全國中小學科展

2018年

The Polar Equation from Butterfly Sprinkler Heads

This project aims to create the polar equations from the relation of the points on the centre line of the water twisted from Butterfly sprinkler heads. The water path includes inner rim, outer rim and centre line laying in the middle of the water path is used Rhombus’s property. The diagonals are perpendicular bisectors of each other to create the centre line. Then we create the polar equation of the centre line of water that twists from 4 types of the Butterfly sprinkler heads: edge frame, curve frame, STL and STL rotary. The polar equation of outer rim and inner rim is created by adding and removing the “ f ” value ( ; is the distance between the outer rim and the centre line, and is the geometric sequence that is ) of the coefficient (a) of the polar equation respectively. The results show that the formal equation of the centre line is which can explain the different properties of Butterfly sprinkler heads. If “ f ” value is increasing the water path and the blade will be wider that affects droplets distributing thoroughtly. Furthermore the relationship between the volume of water and the radius of water distribution can be processed to find the least time that can increase the appropriate moisture level of soil.

Novel holdfast marking behavior found in Seahorse

棘海馬 (Hippocampus spinosissimus) 經飼養觀察首次發現排放標示物行為。標示物標記偏好的棲枝,為海洋珊瑚礁魚類中類似的標示的新發現行為。觀察棘海馬會由泄殖腔孔排放一種白色的標示物,其成分鏡檢證明與棘海馬的排遺無關,且其更容易在水中漂流並黏附在棲枝上。棘海馬利用嗅覺幫助尋找含標示物的棲枝 (卡方值 : 24.183, P<0.001)。棘海馬不會傾向攀附有其他海馬標示物的棲枝,無論相同性別間或異性間,均未達顯著水準。標示物中有效成分為水溶性物質,其效能在室溫下可維持約7天,且冷藏可延長其標示效能。經由解剖觀察,證實標示物的分泌器官為泄殖腔中的生殖腺,但生殖腺切片中證明標示物分泌與棘海馬繁殖無關。

「孓」戰關鍵―台灣淡水渦蟲捕食蚊幼蟲機制及其黏液探討

虎紋三角渦蟲(Girardia tigrina)是台灣本土常見的渦蟲,常用於再生之研究。然而其黏液功能與成分以及捕食蚊幼蟲機制皆尚未清楚。本研究中,從解剖顯微鏡觀察得知渦蟲爬行時分泌的黏液能將蚊幼蟲纏住,且發現渦蟲偏好從蚊幼蟲腹部末端及肛進行攻擊,並於體外行物理機制初步消化後,將蚊幼蟲組織以咽運動產生的負壓吸入體內,再行化學分解。以Congo Red、CBR250及PAS染色,發現渦蟲黏液中具有多醣、蛋白質及醣蛋白,以SDS-PAGE分離渦蟲黏液蛋白後,用銀染法分析發現渦蟲黏液包含多種蛋白質,主要為蛋白質單體15kDa,以蛋白質N端定序及LC MS/MS交叉比對分析得知渦蟲黏液中可能含有titin、calcium-binding protein等蛋白質,相關實驗還在進行中。我們也發現渦蟲在有無蚊幼蟲環境不影響其黏液蛋白分泌量,然而黏液蛋白成分組成是否有差異,需再繼續研究。本研究結果可能對應用生物防治法抑制病媒蚊有所助益。

A Modular Comprehensive Assessment Platform for Aircraft Maintenance

We were very curious about whether the aircraft will suffer lightning damages during flight, so we tried to search the answer on the internet. According to the searching results, we realized that during flight departure, passenger planes can suffer lightning damage. As a result, there will be lightning strike points, which needs immediate solutions for safety concerns. Besides, we found out that the exterior aircraft components, such as aircraft body, wings, tail, turbine engine and other areas, are vulnerable to corrosion, which also needs immediate solutions. Luckily, we came across a chance to chat with the engineer who works in the airport. Through that meeting, we knew that the maintenance of the aircraft is very important. However, the maintenance of the components depends on professional technicians, weather, the surrounding noise level, and other environmental effects. As a result, we think that it is initial for us to develop a device that can automatically complete the missions of aircraft maintenance. Below are two objectives that we need to complete: 1. Complete a non-destructive testing for aircraft damage, including corrosion and lightning strike points. Assessment areas include: Aircraft body, airplane wings, tail of the aircraft and the turbine engine 2. Engage in scanning results to analyze and predict for flight readiness. The collected results will proceed to the aviation company for inspection and maintenance. Based on these two objectives, we designed an automatic platform for aircraft maintenance. Below are four innovations of this platform: 1. we developed a method to replace the current stage based on the manual operation of the aircraft maintenance, the use of AGV (Automated guided vehicle) and the robotic arm combination. 2. Design a modular platform based on this method, including telescopic four-wheel independent rotating chassis and locking mechanism, scissors lifting mechanism, double sided synchronous belt forward detection telescopic mechanism, etc. The platform can shrink at the minimum height of A320, convenient access to the machine abdomen. 3. The positioning algorithm of the platform relative to the aircraft is proposed.

Sustainable Graphene Oxide Support for Ruthenium Catalysts to Improve the Efficiency of the Hydrodesulfurization of Thiophenes

沙烏地阿拉伯 is the largest oil exporter in the world. 64,000,000 tons of sulfur oxides are produced every year through the combustion of organic sulfur compounds in the oil industry. This leads to several environmentally serious problems, including air pollution. This research provides a novel strategy to utilize natural-based Graphene Oxide (GO) as a support for ruthenium (Ru/GO) to functionalize as a green catalyst for hydrodesulfurization. Physical activation of camel bone samples was carried out by carbonizing them at 500oC to produce camel bone charcoal. Modified hammer’s method was employed for GO production, followed by doping of ruthenium in a simple synthesis step. The prepared catalyst has been characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX techniques. Thiophene and 3-methylthiophene were used as model compounds in the hydrodesulfurization process. The catalytic reactions were carried out at atmospheric pressure in a continuous up-flow fixed-bed quartz reactor. The composition of the sulfur containing gaseous products was analyzed by gas chromatography. The product distribution achieved for thiophene was 3-6% butadiene and 76-77% butane. And for 3-methylthiophene, it was 32.3% of pentaned 1-pentene and 2-pentene and the selectivity percentage was 45%. Ru/GO has been found to be an excellent catalyst of thiophene and 3- methylthiophene hydrodesulfurization and is a considerable improvement when compared to the commercially available catalysts. The prepared catalyst shall potentially lead to the reduction of sulfur pollution in the future. The positive effect on the environment could be substantial.

圓網波攔─圓網結構之振盪模態影像分析

本次實驗探討網面結構不同所造成的振盪模態差異、振動頻率對網面結構振盪的模態差異。 本研究發現,蜘蛛網面的中央絲結構會直接影響到整個網面結構的振盪方式,以及能量散布的情形,希望藉由模態分析進行二維網面的討論。 當初想了解蜘蛛網結構對於分散衝擊力道的影響,為了簡化實驗變因而使用釣魚線進行模擬,所以設計出二維網面結構來模擬蜘蛛網面,並且改良過去的測量方式及振盪方法,加以探討二維網面結構,希望可以利用在生活中的相似抗震結構上。 實驗將觀察整片圓網結構在振盪下的模態能量散步以及傳遞方向趨勢,繪製出等振盪強度圖協助了解振動的分布,實驗結果指出蜘蛛網面的中央絲結構可以減緩振盪,這也是本次研究之後需要更進一步探討中央絲結構以及對能量傳遞的影響。

Auto-control water consumption System

By saving water you are saving lives including yours. All of us know that water is an invaluable and priceless gift. We can’t dispense it. The consumption of water differentiate from one country to another, we may use over quantities of water, in other countries people are thirsty living under the limits of poverty .It’s very important for agriculture, industry even human animals and plants can’t live without water. But people are careless, they consume a huge quantities of water in shower, washing car, gardening…. So that we thought to make this brilliant project F.W.S (frugal water system). This system is connected with you mobile phone by an application that shows you your water consuming and makes you control it. It record in every minute your consumption. This control system helps us to preserve water for the future generation. Besides, it tells you the price that you will pay and warns you if you pass the quantity of water that you should consume in a defined period. So you can also save your water bill. So we have to make this project works to let every person know that he is doing squandering water. With this system we can save planet resources of water. Finally, the water is as precious as our lives and with frugal water system, we will be able to monitor and control our water consumption. Also be alerted in the event of a leak or flooding. This project helps us to preserve water, reduce and avoid over-consumption. So we have to stand together against water squandering by making this project works.

新式TDESs之研發並應用於貴重金屬回收

本研究以氯化膽鹼 (choline chloride,ChCl)加上兩種氫鍵予體 (hydrogen-bond donor,HBD)共熔成之新式三混深共熔溶劑 (ternary deep eutectic solvents,TDESs)作為基礎,以循環伏安法 (cyclic voltammetry,CV)及奧士瓦黏度計 (ostwald viscometer)測量其電位窗及黏度後,進一步應用於電化學,將鋰離子電池中的鋰鈷氧化物 (LiCoO2)以及導電玻璃上的薄膜氧化銦錫 (ITO)等金屬鹽類溶於TDES中,再以電沉積方式將金屬回收,並以掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM)及能量分散光譜儀 (EDS)分析鍍層表面的形貌及成分。 實驗後得知以甘油及乳酸作為HBDs所製備出的TDES能將LiCoO2溶解,且在368.15 K的溫度下電沉積後得到100 %的純鈷金屬。 另外,將ITO玻璃放入上述之TDES中,在368.15 K的溫度下,約50秒即可溶解,且後可得到100 %的純銦金屬。

雙眼牆颱風侵臺路徑北偏現象之探討

本研究由近年來部分在登陸前產生雙眼牆(CE)結構的西行侵臺颱風發生實際路徑較預報路徑偏北的現象為發想。利用中央氣象局颱風資料庫,統計出發生北偏之西行颱風及其北偏幅度,並找出各種會影響颱風路徑的因素,將其一一量化後進行分析。 我們發現颱風之暴風圈半徑以及其是否有雙眼牆對颱風的北偏效應有顯著的影響,至於夫如數、背風渦旋強度等則有較小的影響力。 我們根據北偏效應,認為造成第四類路徑中產生雙眼牆結構者特別少的緣故,是因為許多原先為四類路徑的颱風因北偏轉至三類;我們也意外發現八、九類颱風完全沒有雙眼牆颱風,推測是南海空間及熱量問題。 我們也發現具有雙眼牆結構之颱風在登陸時,測站會測到兩個氣壓谷值,因此發現雙眼牆結構颱風在登陸時結構的不對稱性,未來可以此為依據量化雙眼牆結構。

Parallax Modelling of OGLE Microlensing Events

We present a study using microlensing event data from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE), recorded in the period 2002-2016 from the Galactic bulge. Our two algorithms are based on the standard point-source-point-lens (PSPL) model, and on the less conventional parallax model respectively. The optimal fit was found for each sample event in the chi-square optimization algorithm, along with the best fit parameters. Out of the 7 best fits, 4 show strong parallax effect. The microlensing fit parameters were then cross-matched with proper motion data from the Naval Observatory Merged Astrometric Dataset (NOMAD), to obtain lens mass estimation for four events. These were estimated to 0.447 solar masses, 0.269 solar masses, 0.269 solar masses and 17.075 solar masses respectively. All masses were within the microlensing mass interval for lenses found in similar studies. In this study, we conclude that the parallax model often better describe long events and demonstrate the importance of utilizing both PSPL fits and parallax fits, instead of only the PSPL model. By varying only 2 of the 7 parallax microlensing parameters instead of all simultaneously, we obtain plausible values for lens direction and lens transverse velocity: a method to investigate microlensing lens properties with no regard to its luminosity. In addition, we also present spectral classes of the NOMAD objects associated with each event, which is vital for future investigations to further confirm mass estimations. We present strategies to further enhance the algorithm to analyze the microlensing event light curve to better find deviations. We also conclude that our double model can potentially unveil the presence of dim lens objects (MACHOs) such as brown dwarfs, exoplanets or black holes.