2018年

觀察肥皂泡置於平行電板中時產生變形，本研究探討此現象並提出相關解釋。經由實驗發現肥皂泡在電場下的形狀是橢球的一部份；肥皂泡在施加電場前後的高度比與寬度比是兩電極板間電壓的二次曲線，且離心率與電壓成正比關係。透過觀察肥皂膜的光學性質、分析皂膜受力以推測其電學特性，確定系統之電荷與電位分布，進而提出理論模型計算系統能量，解釋平行電板間肥皂泡之變形現象。

癌症多年來高居國人十大死因之首，過去研究顯示慢性發炎與癌症生成密切相關。在發炎反應中巨噬細胞的角色相當關鍵，但在腫瘤微環境下反而幫助腫瘤細胞生長。CHI3L1廣泛表現在腫瘤組織與發炎相關的疾病，在發炎中可能調控不同的免疫相關細胞。因此我們想探討CHI3L1在腫瘤微環境中的功能，研究CHI3L1是否影響巨噬細胞之極化及其他後續功能。結果證實有CHI3L1存在時，巨噬細胞無法正常表現M1巨噬細胞之特徵基因，且其濃度越高，特徵基因表現量就越低。而利用巨噬細胞抗原呈現試驗也發現CHI3L1會降低M1巨噬細胞的抗原呈現能力。綜合以上結果，得知CHI3L1會導致M1巨噬細胞功能缺失。未來將探討CHI3L1如何調控巨噬細胞內的分子機轉，並尋找小分子藥物阻斷CHI3L1的作用，期待對腫瘤合併治療有所幫助。

本研究創新使用一種生物可分解之離子液體作為鋁空氣二次電池之電解質。與文獻上使用的高價且含毒性的咪唑類離子液體相比，本研究合成的離子液體原料為甘油與氯化膽鹼，均為成本低廉且對人體無害的環保材料。延續過去參加新竹市中小學科展題目「可撓性輕量化鋁空氣電池」的成果，此次國際科展的內容更進一步延伸為可充電式的鋁空氣二次電池，除了電解質的創新外，亦包含電極方面的革新，如陽極除了採用純鋁外，另探討使用鈦鋁合金來減緩腐蝕。在空氣電極方面，除了添加活性碳來增加吸附氧氣的表面積外，另添加二氧化錳來增加氧氣還原的活性。

The rate and production of conventional petroleum based plastics is unsustainable and not eco-friendly. Plastics often end up in marine environments and can take hundreds of years to decompose in landfills. According to Statistica, in 2015 alone, global plastic production was approximately 322 million metric tonnes and is projected to increase in the future. PHB bioplastic or Polyhydroxybutyrate is both biologically produced and biodegradable and can serve as a viable alternative to conventional plastics. But can it be broken down by soil microbes within a reasonable time frame? I have set out to answer this question. My aim was to isolate and analyse microorganisms from the Rotorua area that are capable of degrading Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) bioplastic . I isolated PHB degrading microorganisms from Rotorua soils by culturing on an agar based mineral salt media supplemented with PHB powder (MSM PHB agar). Samples were taken from Mount Ngongotaha and Te Puia geothermal soils as well as Okareka, termite frass and termite guts. One isolate from the Te Puia sample (labelled G2) was found to successfully degrade PHB powder. After isolation and purification of the G2 isolate, it was cultured on a range of media types to examine properties exhibited under differing nutrient conditions. Multiple organisms were found to be involved in the degradation of PHB bioplastic and work together symbiotically, this included bacteria and fungi which was identified as penicillium. The sample isolated from Te Puia soils (site 2 – G2Clear) in the Rotorua environment was found capable of competently degrading PHB, clearing 8% of PHB after 26 days. The G2Clear isolate is a mixture of bacteria and fungi working in an endosymbiotic relationship to degrade PHB and are unable to successfully degrade PHB individually. It is through the secretion of an extracellular PHB depolymerase enzyme that PHB is degraded, conforming with my hypothesis. This proves that PHB bioplastic is a viable alternative to conventional petroleum based plastics as PHB can be relatively quickly broken down by soil microorganisms.

An increase in blood cholesterol contributes to cardiovascular diseases, the number one cause of death worldwide. Statins are currently the most effective in reducing cholesterol levels and treating patients with high cholesterol. However, these pharmaceutical agents have been shown to cause several side effects, prompting the need for a more natural solution to increasing cholesterol levels. Hence, a study was conducted to investigate the ability of lactic acid bacteria in the removal of cholesterol, explore the mechanism for the removal of cholesterol by lactic acid bacteria, and examine the effectiveness of kidney beans and sunflower seeds in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum was the most effective in reducing cholesterol levels and that the mechanism for cholesterol removal included both the binding to cell wall and active uptake into cells. Sunflower seeds and kidney beans were also shown to be effective in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, with sunflower seeds having 100% inhibition of the enzyme, similar to pravastatin, a commercial cholesterol reducing drug, and kidney beans having comparable percentage inhibition of the enzyme compared to pravastatin.

本研究作品主要在探討「平面上各種曲線內關於相鄰等角割線段的新的不變量」與「空間中特殊圓錐曲面的特殊等角割線段的新的不變量」。 若圓錐曲線、蚶線等曲線中有相鄰等角的 條割線段，則這n條割線段之m次方和為定值。在圓錐曲線中這些割線段的交點可以是焦點、曲線內任意點，在蚶線中則為基點。甚至經由反演，還能將此性質推廣至直線上。 研究最後擴及至空間，先考慮特殊橢圓、拋物、雙曲球面，其一焦點為F，將正N面體VN之重心G與F重合，使得VN以F為旋轉中心任意旋轉，此時由F對VN之各頂點做射線交圓錐曲面於 PN，則FPN之倒數m次方和為定值，其中u=1,...,n，N=4, 6, 8, 12, 20 。

我們製作獨特的垂直風洞，透過牙條及滾珠軸承使羽球能在其中自由轉動以利同步取得運動時的阻力、轉速及側向力，並透過空氣壓縮噴射方式探討軌跡差異。實驗數據顯示，羽毛只要經過修剪，阻力多會下降，雖然能飛的更高遠，但也降低了羽球獨有的飛行特性。若修剪外側羽毛，可大幅提升高速下的轉速，但低速時則因受力面積減少導致轉速下降且發現透過側羽的小修剪可同時提升飛行能力以及飛行特性，提升練習級羽球的價值；但羽尾若破壞程度太大，如：剪成平頭狀，飛行距離雖明顯提升，但轉動能力下降，甚至低速時無法轉動。最後，斷翅的實驗出現了一個有趣的結果：透過斷去第二根羽毛達到對稱的缺口，可挽救失控的側向力，提升破損羽球的練習價值。

本實驗藉觀察圓皂膜的共振駐波，探討皂膜厚度對共振模態之影響。發現在條件相同下，因駐波共振頻率與表面張力、厚度及體密度間的複雜關係，使皂膜厚度有時會影響振動模態。 實驗中以同心圓駐波加上轉動，分析皂膜在駐波共振下的厚度分布及隨時變化。駐波加轉動下皂膜之厚度有三種分布情形：厚度相等、厚度沿徑向突增及沿徑向漸增再漸減；隨時間演進，皂膜上同心干涉環會於駐波節線產生暗紋，此暗紋再往兩側拓寬。 當轉動皂膜產生黑膜後，將轉動停止再施以同心圓駐波，可於貝索函數J0之腹線附近出現較厚之干涉亮紋。圓黑皂膜共振之亮點分布與圓板共振動克拉里尼圖案類似，只是皂膜上的亮點往腹線堆積，而圓板上的顆粒則往節線聚集。

因參加TYPT台灣青年物理辯論競賽，初步認識了此現象──當一個橫向放置的圓柱造波鼓在水面上垂直震盪時，引起的表面水流逆流。當造波鼓振動的最大加速度達到了臨界值，表面的粒子行進方向就會與波的傳播方向相反。我們查詢了有關此現象的文獻，驚訝的發現，此現象目前還沒有理論可解釋。於是我們便以自製的實驗設備，開始探討在不同的振動情形下，表面流會如何變化。 以目前所獲得的數據，我們推斷反向的流動與造波鼓排開水的體積及造波鼓前排列的波包有關，而回流只是補償流的性質，且水表循環之貢獻遠較水面的流動下顯著。根據為不同厚度的造波鼓有不同的回流臨界加速度，且縱向的水流循環強度遠較水表循環弱，前者速率大小約與後者相差一數量級。 我們也利用閃頻儀分析了不同條件下水波的波形，並利用Poincaré map將其分為兩類，分別對應到表面的出去流與回來流。

The purpose of this research is to make an ecological insecticide that mixes the extracts of Piper tuberculatum, Annona muricata and Melia azedarach, that together in application cause mortality and repellence of the mosquito Aedes aegypti with the intention to help in the control of the diseases this mosquito is guilty of: dengue, zika and chikungunya, and decrease the risk of infection by a safe and organic way.