溫度與光週期對淡黃蝶的影響
為了了解淡黃蝶Catopsilia pomona無紋型crocale-like及銀紋型pomona-like中間受到環境因子的差異。先比對兩型的粒線體ＤＮＡ，之後模擬夏季和冬季自然環境進行實驗。得知兩型為同種。另一方面進行溫度和光週期的實驗，顯示淡黃蝶幼蟲和成蟲雌雄個體各部位會受到此兩環境因子的影響。In order to realize if Catopsilia Pomona and Catosilia crocale are the same species, we analyzed and compared the DNA sequences of Mitochondria, and the result revealed they are indeed the same species. Then we observed the developmental process of the butterfly, and inspected the effects of different factors: photoperiod and temperature were shown to affect the phenotype of the butterfly; lower temperature and shorter day resulted in phenotypic shift from crocale-like to pomona-like, and vice versa. Also, the conflicting factors produced intermediated form. (e.g. lower temperature with longer day) Not only changed the phenotypes of adult with photoperiod and temperature, those of larvae also did. However, the mechanism how photoperiod and temperature affect the phenotype of the butterfly is unknown.
新竹北埔冷泉蝦子之研究
因特殊的地理關係而形成奇特之新竹北埔冷泉，其水溫長年偏低且水質特殊。本研究報告主要在探討生長於冷泉中的蝦子其所屬物種、生命力、生態及新竹科學園區所排放的廢水對其生存之影響等議題。為能獲得科學與客觀性的結果，我自己設計了實驗以及適當的實驗步驟來幫助我找到解答，這也讓我對問題有深入的瞭解。我發現這些黑殼沼蝦，螯足各節間有粗糙橙斑，可以耐7℃的低溫，靠嗅覺覓食，小蝦在前4 週呈快速的成長，污水中的蝦子短期內一定死亡，從基部斷肢才能有再生能力等結果。茲條列所探討的問題如下:1.探討北埔冷泉蝦的身體構造與其功能。2.了解北埔冷泉蝦和一般食用蝦身體構造的差異性。3.探討北埔冷泉蝦的生長環境與其行為之關係。4.探討北埔冷泉蝦的食性。5.探討北埔冷泉蝦的覓食行為。6.探討北埔冷泉蝦與養殖蝦存活率的差異性。7.探討北埔冷泉蝦與養殖蝦的耐溫能力。8.瞭解北埔冷泉蝦的雌、雄判定。9.探討北埔冷泉蝦交配與孵卵方式。10.探討北埔冷泉蝦小蝦的成長曲線。11.探討不同水質對北埔冷泉蝦的影響。12.探討北埔冷泉蝦斷肢後的再生現象。經由這次的研究，讓我對北埔冷泉蝦子的身體構造、生長環境、覓食行為、耐溫能力、交配與孵卵、小蝦的成長、斷肢後的再生、甚至水質對蝦子生存之影響等等已能深入瞭解。除此之外之外，更重要的是從疑問的產生，實驗方法與步驟的構思、做實驗的過程，及獲得可信的結果，再再使我深刻體會到科學精神的真諦。Bei-Pu cold spring of Hsinchu was formed due to the unique geographical feature. This paper investigates the species, livability, ecology and affection of water quality of the wildlife shrimps that live in this special environment. I design my own experiments and suitable procedures to help me to get the scientific and objective results. The research topics on Bei-Pu wildlife shrimps are listed below. 1. Body structure. 2. Distinguish bred and this wildlife shrimp. 3. Growth environments and its behavior. 4. Foods. 5. Hunting 6. Livability. 7. Tolerance of low temperate. 8. Male and female. 9. Mating and incubating. 10. Growth characteristics. 11. Affection of water quality. 12. Limbed and re-generation. These crayfishes can survive under 7℃. Hunting behavior is guided by olfaction other than vision. They grow rapidly in the first 4 weeks. Regeneration occurs only from the joint. Water quality is vital to them. From this study, I understood the species, hunting, mating, incubating, growth, temperature tolerance and regeneration of this wildlife shrimps. Moreover, I deeply appreciate what real scientific essence is through defining the questions, designing the experiments, procedures and obtaining the results finally.
蟋蟀的聲音分析與聲音行為探討
蟋蟀聲音與行為的關係密不可分。取北部四種蟋蟀樣本，以數位錄音筆錄製及電腦軟體分析蟋蟀的聲音，並用PCR技術萃取蟋蟀的粒線體DNA(16S)加以分析，藉此和傳統的形態學分類相互比較。結果發現蟋蟀聲音的頻率特性中主頻率的差異在親緣遠近有關聯性，但聲音的時間特性方面則沒有特定關聯，不過聲學分析圖仍可作為單一種的鑑定指標。此外，研究發現此4種蟋蟀的聲音頻率範圍有重疊現象，但主頻率、脈衝比、唧聲率及唧聲長不同，推測雌蟋蟀應是綜合這些特性辨別同種。另一方面，以黑蟋蟀作為研究對象，進行干擾實驗，觀察並繪製出其聲音行為模式; 並將此作為對照，結果發現蟋蟀的生殖行為主要受到雄蟋蟀的聲音支配，而雄蟋蟀則以嗅覺辨別雌蟋蟀位置，決定下一步行動，與視覺較無關係。 Cricket's voice is closely related to the behavior. We select four species of crickets from the northern Taiwan to study the acoustic and mating behaviors. The digital sound recorder and acoustic software are used to analyze their acoustic characters. Furthermore, the PCR technology is used to amplify and sequence parts of mtDNA sequences and the results were compiled as the comparison to the traditional morphological character. The result shows that the resolution in acoustic characters of main frequency, pulse number, chirp rate, and the length of chirp are different among four species, though the minor frequency pattern is overlapping. Moreover, we find that frequency characteristic difference among four species is partly related to their phylogenetic relationship, yet is not seen in time characteristic. It is obvious that difference of acoustic behavior can be regarded as identified index among species. Results of acoustic analysis impel us to infer that the female crickets take the comprehensive acoustic behavior to distinguish their specific male. In addition, behavior pattern and model of Gryllus bimaculatus are established as the comparison of interfering experiment is undertaken. Which results suggest that the mating behavior in cricket is dominated by males’ acoustic behavior, and is initiated by male’s olfactory sense rather than that of sight.
蝴蝶眼斑的探討
在眾多的蝴蝶中有不少是具有眼斑。傳統上認為眼斑的功能是驚嚇天敵或欺騙天敵。有關眼斑本身結構的瞭解很少。我們利用臺灣及馬祖產的蝴蝶，分別記錄圖鑑上峽蝶、眼蝶及灰蝶合計 60 種以上，以及鳳蝶幼蟲七種的眼斑特性。記錄的眼斑特性包括數目、組成的色彩結構，以及記錄眼斑在翅的腹面或背面明顯。進一步測暈孔雀峽蝶、台灣波眼蝶、蘇鐵小灰蝶等三種蝴蝶的眼斑和翅面積。眼斑在腹面及背面都有，但以腹面明顯者佔多數，而眼斑數 l 一 7 個都有，在後翅者佔多數。眼斑慕本是由數個同心圓組成，分別為輪廓、眼白、虹彩及障孔。在峽蝶及眼蝶的結構都相當完整，輪廓為褐或深褐，眼白為黃色為主，虹彩都為黑色或深褐色，障孔為白色或淡藍色。在灰蝶的眼斑較不完整，大都輪廓不清晰，眼白的黃色或橙色部份比例高，但都缺少障孔。幼蟲有眼斑成蟲不一定有。鳳蝶的幼蟲（ 8 種）都為綠色，其眼斑輪廓黑色，眼白為白色及紅色但明顯比上述成蟲的眼斑之眼白部位要小，而黑色的虹彩都很大。幼蟲的障孔為白色的細線形，我們認為這和立體形狀的幼蟲及成蟲平面翅的差異所造成，在文中也討論到水棲蝶魚的眼斑和蝴蝶眼斑的差異。眼斑和翅面積的相關分析結果變異很大，在統計上正相關及負相關都有。眼斑數目的不定及和翅面積並沒有一定關係，我們討論到蝴蝶的眼斑在不同種類有些可能有求偶生殖上的功能。這方面值得科學家大量投入研究。Quite a few species of butterflies have colorful eyespots on their wings. The main functions of these eyespots were considered to startle or deceive predators by most scientific researchers. In fact, only limited literatures dealt with the basic structure and color patterns of butterfly eyespots. The purpose of this study is to study the basic structure and color patterns of these eyespots. We measured the surface area of eyespots v.s. wings from specimens. From the color plates of Taiwan and Matsu butterfly field guide, we recorded the eyespots either on ventral or dorsal side of wings, and the color patterns for more than 60 species. \r The number of eyespots on wings varies from I to 7 among individuals we checked. Majority of eyespots were found on ventral side of wings. The basic structure of eyespots were formed by I to 3 concentric circles, i.e., outboundary, cornea, iris and pupil . Pupil was not found in certain species. The color in cornea section is yellow and in iris is black or dark brown. The contrast in these two areas is quite prominent just as the contrast showed in warning coloration of after animals. The pupil is either white of light blue. Caterpillars with eyespots were found in Papilionidae, their adult stage were without this character. We checked 8 species of caterpillars, their basic structure of eyespots were similar to other butterflies, with cornea, iris and pupil. The cornea is either red or white color, and the iris is black in colors. The ratio(iris/cornea) is much higher in caterpillar than in butterfly. The pupil is a thin thread shape instead of a tiny spot like the one in butterfly wings. We discussed the difference of pupil between juveniles and adults from the aspect of dimension structure of a subject. In the paper we also discussed the difference of eyespots between butterfly and butterfly fish in the coral reef. Base on the no significant relationship between the surface area of eyespots and wings. We suspect that butterfly eyespots may have another function, such as intersexual selection between males and females beside startling and deceiving predators.\r
攀蜥，攀棲－由台北市內湖金面山區生態因子分析夜晚黃口攀蜥之停棲策略
For this research, the nocturnal perching habits of the lizard, Japalura Polygonata Xantbostona, were examined. Nighttime observations were made from July 2002 to March 2003 in the area along the mountain brook in the south valley of the King-Mien Mountain in Nei-Hu District. The study comprised a series of analysis with discussion of the lizard’s (Japalura Polygonata Xantbostona) perch based on the temperature of living environment and the manner of perch including the dissimilarity between male and female, adults and juvenile lizards in selecting their perch conditions. During the period of study 452 lizards were marked and examined. 163 were female, 168 were male, and 121 were young lizards. The study considered four particulars: (1) orientation, (2) angle, (3) manner of perch, and (4) height of the perch above ground. As for the orientation, most of the lizards chose to perch in an inward (towards the tree) and in an upward direction; the angle of perch was mainly within 1°~ 45° and slanted to 180°. Second, the manner of perch chosen by most of the lizards was holding the stem or trunk by arms. All four groups of lizards exhibited no difference in the orientation, angle and manner of perch. However, male lizards tended to perch at a greater height above ground than the female and juvenile lizards did. The study produced other findings as well: A tendency correlation curve was plotted showing that temperature related with the number of lizards taking perch, and from the curve the optimal temperature of the living environment was determined to be approximately within the range of 19° ~24°. Additionally, there was a relationship between temperature of living environment and the size of lizard and the number of lizards taking perch. A further positive relationship was observed between temperature and the height of perch above ground. Also, the study showed an apparent positive relationship between the temperature of sample living area and the snout-vent length(SVL) of the lizard. Finally, the Japalura Polygonata Xantbostona tended to take their nocturnal perches within a rather fixed home range. 本研究由2002 年7 月至2003 年3 月，於臺北市內湖區金面山南麓溪谷進行黃口攀蜥夜 晚停棲策略研究，以溫度和各項停棲行為進行來分析探討，包括黃口攀蜥的成幼蜥、雌雄蜥 停棲選擇上的差異。 研究期間，共標記到452 隻攀蜥，其中雌蜥163 隻、雄蜥168 隻、幼蜥121 隻。將停棲 的情況分為方向、角度、停棲型態、離地高度四項來分析，在方向上多以朝內、向上為主； 角度多以小角度的1°~45°及180°為主；在停棲型式多以環抱莖枝為主。進一步分析成幼蜥、 雌雄蜥不論在方向、角度、停棲型式的選擇上皆無差異。離地高度的部分則以成蜥及雄蜥的 停棲高度較高；以溫度分析黃口攀蜥的成幼蜥出現停棲隻次、停棲高度、出現停棲攀蜥體型 的相關性，溫度對出現停棲隻次可以做出趨勢相關曲線，估算攀蜥的停棲有一最適宜溫度範 圍約在19~24℃間；溫度與其停棲高度呈現正相關性；每次測得樣區溫度與出現停棲攀蜥平 均吻肛長有顯著的正相關。而黃口攀蜥夜晚婷棲時則會傾向於較固定的範圍內。