溫變性轉(孵化條件對宮廷雞性別的影響)
目前生物學知識認為雉科鳥類的性別，在卵受精後即決定(WZ型)，不受環境的影響，但是在本組一連串的實驗中發現，雉科鳥類的性別與孵化的溫度變化有非常大的影響，一般宮廷雞的孵化條件在濕度55％RH及溫度98℉～99℉，在此孵化條件下宮廷雞的子代♀：♂=1：1，若溫度降為97℉的孵化條件下所得子代♀性佔93％，倘若溫度升高為100℉的孵化條件下所得子代♂性佔92％，可見在比正常孵化溫度高的環境下宮廷雞的受精卵會轉變為♂性，而比正常孵化溫度低的環境下孵化的宮廷雞受精卵卻會轉變為♀性，本實驗續做了六代，結果大致相似，由此可以證明控制孵化溫度可以改變宮廷雞的性別，這一行為，可能與Z染色體上一個溫度依賴型的連鎖基因(DMRT1)之表現有關。 ;The temperature of hatching can affect Chinese silkys's sex It is now established that the sex of Pheasants is determined when the egg is impregnated, rather than by environmental factors. However, in a series of experiments, we find that the sex of Pheasants is strongly related to the temperature of hatching. In the normal hatching condition (humidity:55% RH ,temperature: 98.5℉), the ratio of female and male offspring of Chinese silkys is 1:1. If the temperature is lowered to 97℉, the female offspring occupies a proportion of 93%. If the temperature is raised to 100℉, the male proportion will reach 92%. We can thus derive the conclusion: the impregnated eggs of Chinese silkys will be transformed to male at a temperature higher than the normal one, while a lower temperature than the normal one will cause the impregnated eggs to be female. The experiments have been conducted through six generations of Chinese silkys, and the results are practically the same. This indicates that temperature changes can affect gender, This may be related to a Z-linked of DMRT1 gene on the DNA, which is temperature-dependent.
新竹北埔冷泉蝦子之研究
因特殊的地理關係而形成奇特之新竹北埔冷泉，其水溫長年偏低且水質特殊。本研究報告主要在探討生長於冷泉中的蝦子其所屬物種、生命力、生態及新竹科學園區所排放的廢水對其生存之影響等議題。為能獲得科學與客觀性的結果，我自己設計了實驗以及適當的實驗步驟來幫助我找到解答，這也讓我對問題有深入的瞭解。我發現這些黑殼沼蝦，螯足各節間有粗糙橙斑，可以耐7℃的低溫，靠嗅覺覓食，小蝦在前4 週呈快速的成長，污水中的蝦子短期內一定死亡，從基部斷肢才能有再生能力等結果。茲條列所探討的問題如下:1.探討北埔冷泉蝦的身體構造與其功能。2.了解北埔冷泉蝦和一般食用蝦身體構造的差異性。3.探討北埔冷泉蝦的生長環境與其行為之關係。4.探討北埔冷泉蝦的食性。5.探討北埔冷泉蝦的覓食行為。6.探討北埔冷泉蝦與養殖蝦存活率的差異性。7.探討北埔冷泉蝦與養殖蝦的耐溫能力。8.瞭解北埔冷泉蝦的雌、雄判定。9.探討北埔冷泉蝦交配與孵卵方式。10.探討北埔冷泉蝦小蝦的成長曲線。11.探討不同水質對北埔冷泉蝦的影響。12.探討北埔冷泉蝦斷肢後的再生現象。經由這次的研究，讓我對北埔冷泉蝦子的身體構造、生長環境、覓食行為、耐溫能力、交配與孵卵、小蝦的成長、斷肢後的再生、甚至水質對蝦子生存之影響等等已能深入瞭解。除此之外之外，更重要的是從疑問的產生，實驗方法與步驟的構思、做實驗的過程，及獲得可信的結果，再再使我深刻體會到科學精神的真諦。Bei-Pu cold spring of Hsinchu was formed due to the unique geographical feature. This paper investigates the species, livability, ecology and affection of water quality of the wildlife shrimps that live in this special environment. I design my own experiments and suitable procedures to help me to get the scientific and objective results. The research topics on Bei-Pu wildlife shrimps are listed below. 1. Body structure. 2. Distinguish bred and this wildlife shrimp. 3. Growth environments and its behavior. 4. Foods. 5. Hunting 6. Livability. 7. Tolerance of low temperate. 8. Male and female. 9. Mating and incubating. 10. Growth characteristics. 11. Affection of water quality. 12. Limbed and re-generation. These crayfishes can survive under 7℃. Hunting behavior is guided by olfaction other than vision. They grow rapidly in the first 4 weeks. Regeneration occurs only from the joint. Water quality is vital to them. From this study, I understood the species, hunting, mating, incubating, growth, temperature tolerance and regeneration of this wildlife shrimps. Moreover, I deeply appreciate what real scientific essence is through defining the questions, designing the experiments, procedures and obtaining the results finally.
蟋蟀的聲音分析與聲音行為探討
蟋蟀聲音與行為的關係密不可分。取北部四種蟋蟀樣本，以數位錄音筆錄製及電腦軟體分析蟋蟀的聲音，並用PCR技術萃取蟋蟀的粒線體DNA(16S)加以分析，藉此和傳統的形態學分類相互比較。結果發現蟋蟀聲音的頻率特性中主頻率的差異在親緣遠近有關聯性，但聲音的時間特性方面則沒有特定關聯，不過聲學分析圖仍可作為單一種的鑑定指標。此外，研究發現此4種蟋蟀的聲音頻率範圍有重疊現象，但主頻率、脈衝比、唧聲率及唧聲長不同，推測雌蟋蟀應是綜合這些特性辨別同種。另一方面，以黑蟋蟀作為研究對象，進行干擾實驗，觀察並繪製出其聲音行為模式; 並將此作為對照，結果發現蟋蟀的生殖行為主要受到雄蟋蟀的聲音支配，而雄蟋蟀則以嗅覺辨別雌蟋蟀位置，決定下一步行動，與視覺較無關係。 Cricket's voice is closely related to the behavior. We select four species of crickets from the northern Taiwan to study the acoustic and mating behaviors. The digital sound recorder and acoustic software are used to analyze their acoustic characters. Furthermore, the PCR technology is used to amplify and sequence parts of mtDNA sequences and the results were compiled as the comparison to the traditional morphological character. The result shows that the resolution in acoustic characters of main frequency, pulse number, chirp rate, and the length of chirp are different among four species, though the minor frequency pattern is overlapping. Moreover, we find that frequency characteristic difference among four species is partly related to their phylogenetic relationship, yet is not seen in time characteristic. It is obvious that difference of acoustic behavior can be regarded as identified index among species. Results of acoustic analysis impel us to infer that the female crickets take the comprehensive acoustic behavior to distinguish their specific male. In addition, behavior pattern and model of Gryllus bimaculatus are established as the comparison of interfering experiment is undertaken. Which results suggest that the mating behavior in cricket is dominated by males’ acoustic behavior, and is initiated by male’s olfactory sense rather than that of sight.
趨光性及族群壓力的探討
The purpose of the research was to find the relationship between the fruit fly’s attraction to light (or heliotaxis) and their genes. Fruit flies, because of their short life span of approximately two weeks, and their simple requirements for survival, are ideal candidates for the study. With a specially designed device "Mi Gong" for the experiments, fruit flies could be separated and cultivated in accordance to their preference to specific wavelengths of light. They received cross-breeding and were studied to learn the ratio of the resulting offspring in their preference to the light. It was observed that the majority of the fruit flies were more attracted to violet light. It was also found that the next generation of the fruit fly inherited higher sensitivity to the light than their parents. Knowing that there could be potential margin of errors in the experiments, the results of the study demonstrated that light, as an external source, had limited impact to heliotaxis of fruit fly. The study suggested that insects with heliotaxis, including fruit fly, inherited heliotaxis in their genes. The study also pointed out the potential benefits of employing heliotaxis in many areas especially in the agricultural development. Furthermore, heliotaxis can be utilized to study the difference in the behavior of nightlife insects before and after the invention of manmade light source.這項研究，主要是在探討果蠅的趨光性和遺傳的關係。很多種昆蟲都具備趨光性，我們之所以以果蠅作實驗，主要是因為其生活週期短，大約兩週，且易於培養。實驗內容是以「迷宮器材」來鑑別果蠅對某一特殊色光的偏好，將該群果蠅分離出來培養，令其繁衍後代，觀察其後代對此一色光偏好的比率，我們所用的果蠅大致上對綠色光較敏感，而其子代的敏感度較親代高。因此，我們推論趨光性會遺傳，且受光影響，但並非全由光影響，故這可能是實驗中的誤差成因。雖然此實驗是以果蠅為對象，但亦可假設其它具趨光性的昆蟲，也可能是因遺傳而導致其子代有趨光性，而我們可利用其趨光的一些特性，減少農作物因害蟲類的果蠅而損失，並且希望可以得知,在人造光源還未出現在世上時，夜行性昆蟲是否有差異。
廣鹽性吳郭魚氯離子調節機制- - - NKCC在氯細胞中扮演之角色
本實驗中我們利用廣鹽性吳郭魚進行氯離子調節機制的研究，探討廣鹽性吳郭魚如何能在不同環境中維持體內氯離子恆定，進而適應生存環境。我門想要探討：『是否NKCC 這種蛋白質在淡水吳郭魚MR 細胞中扮演吸收 Cl- 的角色? 如果是，吳郭魚又如何藉NKCC 的調節適應環境中 Cl- 的變化呢？』我們利用細胞免疫螢光染色法、西方墨點法和共軛焦顯微鏡觀察分析NKCC 在不同 Cl- 濃度人工淡水馴養的吳郭魚MR 細胞上的表現量，結果發現 NKCC 分布於頂端細胞膜(又稱為細胞開口)，及其附近的細胞質內；環境中 Na+ 濃度的差異對NKCC 在MR 細胞上的表現影響不大，但低 Cl- 環境馴養的吳郭魚，NKCC 表現量都高出其他組很多。顯示NKCC 參與了氯吸收的機制。另一個實驗中，我們將吳郭魚由淡水中轉移至海水以分析它們在適應海水的過程中NKCC 的表現變化。結果發現在馴養初期（16 小時內），圓點狀NKCC 仍然可以在MR 細胞的開口附近觀察到，但到了24 小時後，NKCC 在開口的表現就明顯減少甚至消失，取而代之的是轉移到底側邊細胞膜上的NKCC。此實驗證實了NKCC 這一個與Cl-運送相關的蛋白質，在廣鹽性吳郭魚氯離子調節中扮演了很重要的角色。
Euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) is capable of maintaining internal ion constant ineither hypertonic or hypotonic environments (fresh water or seawater).MR cells in the gills of tilapia play critical role in absorbing Cl- from fresh water or pumping redundant Cl- from body fluid into seawater. Chloride transporter (NKCC) which distributed in basolateral membrane of MR cells is involved in Cl- secretion of seawater teleost. However, the mechanism of Cl- absorption in fresh water MR cells is still unclear. Whether NKCC is also involved in Cl- absorption and how do tilapia regulate Cl- absorption are the questions this study aim to answer. By using immunofluorescent staining, western blot, and confocal microscopy, the distribution and expression level of NKCC in fresh water MR cells were examined. We found that NKCC is distributed on the apical membrane of freshwater MR cells where is known to be the site for active Cl- absorption of MR cells. We compared the expression level of NKCC in MR cells from tilapia acclimated in high, normal, and low Cl- artificial water for 7 days. The results showed that NKCC is induced by ambient low Cl- , and in contrast suppressed by high Cl- water, indicating NKCC might be involved in Cl- absorption of freshwater MR cells and up-or down-regulated to maintain Cl- uptake constant. In addition, we also examine the expression pattern of NKCC in MR cells from tilapia transferred from fresh water to seawater. Confocal images show that apical expressed NKCC disappear gradually within 24h seawater acclimation and is substituted by basolateral expressed NKCC. This study provides a novel regulatory mechanism of NKCC in Cl- transporter of MR cells.
這不是群體防禦─反駁行為學家對魚群行為的高估
This study is to discuss the reason that interfere the fish schooling behavior " adult fish surround the young fish ". I use mathematic simulation, to observe the result when the fishes are stimulated, due to the body size , the speed of swimming , the difference of sensitivity will make different reaction. We predict the motion dots of fish when the hunter appears on the block paper, then analyzes the motion of adult fish and young fish in dot to determine if the result remind "adult fish surround the young fish "structure. The conclusion shown that natural reaction physiologically on fish will show "Adult fish surround the young fish "results, so, the factor that interfere the structure of fish group is not so called "group defense by ethnologist".本研究目的，在探討影響魚群「成魚圍繞著幼魚游」的行為。本研究是以數學模擬法，依觀察結果，設定魚在受到刺激後，因體型大小、游速的快慢、靈敏度的差異等，所產生的不同的反應。再在方格紙上模擬魚群在捕食者出現時，游開的動線。最後分析成魚幼魚的動線分布情形，是否仍是「成魚游在幼魚外圍」的魚群結構。研究結果發現，依魚類的生理條件所設定的條件下模擬，自然形成「成魚游在幼魚外圍」的魚群結構。所以，影響魚群結構的因素，的確不是行為學家所說的防禦行為。