核醣核酸蛋白粒之K 蛋白基因表現及功能之研究
核糖核酸蛋白粒之K 蛋白具有多種功能，可參與在基因轉錄和蛋白質轉譯等過程。我們發現\r 一新奇的cDNA 較已報告的K 蛋白cDNA 少了72 個核?酸，分別命名為S 形與L 形。由基因\r 組DNA 的分析，S 形可能是經由替代剪接少了第8 個exon 所形成。以西方墨點法分析細胞中\r 的K 蛋白，亦證明有S 形存在，其表現量較少且多存在於細胞核中。為了探究兩種K 蛋白等\r 形的表現和功能，我們以PCR 偵測K 蛋白在不同組織與細胞株和人類乳腺腫瘤組織中的RNA\r 表現，結果顯示主要以L 形為主;我們並將S 形與L 形K 蛋白分別轉染至人類乳癌細胞株MCF7\r 中，以抗生素篩選出穩定表現K 蛋白之細胞株，生長速率分析顯示表現S 形之細胞株生長速\r 率較慢，其分子機轉仍有待研究。另外在比對K 蛋白之基因組DNA 時，除了在第九對色體\r 上有完整之K 蛋白基因組DNA，我們亦發現在第2、3、5 及11 對染色體上有類似K 蛋白基\r 因的序列，以cDNA 的形式存在，這些DNA 序列是否可以表現RNA 及其意義為何，目前尚\r 不清楚。Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) is a multifunctional protein known to be\r involved in the regulation of transcription, translation, nuclear transport and signal transduction. We\r have identified an alternative splicing transcript of hnRNP K lacking exon 8. This novel isoform\r (named S form compares to L form of full-length hnRNP K) encodes a protein that is 24 amino acids\r depletion between RNA binding KH1 and KH2 domain. To explore the functional roles of both isoforms,\r we detect their expression in several tissues (including liver, lung, kidney and heart), cell lines (MCF7,\r 293T, HeLa, NIH3T3, WEHI, P388D1) and specimens of human mammary gland tumor by RT- PCR.\r The results showed that L form was expressed in all samples, whereas S form was only expressed in cell\r lines. Using Western blotting analysis, we found that L form existed in both cytosol and nuclear\r fractions, and little amount of S form was detected in the nuclear extract. Furthermore, we construct the\r MCF7 cell lines that stably expressed S form or L form hnRNP K. Growth rate analysis indicates that\r the overexpression of S form of hnRNP K could decrease cell growth rate. The molecular mechanisms\r of growth inhibition by S form hnRNP K are to be further investigated. On the other hand, when we\r blast the human genomic genebank, we found except the chromosome 9 containing complete hnRNP K\r genomic DNA, there are near complete hnRNP K cDNA sequence appears in chromosome 2, 3, 5, and 11.\r The meaning of these sequences is unclear.
外觀數列
The Look and Say sequence is produced by describing the appearance of the previous row. For example, start with “1,” which can be described as “one 1,” and therefore the second row is “11,” which is "two 1s," making the third row “21,” the fourth row “1211,”and so on. The main goal of this study is to work out the exact formula for this sequence, which means given the row number n, we can know at once what the n-th row is without having to start from the first row and doing the look-and-say iteration for n-1 times. Some of the methods used include dividing groups, repetition and cracks. The formula we derived speeds up the calculation and gives us a better understanding of the look and say sequence.「外觀數列」為依照外觀產生下一列的數列，第一列為「1」，第二列描述第一列「1 個1」而為「11」，第三列則描述第二列「2 個1」而為「21」，第四列「1211」，依此類推。本研究針對外觀數列的各項數學性質作研究探討，並由此推導出外觀數列的一般式，即給定第n 列就可知道該列的內容。我們運用了分組、重複性以及裂縫的方法分析數列，最後得到了其一般式，此一般式有助於運算速度的加快以及我們對數列性質的了解。
日長處理對大豆蛋白質合成的影響
日照影響花芽分化及生長試植物生理學上的重要課題,根據相關文獻指出,蛋白質類型的變化是影響開化的重要關鍵,大豆是短日照植物,分別以長日照(LD18hr/DAY)和短日照(SD6hr/DAY)處理,抽取葉片中的蛋白質以SDS-PAGE.2D-SDS-PAGE分析,SDS-PAGE的實驗姐果顯示出在分子量25.2 32.9 38.6 20.6 64.0 100.6 kDa處中的蛋白質SD比LD的量多,但是在分子量16.8kDa以下的蛋白質LD含有高濃度而自SD只有一點,我們使用2D-SDS-PAGE做進一步的分析,SD與LD分為三個區塊討論(SD1-3 LD1-3)有許多蛋白自LD1.LD3出現,但在SD1 SD3中未出現,可能有抑制花芽分化的作用,而在SD2中有多個高濃度蛋白出現,可能在花芽分化上扮演重角色,其中編號P1 P2的蛋白質有較明顯的變化,根據NCBI網站上的資料顯示,P1蛋白質與光敏素C有關,而P2蛋白質則沒有找到分子量等電點類似的蛋白質;The effects of photoeriod on floral initation and develoment is an imporant phyiological subject and have studed ve he past 70 years. Accrding to the reference, polypeptide partten plays an important rolein photoperiodic induction. Soybean s a SD(short day)plant. So we planted them with 6-h(short day,SD)and 18-h(long day,LD)photoperiods. Total proteins n leaves of soyban were extracted from the vegetable,SD and LD. And using SDS-PAGE and 2-D eloctrophoresis to analyze. 25.2,32.9,38.6,50.6,64.0,and 100.6kDa polypeptides in SDS-PAGE were always present in leavess at SD but only a little bands f the polypeptides appeared at LD. And many polypeptides whose molecular weight(Mw)is below 16.8 kDa had higher concentration at LD ad Reduced at SD. We found three different areas(SD1~3,LD1~3) and analyze them. Many proteins were found n LD1,LD3 and reduced in SD2,SD5. Possibly, these polypeptides found in LD1 and LD3 play an important role in restraining floral iniiation in soybean. Many proeins had more concentration in SD2. Probably, they play an important role in photoperiodic induction and floral initiation. We found a protein labeled P1 in SD2 and it is with molecular weight(Mw) of 36kDa at isoelectric point(pI) of5.2, and it may be related to cytochromeC. We also found protein labeled P2 in SD2 and it is with molecular weight(Mw) of 40.2kDa at isoelectric point(pI)of 5.4, and we couldn't find any protein that has the similary Mw and pI in potein database about flowering and daylength.
半屏山之簷下姬鬼蛛的研究
The spiders, Neoscona nautica, often appear in groups, but individuals have their own sense of territory.They usually spin webs among branches during 6:00~ 8:00 in the evening. When building webs, they will first start with bridges and then spin Y-shaped spokes. Next, they spin meshe of net, silk frame, spokes, spirals and free-zone in order. After finishing webs, they will wait for prey on the free-zone or meshe of net. If they find something inanimate on the web, they will break the spiral attached with the inanimate object that is later removed. If the meshe of net is broken, they will fix it immediately. For them, the time to take webs back is during 2:30~ 6:00 in the morning. Most time they use the first pair and the second pair of legs to take webs back and swallow the webs. Sometimes, they break the spirals by the last pair of legs. The sequence to take webs back is : lower right section, lower middle section, lower left section, upper left section, and upper right section. At last, one thread of bridge will be left. Every early mornings they take webs back and swallow them. The next evening they rebuild webs. Possibly there are two reasons to explain why spiders eat their webs: (1).They swallow webs to get protein. (2).The web threads are easily polluted by dust and humidity and reduce stickiness. The web may also reduce the probability of capturing prey. The body length of them is not related to effective web dimensions. However, the web sizes depend on the width of web-building location. The study shows linear relation among body length, meshe of net and dimensions of free-zone. The linear relation represents that the meshe of net and free-zone have ecological or survival meaning for them. We expect that this study of Neoscona nautica can be helpful to build spider ecological database in Taiwan.簷下姬鬼蛛常成群出現，但個體卻有很強的領域性；常於下午6：00 至8：00 結網於樹枝間，結網時，先以橋絲為出發，織出一Y 形的縱絲，再由此依序織出中空網眼、絲框、縱絲、橫絲、棲息圈，網結好後，簷下姬鬼蛛則在棲息圈或網眼靜候獵物，若發現網上有非生物之異物，則將黏住異物的橫絲弄斷，再把網上的異物丟棄；若網眼被破壞，則會立即修補。收網時間為凌晨2：30 至凌晨6：00，收網時，大部分由第一、二對步足進行收網，偶爾會用最後一對步足將橫絲弄斷，一邊收網一邊將網吞食，收網的順序為：右下、中下、左下、左上、右上，最後留下一條橋絲。簷下姬鬼蛛每天清晨都會收網，並將網吃掉，翌日傍晚再重新結網，其可能原因有兩點：(1)將網吃掉以補充蛋白質。(2)蛛絲容易受灰塵、水氣之污染而減小黏性，降低獵捕功效。簷下姬鬼蛛體長與有效網面積無關，但網的大小視其結網地點寬敞程度而定。體長與網眼、棲息圈面積呈線性關係，表示網眼和棲息圈對簷下姬鬼蛛具有生態或生存意義。我們對簷下姬鬼蛛生態調查之結果，希望能幫助台灣的蜘蛛生態資料庫之建立。
野外實測嗜酸性溫泉紅藻光合作用能力之特性
台灣溫泉資源豐富，不同的溫泉泉質適合不同的溫泉藻類生長。溫泉藻屬於極端生物，其應用資源極待研究開發。本研究根據細胞型態、藻膽蛋白種類分析以及rbcL 基因定序等結果推測北投溫泉藻屬於一種溫泉紅藻，其種類近似於Galdieria sp. (Rhodophyta)。此外，本研究利用葉綠素螢光分析儀於野外實測北投溫泉紅藻於不同光強度下，光合作用能力的差異，發現適應於不同光強度的溫泉紅藻，其電子傳遞速率並無顯著的差異。推測其原因可能與北投溫泉紅藻的phycocyanin 含量會隨著光量有所調整，藉此達到最佳的光合作用能力有關。另外，本研究發現隨著光強度的上升，溫泉藻的NPQ 值有上升的趨勢，然而低光區的溫泉藻有較高的NPQ 值，此與一般理論不符。利用HPLC 分析北投溫泉紅藻的類胡蘿蔔素種類組成，其種類分別為Lutein、α-carotein、β-carotein 與Zeaxanthin，未發現Violanxanthin 與Antheraxanthin，北投溫泉紅藻並不俱有葉黃素迴圈。因此根據研究結果，我們認為NPQ 值與色素的關係仍有討論的空間Taiwan is resourceful in hot springs. Various hot spring algae are adapted to different types of hot springs. Hot spring algae applications are still under developing. In this work, based upon the morphology, analysis of phycobiliproteins, and rbcL sequences, the hot spring algae of Peitou is found to be Galdieria maxima (Rhodophyta). In addition, the dependence of the photosynthesis of Galdieria maxima on the light intensity was measured by Diving-PAM. The results show that the light energy availability efficiency of Galdieria maxima adapting to different light intensity exhibited different, although the electron circulate rate differed insignificantly. This suggests that the concentration of phycocyanin in Galdieria maxima may vary to attain optimal photosynthesis. Furthermore, the NPQ of Galdieria maxima increase with the light intensity. However, contradict to the theory; even under the same light intensity, the NPQ of Galdieria maxima was higher at low light zone. The carotene composition of Galdieria maxima was analyzed using HPLC and found lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene, and zeaxanthin. Violaxanthin and antheraxanthin were not present. Therefore, Galdieria maxima do not exhibit xanthophyll. Based on the results of this study, the correlation between NPQ and pigment still needs to be investigated.
趨光性及族群壓力的探討
The purpose of the research was to find the relationship between the fruit fly’s attraction to light (or heliotaxis) and their genes. Fruit flies, because of their short life span of approximately two weeks, and their simple requirements for survival, are ideal candidates for the study. With a specially designed device "Mi Gong" for the experiments, fruit flies could be separated and cultivated in accordance to their preference to specific wavelengths of light. They received cross-breeding and were studied to learn the ratio of the resulting offspring in their preference to the light. It was observed that the majority of the fruit flies were more attracted to violet light. It was also found that the next generation of the fruit fly inherited higher sensitivity to the light than their parents. Knowing that there could be potential margin of errors in the experiments, the results of the study demonstrated that light, as an external source, had limited impact to heliotaxis of fruit fly. The study suggested that insects with heliotaxis, including fruit fly, inherited heliotaxis in their genes. The study also pointed out the potential benefits of employing heliotaxis in many areas especially in the agricultural development. Furthermore, heliotaxis can be utilized to study the difference in the behavior of nightlife insects before and after the invention of manmade light source.這項研究，主要是在探討果蠅的趨光性和遺傳的關係。很多種昆蟲都具備趨光性，我們之所以以果蠅作實驗，主要是因為其生活週期短，大約兩週，且易於培養。實驗內容是以「迷宮器材」來鑑別果蠅對某一特殊色光的偏好，將該群果蠅分離出來培養，令其繁衍後代，觀察其後代對此一色光偏好的比率，我們所用的果蠅大致上對綠色光較敏感，而其子代的敏感度較親代高。因此，我們推論趨光性會遺傳，且受光影響，但並非全由光影響，故這可能是實驗中的誤差成因。雖然此實驗是以果蠅為對象，但亦可假設其它具趨光性的昆蟲，也可能是因遺傳而導致其子代有趨光性，而我們可利用其趨光的一些特性，減少農作物因害蟲類的果蠅而損失，並且希望可以得知,在人造光源還未出現在世上時，夜行性昆蟲是否有差異。
利用自製頻譜儀研究蜜蜂的發聲系統
本研究利用麥克風與相關電腦設備，結合成自製頻譜儀用以觀測多種情況下蜜蜂的聲音頻率。若將蜜蜂的翅膀加以修剪，可測得有不同的頻率，解析頻率發現「翅膀為主要發聲點，但去除翅膀仍有高頻的發聲，且有三種不同的頻率。」將蜜蜂置於不同溫度下，解析頻率得知「一定溫度範圍內，溫度越高蜜蜂發聲頻率越高，反之亦然。」幼期在胸部塗顏料使絨毛無法生長，去除雙翅後，仍有頻率相近的發聲，得知「胸部絨毛不是造成高頻的原因。」靜置５分鐘，待蜜蜂停止發聲後，剪去腳、挑弄蜜蜂會發出高頻，得知「情緒是引起高頻的原因。」將蜜蜂的翅膀加以修剪，分別放回蜂窩口，發現「同一族群蜜蜂可用發聲頻率來辨別同伴。」比較義大利蜂及中華蜜蜂，得知「在多種情況下中華蜜蜂發聲頻率皆較義大利蜂高約７０Hz。」因此本實驗之結論並不受蜂種影響。The study, capitalizing on a hand-made frequency divider, the microphone and computerized equipment, observes a variety of frequency of sound given off by bees. We read different frequencies from the apparatus when the bee’s wings were trimmed. Analyzing it, we discover that the bee’s winds are major source of its sound, but it still gives out high-frequency sound when the wings were completely cut off.” After analyzing the frequency, we discover that within a certain temperature range the higher the temperature is, the higher the frequency is, and vice versa. In one experiment, we painted the thorax at its pupal stage to stop the bee from growing fine hairs. Even though the wings had been removed, it still gave out high-frequency sound. We, therefore, conclude that fine hairs on the thorax have nothing to do with the making of the sound. In another experiment, bees were placed in an undisturbed environment until they are completely silent. Then, some of the bee’s legs were cut off, while others were provoked. And all the bees make high-frequency sound in the process. We make a hypothesis that emotion could be the cause of bees’ sound-making. The bees with different trimmed wings were put back to the beehive; the bees can still recognize one another by the different sound frequencies. If we compare A. m. ligustica with A. c. cerana under different conditions, we find that the frequency from the latter is about 70 Hz higher than that form the former.
神經妙算流博村-是洪水？是山崩？
南投溪頭米堤飯店在2001 年因土石流受創，產險公司以「土石流即是山崩」為由拒絕理賠。歷經5 年的訴訟後，2007 年1 月台灣高等法院認定，土石流屬保險契約中所規範的「洪水」，並非「山崩」，判決產險公司應給付賠償金。土石流究竟是洪水？是山崩？主要因素便是土石流發生的水文因子。本文藉由博愛村的現場調查及文獻探討先作初步資料分析（preliminary analysis），了解到地文因子(physiographical factor)是土石流發生的充分條件，非必要條件；一般僅考慮雨量因子，把地文因子看作常數（忽略地文因子受水文因子歷程(course)影響），簡單易懂，但在安全與經濟考量上有待討論。使用類神經網路對已發生過的土石流事件計算土石流發生臨界曲線，並使用模糊理論計算松鶴地區其受水文因子影響的土石流發生臨界曲線，這樣的模式，考慮似乎比較周到。由「米堤飯店」的例證，更說明土石流發生的水文因子的必要性。Lemidi hotel, Xitou, Nantou because mudflows and landslides and was wounded in 2001. The Insurance Company refused to settle a claim on the position on “A landside is a debris flow”. After the lawsuit which was going through 5 years. In January, 2007, the High Court of Taiwan asserted that the adversity in the 2001 belongs to “the flood” in the norm of the insurance agreement. As the norm of the insurance agreement said, the debris flows in the land is the flood, not the “landslide”. The High Court of Taiwan judged that the Insurance Company should compensate the Lemidi Hotel. Is debris low a landslide or a flood? The main cause is the Hydrology in the happening of a debris flow. We did preliminary analysis of forms by on-the-spot investigation on Song-Ho Village and reference discussing. We realized that physiographical factor is an abundant condition for a happening of a debris flow, not the essential condition. Generally, people only consider rainfall factor. And they consider physiographical factor as not as constant (neglect the influence of hydrology factor to physiographical factor). We can understand easily in that way. Therefore, in the aspect of security and economy, there is much doubt that is needed to be discussed. People who use neural network method to calculate the curve of the debris flow happening , and used fuzzy theory to calculate the curve of the debris flow happening which is influenced by the hydrology in Song-Ho Village. In that way, we may consider more thoughtful. From the example of the Lemidi Hotel in Nantou, we can prove that how necessary the hydrology factor in the debris flow is.