免疫治療的新展望：從一個疾病的動物模式，探討樹突狀細胞的培養與分析
胰島素依賴型糖尿病(insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; IDDM)是一種胰島素無法正常分泌的自體免疫疾病;而NOD老鼠(non-obese diabetic mouse，NOD)的病徵與其非常相似。藉由觀察NOD老鼠發病前後外顯行為及疑導組織切片的差異，我們認為胰島素依賴型糖尿病的致病機轉是因為T細胞工及胰島組織中製造胰島素的β細胞，使胰島素分泌不足而引起糖尿病；而樹突狀細胞(dendritic cell，DC)是調控淋巴細胞反映的重要調節細胞，未來可望利用樹突狀細胞進行胰島素依賴型糖尿病的免疫調控治療。本實驗即是利用IL-4、GM-CSF使NOD老鼠的骨隨幹細胞分化樹突狀細胞，並藉由控制NOD老鼠的年紀與的數突狀細胞培養天數，希望取得較多的數突狀細胞，以利未來免疫治療之用。Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a spontaneously occurring autoimmune disease in which cellular immune components mediate destruction of the insulin-producing βcells of the pancreas. It begins with an asymptomatic stage during theβcells are gradually destroyed. These patients have to depend on injecting insulin to lower their blood glucose, facing the dander of being infected. So we want to research into the cause of IDDM by model animal- NOD mouse (non-obese diabetic mouse). We observe the differences of exterior behavior and sections of pancreas organization between NOD mice and normal ones. It has been shown that the immunophological mechanism of IDDM is T cells destroy βcells of genetically predisposed individuals and result in insufficiency of insulin-producing. Dendritic cells(DC), having great Ag-presenting ability, are related to IDDM. We cultivate bone marrow stem cells of 5-week-old,8-week-old, and 21-week-old NOD mice treated with IL-4,GM-CSF and make them differentiate into dendritic cells. The result shows that using 8-week-old NOD mice to cultivate will get the largest amount of dendritic cells. We also compare the percentage of differentiated DCs for 6 days’ culture with 9 days’,and we find that 9 days’is better. Dendritic cells are the effect Antigen-presenting cells which can be used for immunotherapy of IDDM , though , its complicated mechanism still needs further researching and developing. We hope in the future IDDM patients could get rid of the suffering of injecting insulin in their whole life.
關於渦旋
A professor once told me that scientists have already known a lot about vortices, but less about how to tackle with them in here and there cases. As to my mind, this means knowing by halves. As a matter of fact, I gradually found that human may not know more than a dragonfly! A dragonfly flying in a figure of eight pattern does know about Vortices Recycling. The highlight of the experiment is the hovering ability upon a fixed point in the air. Who can stay longer will be the king of Vortices. Sometimes I am not so optimistic about mimicking a fly or a bat, but I am really very interesting in discovering which flying mechanism is more effective,『Fling Mechanism』 or 『In a figure of eight pattern』, if with the same weight and energy? How to implement their mechanism in our flying machine? It is always the best policy to do naturally with vortices. The conservation of vortices is found here and there. Vortex itself is energetic. To gain means to keep. The one who is able to keep vortices will be rewarded. As in life generation and the ability of hovering, the rule follows. Typhoons and tornados still threat us like the beasts. And what’s more, a jumbo-airplane was crashed as beaten by tip vortices of the former airplane. As the dragonflies, the beautiful acrobats of vortices , infuse in tip vortices. Not the strong contradistinction did we realize that it is time for vortices!研究渦旋已經四年。四年之中，涉獵了許多關於渦旋的實驗。當我越了解渦旋，就越佩服那些卓越的昆蟲朋友們，他們可說是調配利用渦旋的大師。從候鳥遷徙的V字型隊伍、海豚的渦旋氣球、到蜻蜓八字型的飛行機制，我很想知道：在一個固定的流場中，到底哪一種運動機制，能最有效率的提供上升的力量？而如何將昆蟲朋友們的高超技術，運用到人類飛行載具上？將是我有興趣的另一項課題。『關於渦旋』是一系列渦旋實驗，目的就是自基礎開始深入了解在地球這樣環境下渦旋的性質。（一）探討基礎的渦旋本質（二）產生相對運動下物體的的渦旋架構（三）物體取得升力和失去升力的要件（四）昆蟲飛行機制探密（五）未來展望與渦旋的運用經過長時間的觀察可以了解到：1、渦旋遵守動量守恆。是以渦旋出現時是成對的2、渦旋是具有能量的。在上升力取得方面，當攻角過大時，渦旋剝離，造成能量的損失；以至於飛行載具失速。而蜻蜓是保有渦旋並加以利用的高手，自然事半功倍。順勢而為，渦旋增強。
空心球的奧秘
上體育課的時候看到同學投空心球（籃球在沒有碰著籃框的情況下進入籃中），覺得好厲害。因此，我們利用相關的數學知識與運動原理來討論籃球投出後的運行軌跡，以及影響其命中率的相關因素。我們得知籃球的運行軌跡是一條拋物線，並求出其二次方程式；並利用標準籃球直徑與籃框直徑找出籃球進入籃框的最小入射角。若要提高命中率，必須考慮籃球投出時的投射角、初速度、籃球投出時的高度以及籃球與籃框水平距離之間的相關影響。此外，我們藉由電腦軟體列出相關數據提供作為實際投籃時的參考，並藉此進一步分析上述因素如何影響籃球運行軌跡以及如何提高投籃的命中率。Those who always shoot nothing but the net in basketball games were always heroes to me. I have being thinking for a long time how to become a person of that kind. For this, we investigated the trajectory of shooting a basketball and the factors to increasing the field goal percentages through our knowledge on mathematics and physics. We have obtained that the trajectory is in fact a parabola and, we further, found its quadratic equation. We also derived the minimal incident angle from the diameters of the standard basketball and hoop as well as the quadratic equation we have found. To raise the field goal percentages, some important factors must be taken into consideration, such as the vertical and horizontal distance between the basketball and the hoop, the incident angle and the initial velocity of shooting. Finally, we provide some concerning data for reference, and analyzed how the important factors we have mentioned above have affected our basketball trajectory and how, of the most importance, to increase the field goal percentages
液滴在我眼前蒸發
本研究的目的在觀察液滴的蒸發過程，探討影響一滴蒸發方式改變的變因。我們利用數位攝影機外加近攝鏡頭，由側面逆光拍攝液滴蒸發過程，並轉錄成電子檔利用電腦協助分析。液滴影像分隔放大投影在方格紙上，以便測量接觸角及高度的變化。結果發現蒸發情形可分為三種：Ⅰ.當接觸角大於九十度時，液滴和界面的接觸線迅速外擴，直到接觸角遞減至90度後定住不動，蒸發終了時，接觸線迅速內縮，留下縮小的實心殘跡。Ⅱ. 當接觸角小於九十度時，接觸線先些微外擴迅速外擴，之後定住不動，直到蒸發終點，液體內縮，留下環狀殘跡。Ⅲ.當接觸角小等於九十度時，接觸線始終定住不變，液滴蒸發後留下原大小的實心班跡。液滴蒸發時接觸角和高度並不是連續變化，而是交互階梯式遞減。本研究的結果可應用在探討噴漆及噴墨印表機的噴墨印刷上。The objective of this investigation is to observe the evaporation of liquid drop and find out the factors that could affect it. A digital camera with micro lens is used to film the process of the evaporation. And a close-up of the sample drop is taken with backlight. The results are analyzed with a personal computer. The magnified images of the drops are projected on grid papers for measuring the changes on contact angles, and heights of drops. We classify the evaporation of a drop into three types: Ⅰ. The contact angle is greater than 90 degrees. At first, the contact line will spread outwardly till the contact angle decrease to the 90 degrees and then be pinned until the evaporation reach its terminal. At last the contact line quickly contract inwardly, and a solid stain remain. Ⅱ. The contact angle is less than 90 degrees. The contact line will spread slightly and then be pinned. At the terminal the liquid contract inward, and a ring-like stain is formed. Ⅲ. The contact angle is equal to 90 degrees. The contact line will always be pinned, and no ring, but spot stain is left. During the evaporation, we discover that the contact angle and the height of the drop do not change continuously but alternatively decrease by steps. The results of our investigation can be applied to the aspects of paint-spraying and jet printers.
甩毛巾與音爆
在網路上看到甩毛巾、皮鞭的影片，會產生巨大的聲響，查找了資料，我們知道當發聲體超過音速時便會產生音爆。部分文獻提到，毛巾或皮鞭生成音爆原因是來自於角動量守衡理論，我們想利用實驗方法來驗證其正確性，因此利用video point 來分析影片討論手的加速度和毛巾末端質量、長度的關係，並用crocodile physics 做電腦模擬，我們發現毛巾長度與音爆產生無關，這樣和角動量理論模型有所不同。所以我們嘗試利用能量守恆及自由端反射駐波理論來解釋毛巾產生音爆關係，並利用影片分析及crocodile physics 驗證其正確性。We saw the film clippings on the Internet about snapping towels and whips, which made a big noise. After going through related literature, we found out that it is called the sonic boom .Some papers say that the sonic boom results from the Location momentum conservation theory. To prove its accuracy, we used a kind of computer software called Video Point to analyze in the clippings the movement of the hand, understanding the relationship between the mass of the towel end and the length of the towel. We also used another software called Crocodile Physics to simulate the whole process. We discovered that there is no connection between the length of the towel and the sonic boom. It does not conform to the Location momentum conservation theory. We then in turn employed energy conservation theory and the trait of the standing wave (specific wave length) to explain, when we also used Video Point and Crocodile Physics to prove.
研究傳統降火氣食品是否具有抗發炎效果
在炎炎夏日總希望來點可以「降火氣」的食品，依據古籍記載某些中藥材具有降火氣的效應，而中醫所謂的降火氣與西醫的抗發炎反應密切相關。本實驗利用巨噬細胞株受到LPS (Lipopolysaccharide，革蘭氏陰性菌細胞壁表面所含有的脂多醣體)刺激後，會分泌發炎介質的現象，再分別加入各項傳統認為可降火氣(以菊花、薏仁、仙草作為樣品)或上火氣(選用龍眼作為樣品)的中藥食材，來評估中藥材對巨噬細胞分泌發炎介質能力的影響。經由實驗，我們發現市售的『降火氣』中藥食材，在適當的濃度下，確實具有降低IL-6、TNF-α 分泌量的能力，但濃度過高時卻會造成細胞凋亡。另外，傳統以水熬煮的方式比冷凍乾燥取得的樣品有更好的降低IL-6、TNF-α 分泌量的能力。 我們期望以此一系列的實驗，來建立篩選『降火氣』食材的抗發炎效用的研究模式，並在後續實驗中可用以篩選出更多具抗發炎效應的中藥材。In summer, people always consider eating some special things to refresh themselves. According to ancient books, there are some Chinese herbal medicines that were recorded to have the function of cooling us down, which is related to anti-inflammation in the Western. Macrophage cell lines can be stimulated by LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) and secrete proinflammatory mediators. Thus, it is often used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of different herbs. In our experiment, we also use macrophage cell lines to test different anti-inflammatory effects between chrysanthemum, Job’s tears and grass jelly. In addition, some Chinese herbs such as longan that can parch us are also tested in our experiment. In our results, we found these herbs that are available indeed have ability to anti-inflame in appropriate consistency; however, high dose does harm to cells. In addition, the samples that are poached in ancient ways have better ability to show the low dose of IL-6 and TNF-α. Finally, we would set up a model to test the anti-inflammatory ability of different herbs that were said to be able to cool us down, and then we could test more herbs in the future.
周轉不靈（汽車過彎翻覆原理與對策）
「翻車」事件令人怵目驚心，輕則車毀，重則人亡。減少翻車事件，可減少悲劇的發生。而翻車絕大多數均發生在轉彎的路段，且伴隨著超速發生。因此，本研究乃針對汽車過彎行駛，探討其翻覆的原因以及改進之道 · 本研究乃利用實驗分析法以及理論驗證法進行研究，實驗中變化不同的汽車質量，車軸寬、車身高以及車軸寬/車身高，質量重心寬、高以及寬/高、傾斜度以及迴轉半徑等九種參數 · 於自製的紅外線偵測變頻式可調迴轉模擬機上以八部模型試驗車測試其翻覆轉速，並換算為翻覆速度後逐一分析討論之。經由實驗結果，本研究得到以下結論：一、汽車轉彎翻覆與離心力有關，當離心力大於臨界側向推力時，汽車即翻覆。臨界側向推力公式為 F = mg ( tanθ + K?) / ( l -K? tanθ ) 二、最大容許車速平方與轉彎半徑及質量中心寬高比相乘積成正比；而在定車速下，飲小客許轉彎半徑與質量中心寬高比成反比．前述各項皆與質量大小無關．三、提高轉彎路面傾斜度對防止汽車翻覆有確實的效果。而最佳的過彎防止翻覆方法是降低車行速度，提高轉彎半徑，增加路面外側傾斜度，以及提高汽車質量中心寬高比”四、汽車過彎不致翻覆的最大極限速度 Vc 以及最小轉彎半徑rc分別為 vc=〔 rg ( tan θ + K ?）/ ( l 一 K ? tanθ ) ]; rc =（ V2 / g ) ( l 一 K?tanθ ) / ( tanθ + K? ) 五、本實驗所設計紅外線偵測變頻式可調迴轉模擬機，可有效的模擬汽車過彎翻覆，適用於中等學校物理、力學等學科的實驗課程。The accident of overturning a car always results in both destroying the car body and the death of the people. This project is to investigate what factors would have an effect on overturning a car and how to prevent a car from overturning.This project explores the factors by varying the mass of the cars, the distance between axes, the height of the car body, the ratio between the axis distance and the car height, the central gravity, and the declination. We test and record different overturning rotating speeds of eight model cars by a self-made adjustable simulator with a varying frequency infra-red detector. According to the experiment, the following results are obtained. I. The overturning occurrence is as a result of the eccentric force over the critical lateral force. The critical lateral force is F=mg(tanθ +K?)/(l—K?tan θ) 2. The square of allowable maximum speed is in proportion to the product of turning radius and ration of width to height for the center of mass; however, the allowable minimum turning radius is inversely proportional to the ration of width to height for the center of mass under constant vehicle speed. The above inference is independent of the mass of vehicle. 3. Increasing the declination can prevent a car from overturning. 4. The maximum speed for a car turning without overturning is Vc. The minimum turning radius is r. Both are expressed as follows:Vc=[rg(tanθ +K2)/(1—K?tanθ );rc=(’V2/g)( I —K?tanθ )/(tanθ +K?)5. The self-made adjustable simulator with a varying frequency infra-red detector can be used in the experiments of the middle school science curriculum.