqueous environments with an effective and practical method then it was aimed to determine the removal amount of microplastics by optical measurements with the developed system. Firstly, the magnetic carbonanotubes (m-CNT) which is intended to hold onto the surfaces of microplastics was synthesized and added to the mixture of microplastics. Then the magnet within a glass tube was passed through the mixture and the sample was cleared of microplastics. A spectrometer was made to monitor this process and after its calibration, it was used to measure coffees with different concentrations. It has been shown that their concentrations can be determined by calculating the transmission values and Rayleigh scattering. In the end, it has shown that there are no micro or nano-sized plastic particles when removed with M-CNT, within the accountable range of the spectrometer that had been made. Hence the removal of the microplastics: an invisible threat for the environment has been studied by combining nanomaterials with unique surface properties in the removal process and an optical principle such as Rayleigh scattering, a new technique has been developed that can measure quickly, economically,

Microplastics are tiny invisible plastic pieces that are piling up in the marine environment emerging as one of the many environmental issues which our planet is facing today. Researches for the removal of these particles are important because studies that have been made so far haven't come up with an effective solution. This project aimed to detect microplastics and remove them from aqueous environments with an effective and practical method then it was aimed to determine the removal amount of microplastics by optical measurements with the developed system. Firstly, the magnetic carbonanotubes (m-CNT) which is intended to hold onto the surfaces of microplastics was synthesized and added to the mixture of microplastics. Then the magnet within a glass tube was passed through the mixture and the sample was cleared of microplastics. A spectrometer was made to monitor this process and after its calibration, it was used to measure coffees with different concentrations. It has been shown that their concentrations can be determined by calculating the transmission values and Rayleigh scattering. In the end, it has shown that there are no micro or nano-sized plastic particles when removed with M-CNT, within the accountable range of the spectrometer that had been made. Hence the removal of the microplastics: an invisible threat for the environment has been studied by combining nanomaterials with unique surface properties in the removal process and an optical principle such as Rayleigh scattering, a new technique has been developed that can measure quickly, economically,

厭氧生物反應較好氧處理系統，操作成本低、耗能低、少污泥，亦生成甲烷產能，可將污水轉換為能源生成。然而常溫菌(30-40°C)代謝活性陡降於15°C，也降低了COD去除率。因此，厭氧生物系統被應用於長年高溫的熱帶及亞熱帶地區，而非較高緯度地區。厭氧生物反應限制於溫度<15°C的環境如何維持COD去除率，進而導致厭氧系統難以全球廣泛應用。本研究採用額外添加的兩種酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisi 和Saccharomyces pastorianus)，觀察在低溫下可否有效提升厭氧系統溫度。而添加的酵母亦可藉由增加COD去除率，提升氣體產物CO2、CH4之產量。 在本研究中，於低溫控制厭氧生物系統添加酵母試驗 (1)反應槽系統溫度平均增加4.22°C (2) COD去除率增加9.99%，氣相CH4增加2.9%，CO2增加9.7%。於常溫操作添加酵母試驗 (3)氣相CH4增加8.7%，CO2增加6.2%，(4) COD去除率則增加3%。研究結果驗證於低溫及常溫環境，酵母發酵可有效促進酸化反應，進一步影響甲烷生成。而添加酵母於厭氧生物系統的操作，可有效提升COD去除率及甲烷含量。添加酵母於厭氧生物系統之操作有低成本、生成甲烷產能的優點，將可提升在稍高緯度國家的使用優勢。

本研究目的是為了更了解海藻膠製成的膠膜於食品包裝的應用。我們將此膠膜命名為新型環保非塑性保鮮膜。實驗顯示，環保非塑性保鮮膜的成功取決於甘油和醋酸的關鍵比例成份。我們以適當比例的甘油，醋酸和海藻膠糊液，能夠控制薄膜的流動性和柔軟性。藉由透明度、穿刺強度、拉伸強度和伸長率的物理性能測試，我們的研究證明，新型保鮮膜具有初步商品化之水準。環保非塑性保鮮膜之水活性值遠小於0.6。在實際應用上，「自製新型保鮮膜」包裝功能特性、包裝視覺效果甚佳，並具備優良的冷藏保鮮效果，而且不用擔心因保鮮膜接觸油脂、蒸煮或微波加熱處理所衍生的食安問題。「自製新型保鮮膜」之水活性值遠小於0.6，因此，常溫下具有相當好的貯藏性。最後，經3週掩埋測試，證明「自製新型保鮮膜」之腐敗性甚佳，是一種對環境十分友善的環保材質。

路燈若變壓器損壞，會連同高效率LED晶片被丟棄，就像勞斯萊斯的引擎壞了就整台廢棄。本作品思考如何回收LED良品，改造成「不需要」變壓器也能發揮高功率路燈LED的強光照明並長時間使用。 用a-IGZO取代電阻器，從已發表的論文知a-IGZO經紫外線或藍光激活後，有超過一天以上的持久性光電流，可讓LED有更好的發光效率，路燈LED發藍光，且適合放在玄關入口照得到紫外光激活可持續到晚上。LED需要直流偏壓3.7V下工作，用110V交流電除了電壓相差太大，也有閃爍問題。我們巧妙利用路燈LED是集成晶片，經設計可在交流電變換極性時都有LED亮著，再用擴散片(從液晶螢幕拆下)將光弄勻，讓燈看起來是恆亮，材料成本僅需一元(電阻器)。回收再製後，可用在大門入口或走廊下長時間照明，環保愛地球省電省錢。利用Arduino設計監測模組並用wifi傳回數據，可長時間觀測，證明可行。

The research work is dedicated to analyzing the impact of disposable tableware and packages made from synthetic polymers on people and the environment, and the search for ecological alternatives to synthetic polymers used in their production. Various types of disposable tableware and packages, their composition, production technology, harmful effects on the human body, environmental pollution, processing and recycling were studied. The statistics of the use of disposable tableware and packages in Ukraine and the world as a whole, the places of their use were analyzed. Ecological alternatives to disposable tableware and packages made from various natural materials have been studied. A practical study of the use of organic waste and wastepaper for the production of ecological disposable dishes and packages was carried out.

本研究討論以酒精、沙拉油、飽和醋酸鈣溶液，尋找最佳酒精凝膠的穩定度，增加凝膠穩定度方法：(1)密閉系統，(2)飽和醋酸鈣溶液：酒精以1：5的比例，(3)添加沙拉油時，穩定度會下降，但添加使用過的廢油時，穩定度會增加。 沙拉油或回收廢油皆無法直接點燃做為燃料，但若溶入酒精凝膠中，則可製成再生固體燃料，本研究結論：回收廢油10克、酒精10 mL、飽和醋酸鈣溶液2 mL，於室溫經簡單混合，就可製得燃燒效能與市售酒精塊相仿、大於200 cal/ g的自製固體燃料；若是成分較簡單的回收廢油，除酒精及飽和醋酸溶液，若再添加適量硬脂酸亦可製得固體燃料。本研究讓「回收廢油」產生新的再利用的機會，對環境、綠能有所貢獻。

微塑膠因為其密度小、表面積大之特性可吸附有害物質，並傳播至各地，而對人體和環境造成危害，故回收微塑膠是科學家研究的重要主題。本實驗發現：在中性50 mL水樣品中回收以砂紙磨製的微塑膠時，加入0.050克的Fe3O4和1~2 mL乙酸乙酯或正己烷後，微塑膠、有機溶劑和Fe3O4可互相吸附，再用磁鐵將三者同時吸出而與水分離，可達到清除微塑膠的效果，不同微塑膠(PP、PET、HDPE和PETG)的清除效果皆可高於89%以上。 而在中性的50 mL水樣品中，回收較大顆粒之微塑膠(顆粒大小介於0.500 mm~2.380 mm)時，加入微塑膠0.5克、水50 mL、0.5克Fe3O4¬和不等量正己烷時，會有不同回收效果，但普遍以不加入正己烷，微塑膠(PP、HDPE、LDPE和PS)回收效果最佳，皆約85%以上。 推測此清除機制為微塑膠可吸附有機溶劑，有機溶劑可吸附Fe3O4，三者混合後即可用磁鐵以磁力將此混合物和水樣分離，達到清除微塑膠的效果。但當為塑膠顆粒較大、重量較大時，則會停留在有機層中，反而難以用磁鐵分開，故以Fe3O4即可達到回收微塑膠的效果。

本研究探討富含膠原蛋白的魚鱗，藉由嘗試各種電器及配合熬煮時間長短，萃取出最佳濃度之魚鱗萃取液，並找出最佳成膜配方為魚鱗萃取液20 g、5 %TG酵素水溶液0.8 mL、甘油 1 mL、乙醇 1.5 mL，以冰箱冷藏方式製作出魚鱗薄膜，接著以自製儀器測量魚鱗薄膜之透水性、穿刺強度、彈性、水溶溫度、膠熔溫度等物理性質，再將製作出的魚鱗薄膜包覆胡椒乾粉及油料醬包，以熱壓來密封包裝膜封口，封膜效果好不會溢出，放入熱水中 2 分鐘內皆可完全溶解，攪拌後調味料分布平均，是很適合當作泡麵調味包的包裝材料，故將魚鱗廢棄物再利用，製作的薄膜不但能食用，亦能取代塑膠，預期可達到「低污染、省資源、無廢棄」等減量減廢之環保理念。

本研究探討改善冬季養殖廢水中亞硝酸降解不良的問題。潘朵拉菌Pantoea sp.可在冬天生長並降解水體亞硝酸，不同於其他菌其在低溫時生長較好但降解較差，顯示兩者非正相關。進一步得知溫度會影響Pantoea sp.細胞內代謝機制，也發現氨濃度降低時降解能力上升，西方墨點法及酵素活性實驗得知MDH表現量和活性在低溫較高。水體中添加葡萄糖可使冬季亞硝酸降解能力提升6倍，且不影響其生長，與文獻添加碳源會促進益生菌生長不同。比較各式糖類後得知單醣和雙醣皆可提升降解能力，其中單醣較雙醣好，且此做法適用各鹽度環境，而碳源可提升降解能力，推測因其影響細胞內TCA cycle運作。最後實際到戶外採集養殖池水研究，結果顯示成本低的擴培方式可有效降解亞硝酸，對改善台灣冬季養殖廢水水質有高度應用價值。