環境工程

The research work is dedicated to analyzing the impact of disposable tableware and packages made from synthetic polymers on people and the environment, and the search for ecological alternatives to synthetic polymers used in their production. Various types of disposable tableware and packages, their composition, production technology, harmful effects on the human body, environmental pollution, processing and recycling were studied. The statistics of the use of disposable tableware and packages in Ukraine and the world as a whole, the places of their use were analyzed. Ecological alternatives to disposable tableware and packages made from various natural materials have been studied. A practical study of the use of organic waste and wastepaper for the production of ecological disposable dishes and packages was carried out.

近年來碳排放的淨零是全人類所想達成的共同目標，因此本研究透過油浴將鐵、鈷或鎳離子與配位基配位，並形成以2-甲基咪唑為配體的前驅物沸石咪唑骨架，以及以雙氰胺和葡萄糖反應為配體的前驅物類石墨相氮化碳，再鍛燒形成可導電的催化劑。研究者分別以上述兩系列的金屬單分散催化劑，使用氣液分隔的氣體擴散電極進行電解人工光合作用，將CO2高選擇性地還原為CO，並探討各催化劑產CO效率。本研究發現鎳金屬類石墨相氮化碳對CO2還原反應的選擇性極高，能使產CO效率達到99%。而CO作為合成氣已有成熟的工業製程，能生成許多具經濟價值的產物，工業需求量非常大。未來若實際執行，則有助碳中和目標的達成。

由於經濟需求，人們對於農藥的使用量增加，若善後工作處理不當，易使汙染落入環境中，造成生態汙染及食安疑慮，因此本研究製作二硫化鉬奈米片作為選擇性的二維吸附材料，在過程中產生結構上的缺陷，進行化學反應吸附環境中的毒性硫化物。並使其摻混於氣凝膠中，應用於水溶液中去除常見的農藥—得恩地。 透過合成以二硫化鉬為基材的氣凝膠，在定溫定壓及pH值範圍恆定的前提下，我們分別以吸附時間、起始濃度作為操作變因，研究其奈米級二維材料與其氣凝膠之移除率、最大吸附量和恆溫吸附模式，並與活性碳比較後，發現二硫化鉬奈米片具有特異性之有效吸附，氣凝膠易於回收並可增進其吸附量之優勢，進而達到去除汙染物的目的。

染整工業所產生之染料廢水處理一直都是個難題，傳統的處理方法皆具有其優缺點。本研究是利用壓電材料-鐵酸鉍BiFeO3 （BFO）進行亞甲藍降解，當BFO受到外力時，會出現正壓電效應並產生電場，使水溶液生成高活性的自由基，並產生氧化還原反應分解染料。我們先利用水熱法合成BFO，並且利用降解50ppm的亞甲藍的過程中找出合成之最佳溫度與水熱時間。而我們合成之最佳BFO經過一小時的降解後，可將亞甲藍濃度降解下降53%，接下來我們分別利用三種金屬離子取代Bi與Fe，我們發現當Ba：Bi=3：7與Ti：Fe=2：8時，可將降解率提高至73%與58%，我們期待此方法能為染料廢水的處理提供一個新的選擇，為環境盡一份心力。

Citarum River is the longest and largest river in West Java. The upstream of the Citarum River starts from Mount Wayang, Bandung Regency and ends at the mouth of the Java Sea which is located in Muara Gembong, Bekasi Regency. The Citarum River plays an important role as raw water for PDAM drinking water, supplies electricity in Java-Bali and provides water for rice field irrigation in West Java. Citarum watershed is dominated by the manufacturing industry sector such as chemicals, textiles, leather, paper, pharmaceuticals, metals, food and beverage products, and others. Based on data from the World Bank, every day, the Citarum River is polluted by approximately 20,000 tons of waste and 340,000 tons of waste water with the majority of the waste contributors coming from 2,000 textile industries. By looking at these events, there is no doubt that the sustainability of the ecosystem and the environment in the Citarum River is damaged and polluted. (Zahra Fani Robyanti; 2020). The West Java Regional Environmental Management Agency stated that the content of E. coli bacteria in the Citarum River had increased. The bacteria that cause diarrhea come from industrial and household waste. In addition to E. coli bacteria, other pollutants in the Citarum River that have increased are biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Suspended Solids. One of the efforts that can be done regarding E. coli bacteria that pollute the Citarum river is to make it as a substrate for Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). Bacteria present in organic media convert organic matter into electrical energy. The nature of bacteria that can degrade organic media (enrichment media) in MFC produces electron and proton ions. It is these ions that produce an electric potential difference so that energy can be generated. Generally in conventional systems, MFC consists of two chambers consisting of anode and cathode chambers. The two spaces are separated by a membrane where proton exchange occurs. This system has not fully worked with bacteria because only the anode side contains bacteria, while on the cathode side it still works using chemical compounds such as Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC). However, recently MFC has been developed using bacteria at the cathode, or better known as biocathode. Bacteria in the cathode space have the same function as electron mediators that were previously carried out by chemical compounds. In many studies on MFCs, acetate is commonly used as a substrate for bacteria to generate electricity. These chemical compounds are easier for bacteria to process than wastewater. Acetate is a simple chemical compound that serves as a carbon source for bacteria. Another advantage of acetate is that this compound does not cause other reactions to bacteria such as fermentation and methanogenesis at room temperature. Based on this thought, the author will design a study entitled Utilization of Escherichia coli Bacteria in Contaminated Water in the Citarum River as a Dual Chamber Based Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Substrate.

隨著科技的進步，塑膠產品逐漸在全球遍布，甚至造成許多的環境汙染，其中看似消失的塑膠，其實已被分解為非肉眼可見的塑膠微粒，並且正在影響整個生態，並且在最底層的生物體內累積，透過生物放大作用不停的向生物鏈頂層增加。 探討塑膠微粒與中華擬同型蚤生長和生殖機制的影響。延伸對生殖機制、內分泌系統的影響，產生冬卵的特性，以及與體長、生長抑制、延後抱卵的關係。期望可以透過研究成果類推至生態系中的其他生物，例如魚類、鳥類和人類，進而發展成生物鏈之累積和影響。

本研究以三膦酸酯配體、2-(2-吡啶)-苯并咪唑和 Cd(ClO4)2、CuCl2，合成[Cu2 (H6tpmm)2(Hpybim)2]⋅H2O和[Cd2 (H6tpmm)2(Hpybim)2(H2O)4]·2H2O兩種膦酸錯合物，分別稱之為Cu-Complex和Cd-Complex，錯合物與重金屬結合後會產生螢光，藉此可量測是否水樣中含有重金屬離子。實驗結果發現，Cu-Complex會和Cd2+和Zn2+離子結合並產生明顯的螢光反應，Cd-Complex則會和Zn2+離子結合產生明顯的螢光反應，且能偵測到極微量的水中重金屬Zn2+達0.0086ppm，遠低於環保署的排放標準5ppm。經由測定工廠的流放廢水能確定將此錯合物運用在現實生活中的可行性。此外，我們合成的Cu/Cd-Complex提供一另類化合物檢驗水樣重金屬的方法，有別於用傳統昂貴精密儀器檢驗法，有運用於檢測生活中水質特定重金屬的潛力。

隨著人們對綠色能源的日益重視，具有乾淨、無污染優勢的氫能源被寄予厚望。光電化學水分解被認為是一種新穎且有前景的產氫策略。然而，光電化學水分解受到載流子分離效率低、載流子界面傳輸速度慢和可見光吸收差等因素限制。FeOOH曾被報導能有效進行表面改質，並提升活性位點的手段，尤其β-FeOOH具更優秀的電化學表現，且具豐富的氧空缺，其可以輔助電洞轉移並與Fe2+結合[1]，因此本研究使用β-FeOOH奈米粒子修飾WO3奈米板的表面，且因為它具有較低的能隙，可有效提高其在可見光區域的光吸收。光電流密度在1.23 V vs. RHE(可逆氫電極) 時可顯著提高至1.41 mA /cm2，比純WO3奈米板高約2.3倍。特別是FeOOH @WO3奈米板的雙電層電容值更是提升至472 μF/cm2，並且在太陽光的吸收比純WO3奈米板都更有優勢。未來，我們將結合儲氫技術開發成套供能裝置，不斷提高太陽能製氫系統的效率。

本研究想透過能分解石油的嗜油菌加速同為碳氫構成的塑膠分解。本實驗採用參雜一般塑膠的生物可分解塑膠片。從含有油污的土中經過DNA分離與純化後透過NCBI比對出主要菌種為Pseudomonas citronellolis和Achromobacter。菌種與經實驗室紫外光照射24小時的塑膠片反應時重量下降幅度最大，經約含7%紫外線的太陽光照射3天的塑膠片次之，無前處理的塑膠片最小。本實驗透過三種堆肥方式研究塑膠片分解的情形，在加入菌種和碳基生物復育劑的土中反應的塑膠片重量下降幅度最大，加入碳基生物復育劑的土中的塑膠片次之，加入自來水的最小。從塑膠片殘留重量比與實驗天數畫出的折線圖中可看出若維持經實驗室紫外燈照射24小時且在加入菌種和碳基生物復育劑的土內反應的塑膠片重量下降趨勢便能在883天後完全分解。此外，在探討不同酸鹼值的實驗中，可知pH10的分解最快，而含沙量實驗中則可得知含沙量0%對分解對有利。未來預計長期研究嗜油菌與一般塑膠的分解及不同有機質對塑膠分解的影響，期望解決塑膠過量的問題，使環境不受影響。

本研究研發出「能用池塘等高氨氮廢水來發電的新式微生物電池行動循環系統，搭配程式進行智能監控」。為了達成減碳的能源目標，我們設計了一個新式小型微生物電池。利用塑膠針筒連接常見的中藥塑膠罐，配合石墨棒加以改良，中間使用質子交換膜當鹽橋。串聯第14個微生物電池，電壓可達到7.53V，配合USB降壓板模塊，將放出的電能順利充入手機及行動電源儲存。首先將學校池塘水中的菌加以篩選出適合高氨氮環境中生存之菌種當成陽極微生物，能將含氨氮廢水以及葡萄糖氧化，配合傳統的魚菜共生形成新式微生物電池行動裝置，不僅達到綠能環保，還能行動自如地移動到不同水域進行發電。最後結合Arduino Uno程式監控水質，利用Arduino Uno程式搭配TDS感應器及繼電器，可以監測魚池中TDS雜質並啟動馬達抽水循環，Python程式回報水質。 本研究可解決環境汙染與能源缺乏的問題，期望達成水資源循環利用、永續發展。