臺灣

本研究是在探討收割後的綠竹筍(Bambusa oldhamii, green bamboo)的老化(aging)現象。一般人說的竹筍老了，通常是指竹筍的質地變硬，口感變差，此即是竹筍硬化的現象，而硬化的主因可能是竹筍受到逆境 (stress) 的刺激後，影響了基因表現的形態，導致纖維素和木質素的增加。竹筍採收後以不同方式處理，觀察切面的變化後發現，以0.2 M蔗糖水浸泡48小時後的竹筍，其切面比浸泡於水中或置於空氣中的竹筍切面較白，筍尖較綠且沒有枯萎的情況。不管是浸泡糖水、水或置於空氣中，都無法防止竹筍的硬化，但浸水和糖水可延緩竹筍硬化的情形，可見要防止竹筍老化，基本上要從抑制合成纖維素與木質素的酵素來著手。抽取竹筍切面處組織中的DNA並以DNA電泳分析之後發現，竹筍的DNA有被降解成小片段的現象，其大小差不多是180 bp的倍數，可見竹筍遇到逆境時也可能會有類似PCD (programmed cell death, 細胞程序性死亡) 的現象。抽取不同處理竹筍的蛋白質進行2D電泳，比較電泳結果發現，三種處理的竹筍的共同點在於減少的蛋白質幾乎都分布在等電點較低的部分。增加的蛋白質大多數分布在等電點較高的區域，這些增加的蛋白質可能和竹筍老現象與PCD有關。本研究還有兩個方向可以繼續延伸研究，第一個是將2D電泳上有明顯差異的蛋白質色點挖出，進行蛋白質定序，再從資料庫中比對，推測可能是何種蛋白質。第二個是研究抑制竹筍合成纖維素和木質素的?的方法，保持竹筍的口感，使竹筍能成為一種能外銷的食品。 The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the aging of the harvested green bamboo shoots. The research focused on how to prevent the aging of bamboo shoots and why green bamboo shoots become aging. The term “aging” means that the taste of bamboo shoots becomes hardness post harvest. At first, we tried to find out an anti-aging method, which is not only to keep the green bamboo shoots fresh, but also delicious. The method was to soak bamboo shoots in 0.2 M sucrose, in the water or without any treatment. After 48 hours, the cutting surfaces of bamboo shoots treated with sucrose were whiter, and their outer sheaths were greener than those of shoots soaked in the water or without treatment. The results showed that none of them can stop hardness. But the aging of sucrose- or water-treated shoots was retarded. The results suggest that inhibition of the enzyme activities involving cellulose and lignin synthesis may be required to prevent the aging of bamboo shoot post harvest. To get insight into the reason why bamboo shoots become hardness, the differences of protein patterns and DNA patterns between aging and fresh green bamboo shoots were analyzed and compared. The DNA from the bamboo tissues near cutting surface was isolated and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results showed that DNA from shoots was partially degraded. The fragments appear as a ladder of DNA with sizes in multiples of approximately 180 bp. The presence of the olignucleosome-size DNA fragments suggest that the cells may undergo programmed cell death (PCD). The degradation of DNA was not observed in shoots treated with sucrose. By comparing the results of 2-D gel electrophoresis, it was found that some proteins with low pI values decreased or disappeared post harvest, while proteins with increased levels were detected in the high pI area. These changes in these proteins may result in the aging of the bamboo shoots. Prevention of the aging of green bamboo shoots is not easy. However, I found out from this study that soaking the bamboo shoots in the 0.2 M sucrose was a possible way to preserve them. The cutting surface of sucrose-treated shoots remained white, and the sheaths of the shoots was greener than those treated with other methods. Moreover, the degradation of DNA was not observed. However, it still cannot completely stop the aging of bamboo shoots. Reducing the enzyme activities involving cellulose and lignin synthesis may be a direct way to prevent the aging of bamboo shoots. It seems like there are many things to discover in the future.

Astrocytes provide energy to neuron mainly with lactate, which is transported through monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). Among 14 isoforms of MCTs reported in mammals, only MCT1, 2 and 4 are expressed in brain and the three isoforms are found to differentially expressed in neuron and astrocyte, respectively. Based on these, “astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle” has been proposed. However, no in vivo evidence was available so far to support this hypothesis. In the present study, zebrafish was used as a model to provide in vivo molecular physiological evidence for the involvements of MCTs in the development and functioning of central nervous system (CNS). Full-length cDNAs of the zebrafish MCT1-4 were cloned from zebrafish. Based on RT-PCR results, zMCT1 and zGLUT4 expressed in brain were chosen for further experiment. Morpholino knockdown experiments provided for the 1st time the in vivo evidence to indicate that the zMCT1 and zMCT4 may be involved in energy translocation and functioning of the developing CNS. 於前人預備實驗中，發現斑馬魚胚胎時期肝醣訊號會於腦部與中樞神經系統區位出現。因此，醣類的分布與在細胞間的傳遞應可視為腦部發育的重要指標。我們以基因體資料庫為工具，研究斑馬魚腦部相關基因異構型分布。目前，我們選殖到數個葡萄糖運輸 (GLUT)、鈉離子/葡萄糖協同運輸(SGLT)與單羧基運輸(MCT)通道在斑馬魚腦部表現，其表現是否與胚胎初期中樞神經系統的發育相關仍未知。經過初步基因分析後，我們決定以MCT 中第一和四異構型作為研究對象，並用Anti-Hu，與PCNA 做神經觀測，將施打反股寡核?酸進行突變操作的斑馬魚，與對照組進行免疫染色分析，以螢光顯微鏡觀察發現：抑制MCT 表現，確實影響胚胎時期中樞神經細胞發育及鰓部細胞分裂；亦可能造成畸形出現。

A pair of bacterial two-component system RssB-RssA was cooperated into Serratia marcescens for toxicity phenolic compound detection. First step of this study, E coli was used to accept the plasmid and certified by fluorescent. Then transfer the system from E coli into Serratia marcescens. Finally, 7 kinds of chemical, included phenol, benzene, toluene, xylenes, 4-chlorotoluene, 2-nitrotoluene, and kerosene, were used to check the sensitivity of this gene modified Serratia marcescens line. The results showed that this gene modified Serratia marcescens line had good performances and responses to those chemicals. 本實驗是以一受到二元訊號傳遞系統調控的發光基因重組質體，送入黏質色拉雷菌中，並以製備好的菌株進行毒性化合物之測試。在實驗的第一階段，我們將重組質體送入大腸桿菌內，並以其發光的有無來判斷是否達到送入的目的，其後再以電泳法確認各基因片段是否正確。第二階段再以相同的方法將選殖好的重組發光質體送入黏質色拉雷菌。第三階段，以發光重組菌針對酚、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、4-氯甲苯、2-硝基甲苯及煤油進行發光測試。結果方面，我們發現黏質色拉雷菌發光重組菌對於這一系列的酚環類化合物的確具有相當高的敏感度。

在綠色能源中太陽能的利用充滿了無限的機會，其中利用太陽熱能發電的太陽能煙囪觀念有很大的潛力。在本研究中，我們以實驗的方法討論煙囪高度、入風口大小、管型等因素對solar chimney 效益的影響，發現就原先的觀念設計中，有相當大的改進空間。整體實驗而言，所改變的各項變數中，以管型之改變有最大的改進效益。就同長度直管與漸擴管而言，漸擴管在風速上有明顯改進效果，且以流速與截面積換算成效率，較原直管設計之效率高出約20 倍，因此推測漸擴管應用在現行之solar chimney 以改進效能是極有可行性的。研究中也發現煙囪管壁的熱傳導也會影響氣體的總體流動，使效率降低。相信此實驗之數據對日後嘗試對solar chimney 進行改進的研究者有相當之參考價值。Solar energy has a great market potential among many clean energies. The new solar chimney concept using solar thermal power in power generation may have a bright future. Experimental work was performed to study the energy conversion characteristics of a solar chimney. The air moving capability and the influences of chimney height, the shape of chimney and air entrance dimension were studied. It was found that there is a great room to improve the current solar chimney design and thus the efficiency. Overall speaking, the chimney pipe geometry may have the most significant impact on the improvement of performance. A diverged pipe configuration can induce nearly 20 times more flow than a traditional straight pipe. Another finding is the heat transfer effect on the chimney pipe may have the effect in reducing the flow. It is believed that the present study0 is valuable for those people in designing a future solar chimney.

中文摘要：\r 化學實驗中，常常會使用到各種具有揮發性的有機溶劑，如醇類、酸類、醛類及酮類等。\r 當吸入過量的揮發性有機溶劑時，將會對人體造成嚴重的傷害，故使用時格外需要留意。有\r 鑑於此，我們開始著手研究如何偵測氣相中的有機氣體分子。\r 本研究中，我們利用聚苯胺薄膜吸附氣體分子的特性並結合對質量變化極靈敏的石英晶\r 體微天平，自行設計了一套簡單、藥品用量少且不需昂貴儀器的實驗系統。藉由此系統，我\r 們有效的針對各種揮發性有機溶劑進行偵測，並進一步地探討不同氣體分子對於聚苯胺薄膜\r 的吸附現象。\r \r 英文摘要：\r Students usually use volatile organic solvent in laboratorys such as alcohols, carboxylic acids,\r aldehydes, ketones, etc. It will injure our body when we breathe in too much volatile organic\r solvent. For this purpose, we begin to study how to detect volatile organic compound in air.\r In this work, we combine polyaniline membrane which can adsorb gas molecules and quartz\r crystal microbalance which is highly sensitive to mass changes to design a simple and inexpensive\r system which needs only little chemicals. With this system, we can effectively detect different\r volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, we can also study the adsorption of polyaniline\r membrance for different volatile organic compounds.

A vast amount of research has been conducted on various ant species such as Monomonum pharaonis, Formica rufa, and Lasius niger, demonstrating the coexistence of polygyny and monogyny colonies. In polygyny colony, the high heredity variability of filial generation could be expected, but what could the monogyny colony do to hold the high heredity variability in order to increase the fitness? I hope I can account the sex ratio in the colony of spiny weaver ants, Polyrhachis dives, and compare the different colony with different reproductive strategies. I also want to check by V8 that the colony can form a polygyny colony and virgin queens can mate with many males of the same colony in the artificial nest. The results suggest that in the colony of spiny weaver ants, the higher the number of the dealate queens, the lower the number of the male. In the monogyny colony, workers control the sex ratio. According to the observation, we can see the alate adult mate in the artificial nest, and multimating can be recorded for the first time. The following study was there for undertaken to examine what’s the aftereffect made by the Reproductive strategies of polygyny colony and monogyny colony.在多后聚落內，子代變異度高是可以預期的，但是單后聚落中，又如何維持遺傳的變異度以增加其對環境的適應力呢？我們希望能計算黑棘蟻聚落組成，比較不同生殖策略的聚落之各種性比，並且錄影證實黑棘蟻聚落可以為多后聚落並進行巢內自交。我們發現：黑棘蟻聚落內，蟻后數愈高，則雄蟻比例較低；單后聚落之性比決定於工蟻；而根據錄影觀察，聚落中的有翅生殖族可在人工蟻巢中完成交配，多次交配的現象首次被實地紀錄，並且佔所有交配新生蟻后的92.8%。本實驗可利用黑棘蟻來了解單后與多后聚落的生殖策略對其族群發展的影響。

This research is about two ponds in the Behu park’s and the Dahu park’s snail(Square Mystery Snail：Sinotaia quadrata) in Taipei city of Nei-hu District for research object, carry out the study of the following research proceed: 1.Discriminate the algae species that are growth on the snail shell and which is a kind of interaction with the snail; 2.The influence of the snail and algae with difference of temperature, salinity, pH value and dark ; 3. The factors affect algae growth on snail shell; 4.Use the variation of snail and algae to be a biological incator. The result manifestation: the algae that are growth on snail shell have two kinds, one is Oscillatoriaceae and the other is Cladophora sp. The interaction between algae and snail belong to communalism, but under the condition of lacking of food, the snail then will eat the Cladophora sp. which grow on the shell of other snails. The temperature adapts aspect, upper limit of the feat existence of the snail should be low in 28℃. When over than 28℃, Cladophora sp. as the most strong, Oscillatoriaceae is secondly, and the snail then is most poor. For the maximum tolerance of the salinity, the snail is about 4.38?, Oscillatoriaceae is about 5.00?, Cladophora sp. is then about 5.83?; Under the different salinity for the tolerance , the Cladophora sp. still the most strong, Oscillatoriaceae is secondly, and the snail then is most poor. Under the dark environment, the speed of Oscillatoriaceae begin to be bleaching is very fast than the Cladophora sp.. In the tolerance of pH value range: The snail is about pH=5～10, Oscillatoriaceae is about pH=7～8, Cladophora sp. is about pH=6～8; When the pH value range is in the pH=5～8, the speed of the Oscillatoriaceae occur changing is very fast than Cladophora sp.. The algae are growing on snail shell very different between two ponds, the main reason is water pH value dissimilarly: When pH value over than 8.5, there is no Cladophora sp. to grow on the snail shell, after the pH value to decrease, Oscillatoriaceae then will compare early than Cladophora sp. to grow on the snail shell. Calculate by the classification of the freshwater biological incator : Two organic pollution degree of the ponds may be lain in theβ-mesosaprobic to theα-mesosaprobic, and the polluting degree of the Dahu pond is more seriously. As for two ponds, have already faced what level of eutrophication? Belong to actually which stage of pollution grade? Not only added the classification data of floating and fixative algea in two ponds, and also according to the parts of chemistry analysis method measure of the data makes the substantial evidence, then could carry out the more accurate and thorough study in the days to come steadily studying process.本研究是以臺北市內湖區兩個綠地公園(碧湖公園與大湖公園)池塘內的石田螺(Sinotaia quadrata)為研究對象，進行以下研究目的之探討：1.鑑別石田螺螺殼上藻類的種類及其與石田螺的互動關係；2.溫度、鹽度、酸鹼值及黑暗等環境因子的差異，對石田螺及螺殼上附生藻類的影響；3.影響藻類附生於石田螺螺殼上的因素；4.將石田螺及螺殼上附生藻類的變化作為監測環境因子或水質變異的指標現象。結果顯示：附生於石田螺螺殼上的藻類有顫藻(Oscillatoriaceae)與剛毛藻(Cladophora sp.)兩類；與石田螺的互動關係應屬於片利共生(communalism)，但在缺乏食物的情況下，石田螺則會採食同伴殼上的剛毛藻。溫度適應方面，石田螺適宜生存的溫度上限應低於28℃，超過28℃水溫環境的耐受程度，是以剛毛藻為最強，其次是顫藻，而石田螺則為最差。對於環境鹽度最大耐受度方面：石田螺約為4.38?，顫藻約為5.00?，剛毛藻則約為5.83?；在不同鹽度環境下，鹽度的耐受程度，仍以剛毛藻為最強，其次是顫藻，而石田螺則是最差。在黑暗環境下，顫藻褪色產生白化現象的速度明顯地比剛毛藻要快了許多。在環境酸鹼值耐受的範圍方面：石田螺約在pH＝5～10 之間，顫藻約在pH＝7～8 之間，剛毛藻則約在pH＝6～8之間；而酸鹼值範圍在ｐＨ＝5～8 時，顫藻產生變化的速度明顯地比剛毛藻還要快。而兩樣區池塘水體酸鹼值的不同，應是造成石田螺螺殼藻類附生現象差異的主要原因：當酸鹼值超過8.5 時，螺殼上就無剛毛藻附生，當酸鹼值降下後，顫藻則會比剛毛藻早出現在螺殼上。藉由淡水生物指標的分類推測：兩樣區池塘水體有機污染程度，可能介於β-中腐水性(β-mesosaprobic,βm)至α-中腐水性(α-mesosaprobic,αm)的範圍之間，而Ｄ池塘受污染的程度應會比Ｂ池塘還要更嚴重些。至於兩樣區池塘水體，已面臨了何種優養化的程度？究竟是屬於哪一個階段的污染等級呢？除須補充水體中浮游性及附著性藻類分類的詳細觀察資料外，仍必須參照部分水質化學分析法所測得的數據作佐證，才能在日後持續地研究過程中進行更精確及深入的探討。

本研究的目標是改進廚餘堆肥的三大關鍵：微生物、溫度、翻動，製作一台可以讓廚餘快速發酵、變成肥料的機器。 我們在廚餘中加入好氧發酵菌，利用"溫度升高"來判斷是否成功發酵。研究發現加入「米麴菌」可以加快升溫、發酵過程；廚餘鹽分超過正常飲食23倍會阻礙升溫發酵；澱粉、蛋白質類的廚餘適合讓米麴菌好氧發酵。 接著根據米麴菌好氧、升溫的特性，打造了一台「廚餘堆肥快速發酵機」，讓廚餘可以定溫保溫、攪拌接觸空氣，我們還設計方法測量哪種攪拌爪最能均勻攪拌。結果3天就能把廚餘變成乾燥的肥料，而且用活性碳粉解決了臭味問題。 最後用自製廚餘肥料種菜，結果葉寬葉高明顯增加、更快開花結果。所以我們設計的機器真的是快，又有效！

臉部皮膚會長出小小骨頭喔！皮膚多發性粟粒型骨瘤的發現，X光顯像，治病機轉與雷射在治療上的應用。本篇研究是探討一種特殊又不易偵測的骨瘤，皮膚多發性粟粒型骨瘤(MMOC)，利用各種X光顯像技術，應用在痤瘡病患，偵測其分佈、發生率和疾病之可能相關；並利用組織病理發現去推測致病機轉；且利用各種雷射光，在體內與體外進行治療性的探索，並獲致重要的結論如下：(1)MMOC非常常見，每個人都有可能發生，但臨床不易被偵測，跟性別無關，但與年齡增長成正相關；(2)病灶分佈包括額頭、眼皮、鼻子、臉頰及頸部，與痤瘡的病灶分佈十分類似，但與痤瘡的疾病活性與疤痕的嚴重度並無相關。(3)利用乳房攝影的斜切照影技術，是最簡易有效的偵測方式。(4)病理組織中有些皮膚腫瘤伴有MMOC存在，並非此腫瘤有其特異性。(5)MMOC是一個因為皮膚毛囊皮脂腺在不明顯的發炎下所造成的轉化型骨形成反應。(6)紅寶石雷射及銣-雅鉻雷射對色素性骨瘤是一有效的去除技術。鉺-亞鉻雷射及二氧化碳雷射磨皮技術，對嚴重痤瘡疤痕並有MMOC患者，亦為一良好治療方式。Multiple Miliary Osteoma Cutis(MMOC) is a kind of special condition and difficult to detect clinically. By using different kinds of X-ray techniques and compared the clinical data from the patients with acne of face, by observing the changes of skin tissue specimens for searching the possible mechanism of osteogenesis and by using scanning electron microscopic observation and energy dispersive Xray analysis for evaluating the biophysical effects on osteoma after Ruby, ND-YAG, Erbium:YAG or CO2 Laser irradiation, we concluded that: MMOC, a very common condition, may develop in everyone. MMOC can be easily demonstrated by the modified mammographic technique. The density of calcification in MMOC is not related to the sex of patients, the activity of acne, and the severity of atrophic scar but correlated with the age of the patients. MMOC, a non-specific condition, results from metaplastic ossification occurring within preexisting subclinical inflammatory processes of the pilosebaceous unit and may be found incidentally in different kinds of facial tumor. Ruby or ND-YAG laser may have some explosive effect on pigmented MMOC. CO2 or Erbium:YAG laser dermabrasion can be used to treat MMOC with acne scar.

光催化氧化反應以半導體金屬氧化物為催化劑，進行有機性空氣污染物之快速分解反應。其原理係將半導體材質（如：二氧化鈦，TiO2），在適合之光能量照射下，將半導體激發成為具有氧化/還原能力之催化劑，可加速氧化還原反應之進行，迅速分解有機污染物。 研究動機在於利用TiO2在紫外光的照射下，將H2O 分解產生自由基，使其和水中的重金屬離子進行氧化還原反應，期待可以還原水中的重金屬藉以降低水中重金屬離子濃度，同時藉由使用界面活性劑對奈米微粒具保護作用，可回收重金屬奈米微粒。 由實驗結果得知在紫外光照射下，TiO2 使用量0.5 克，AgNO3(aq) 0.01M，照光24 小時其電導度值上升最多且在溶液表面觀察到銀白色銀金屬薄膜生成而所測得銀金屬析出量明顯增加。探討超音波振盪對TiO2還原力的影響得知，超音波震盪的時間越久，所上升的電導度值愈多。 探討常見的界面活性劑（陽離子型及陰離子型）對TiO2還原力的影響：從數據中可觀察到，加入陰離子界面劑時，電導度值明顯上升；而加入陽離子界面活性劑後，電導度值迅速下降，照光後電導度值也不理想。 探討日光及不同頻率的紫外光照射光源對TiO2還原力的影響：發現紫外光的波長愈短，銀金屬析出的量愈多。 探討除氧處理之溶液對TiO2 還原力的影響得知，除氧處理後所配製的AgNO3（aq）0.01M， 經照光24 小時後電導度值明顯上升，且在溶液表面觀察到大片銀白色銀金屬薄膜生成而所測得銀的析出量也大幅增加。 ;In the experiment, we used the properties of T i O 2 that can catalyzed by UV rays and breaking the molecules of water and produce free radicals, which free radicals can redox metallic oxide as accelerator to analyze organic pollutant briskly. We use different shinning time and to find the best effect of the redox reaction . So we want to use this attribute to begin the redox reaction with the metal ion (for example: Ag＋) in water, expecting to reduce them. And then we can use this method to recycle the metal and to reduce the pollution in rivers. Throughout shining UV rays in 24 hours, we can find out the best effect of TiO2 reducing the metal ion solution. We can also find that we use ultrasonic first; the more redox it will have. In this research ,we can observed that if we put more anion surface-active agent, the more redox it will have. We find the effect of UV rays is better than visible light. The most important is that we deoxidize the metal ion solution, we can get the best effect of the redox reaction . In our research，we can't get the satisfing result of the copper sulphate (CuSO4) by TiO2 accelerating the redox reaction under UV rays.