2016年

在沙灘賣冰問題中，假設遊客平均分布在長度為1的沙灘上，並且沙灘上的攤販不論品質或價格都相同。因此遊客只會依據距離遠近選擇攤販；攤販則會為了擁有最大客源而不斷移動，直到任何移動皆不會使利益增加為止，這就是所謂的奈許均衡。 已知兩個攤販會集中在沙灘正中央，而三個攤販時無法達到均衡，四家或五家攤販會形成唯一一種均衡，若有六家以上的攤販則可能有不只一種均衡。由五家攤販的例子我們觀察到，若是選擇在1/2處固定不動，當其他四家攤販達成均衡時，就可以分得最大的利益範圍。因此，我們試著在三個攤販的情形中固定其中一家攤販的位置，發現若其中一個攤販在1/4的位置固定不動，則剩餘兩個攤販會集中在3/4形成均衡。此時固定攤販可以分得1/2，其餘兩家則各得1/4。於是在接下來的研究中，我們試著將此發現推廣至一般性。 我們研究發現，固定攤販的設攤位置，可以決定奈許均衡的存在性──使沒有均衡的例子產生均衡，或者破壞原本有的均衡；亦可以影響均衡的型態。最後我們提出了一個保證獲利的策略，使得採取適當的固定位置必定得到優於平均的利益。同時也證明了此策略為固定攤販獲利最大值(Max Minimum)，成功的將固定攤販利益最大值的情形推廣至一般化，並歸納出固定攤販位於各範圍時所形成的均衡以及利益範圍。

本研究透過高速攝影機與流場可視化技術拍攝不同體型蝴蝶在自由飛行時之流場與飛行姿態，並分析不同蝴蝶體型、拍撲頻率與飛行姿態上之關係。相較於人類的發明的飛行器，蝴蝶的飛行更加的複雜、省力且優美，其主要原因為蝴蝶以拍擊翅膀產生渦漩來達到巧妙的飛行操控；由蝴蝶飛行流場發現，蝴蝶在飛行時會不斷的改變身體角度來控制渦漩環產生的方向，下拍時主要產生向下的渦漩環，蝴蝶此時主要產生向上升力；而上拍時蝴蝶產生往後的渦漩環，並藉此產生推力，透過此特殊的動力產生方式，蝴蝶飛行軌跡呈現類似Z字形。進一步透過研究不同種類的蝴蝶飛行發現，不論體型大小之蝴蝶，其翅膀單位面積之負重比皆落在0.01~0.02 g/cm2之間，且當蝴蝶體型被放大時，可以較低的拍撲頻率進行飛行，然而飛行軌跡變化則較劇烈，此研究之成果可做為未來拍撲微飛行器尺寸設計之依據。

校園芒果葉上所發現的「檬果壯鋏普癭蚋」(Procontarinia robusta)，是近年來快速蔓延且危及台灣芒果產業的害蟲。但基礎文獻與防治方式等資料甚少，因此我們進行各階段的型態觀察以建立癭蚋的生活史，幼蟲分為三個齡期，蟲癭則為四個時期。癭室的分布是以同一時間生長的叢生葉為單位，做間隔性分佈；寄生位置以正面葉肉為主。芒果葉的蒸散作用未因蟲癭的發生而有明顯改變；黑色蟲癭的糖含量較一般葉肉組織少且無澱粉反應。令人驚訝的是，一顆小小癭室竟能承受約600公克重。我們也發現癭室內有文獻未提及的赤眼蜂存在，而且癭蚋幼蟲被啃蝕殆盡！防治實驗上，赤眼蜂的寄生時期為黑色蟲癭，人為放蜂能增加癭蚋的被寄生率(25.89%)，為檬果壯鋏普癭蚋的生物防治提供一個可能方向。

目前所發展之微生物燃料電池，不僅成本極高，多數皆直接使用河水、汙水中之微生物，多為雜菌，且所分解者多為一般河川、家庭廢水。而生活中，高氨氮廢水的處理成本較高，一般微生物亦較不易於高氨氮環境中生存。本實驗先篩選出可在高氨氮環境中生存之專一性菌種，以高氨氮生活廢水為分解對象，應用於微生物燃料電池，找出發電效果最佳之菌株，既可分解廢水又可發電，兼具環保與經濟價值。 本研究先以高氨氮培養基仿效高氨氮生活廢水，篩出合適菌種並作用於電池裝置，探討菌種、菌量、陰陽極面積大小、兩極間距、養分多寡/種類、環境明暗等變因之影響，最後以高氨氮廢水取代培養基進行實驗。微生物電池由第一代、第二代，終發展出材料取得容易、成本低、內電阻低、電壓穩定、可間歇式放電之第三代微生物電池，實用價值極高。

Research Question: To what extent does totarol show antibiotic potency against significant strains of Staphylococcus aureus causing skin and soft tissue infections in New Zealand, compared with commonly prescribed drugs used to treat the specific strain of Staphylococcus aureus being tested? Purpose of research: This essay will investigate the antibacterial potency of totarol against significant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) causing skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in New Zealand. Only a small amount of research on totarol has been conducted. They all suggest totarol possesses antibiotic potency against various species of bacteria. The mode of action of totarol is currently unknown. Procedure 1: The totarol I ordered from Mende Biotech Ltd arrived in two forms; a powder called Totarol™ and a viscous brown liquid called Liquid K7 (LK7) in which the Totarol™ powder was dissolved in mostly sunflower oil. The investigation took place in two stages. In the first stage, the MIC value of the LK7 against reference strain S.aureus 29213 was determined by following the CLSI methodology for MIC testing (M07-A9 Clinical and Laboratory Standards institute). The MIC test was also conducted to identify whether any major ingredients in the LK7 possessed significant antibacterial potency. MIC values where compared with that of flucloxacillin. Data from stage 1 testing: LK7 had an MIC value of 1µg/mL, which was very similar to flucloxacillin’s MIC value of 0.5µg/mL. No other major ingredients in LK7 showed antibacterial potency. Totarol™’s antibacterial activity could not be accurately measured, due to the powder resisting even mixing. Procedure 2: In the second stage, disc diffusion tests were conducted against various S.aureus clinical isolates obtained from SSTIs in the Waikato community. The discs that were placed for each clinical isolate included LK7, cefoxitin, fusidic acid, mupirocin and erythromycin discs. Data from stage 2: 75% of LK7 discs produced double zones of inhibition. I hypothesized that this was due to two active ingredients found in the LK7. I predicted the one that produced larger zones of inhibition to be Totarol™. The other more stable ingredient producing the inner zones of inhibition is unknown. Conclusion: I proposed a breakpoint of outer zone sizes that were ≥ 15 mm in diameter to signify that that particular clinical isolate was ‘susceptible’ to LK7. From this breakpoint, LK7 and fusidic acid both had the same number of clinical isolates that were classified as ‘susceptible’. LK7 was the median of the number of susceptible clinical isolates. This data answered my research question; totarol in the LK7 form specifically, would be just as effective in treating SSTIs caused by S.aureus, as even the most commonly prescribed antistaphylococcal drugs currently being used.

膽管癌是原發性惡性肝腫瘤，其存活率不高且症狀不明顯，診斷出癌症通常已無藥可醫，因此研發抑制的方法極為迫切。許多研究指出不飽和脂肪酸omega-3和抑制發炎反應有密切關聯，發炎反應會使細胞增生，進而有機會導致癌症。本研究使用omega-3，探討其是否能應用於抑制膽管癌。 我們使用兩種對象，一為人類膽管癌細胞株HuCCT1，二為轉基因斑馬魚。我們觀察人類膽管癌細胞，探討omega-3是否抑制其生長情形，並進行即時聚合酶鏈鎖反應測試發炎、細胞週期與細胞轉移基因。在斑馬魚上則研究omega-3能否降低斑馬魚發炎基因的表現量。結果顯示發炎、細胞週期、細胞轉移基因在添加魚油後的膽管癌細胞株中表現量降低。動物實驗中，患有能夠導致膽管癌且有較高比例omega-3的三轉基因魚，其中發炎基因表現量和只具有能夠導致膽管癌的斑馬魚相較有降低。

當冷氣團從大陸移動到海面時，常會形成一些特殊的雲，常見的有雲街與胞狀雲。胞狀雲因其成雲機制與分布差異又可分為開放與封閉的形式。本實驗藉味噌湯不同加熱條件下所產生的圖形模擬大氣中胞狀雲的對流，並探討不同溫度與厚度下，味噌湯的加熱對流圖形差異與大小變化。 實驗發現味噌湯在低溫加熱時，其形成的圖形較類似開放胞，我們認為是溫度較低時，流體下沉的力量較向上對流的力量強，與形成開放胞的條件相同；高溫時，其圖形較類似封閉胞，我們認為是溫度較高時，流體向下對流的力量較向上的力量弱，符合形成封閉胞的條件。且流體厚度增厚時，所形成的對流胞大小也會增大。另外，流體在旋轉狀況下所形成的對流圖形更接近大氣胞狀雲的圖形。

本研究的方向是以還原氧化石墨烯(RGO)為基礎，利用本材料具有優異的電子傳導以及高比表面積之特性，可成為燃料電池的優良電極觸媒材料。再進一步修飾上金屬奈米粒子以加強其電化學催化活性，並探討其用於甲醇氧化反應的效果。 本研究中藉由調整金屬奈米粒子成長的時間、反應溫度和與RGO的合成比例，探討改變不同變因下製備出的金屬奈米粒子/還原氧化石墨烯材料對催化效能的影響。最後藉由此最佳化的奈米複合材料做為直接甲醇燃料電池的陽極催化劑並探討其催化效果。

平原菟絲子對於多數植物皆會寄生，實驗中發現不易寄生於空心菜、地瓜葉、朝天椒，可證明具有寄生的選擇性。為了抑制種子的發芽，實驗無意間發現密閉中麵團黴可以完全覆蓋種子，但木瓜黴、柳丁黴、麵包黴卻沒有這種現象。麵團為穀類製品，易受黃麴毒素汙染，花生更易受黃麴毒素汙染，故選擇花生再次實驗，發現花生也能有效抑制發芽的效果。 103年5月觀察世博館旁與南寮漁港的菟絲子生長情形，從夏天到冬天都有菟絲子生長，104年8月經歷蘇迪勒Soudelor颱風和10月杜鵑Dujuan颱風過後，實地觀察發現，南寮漁港堤防外整片菟絲子全部消失，堤防內的依然存在。根據文獻顯示海水中含有35‰的氯化鈉，設計實驗發現泡過15‰以上的食鹽水後菟絲子就不會再發芽，另外，我們運用海水成分第二高的氯化鎂進行實驗，亦有抑制種子發芽的效果。

It’s very important to control and monitor gases that are produced by industrial applications in different values and kinds because they can cause environmental pollution and health problems. Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF), which is a different kind of optical fiber, is a new alternative for gas sensors due to their small sample volumes, low transmission losses and high flexibility properties. PCF’s are silica-glass fibers, made by periodic sequence of hollows along the fiber. By filling these hollows with optical liquids or gases very sensitive sensors can be made. In this project, we aimed to design a sensitive sensor by filling the hollows with proper gases and liquids in the solid core PCF. For these applications ethanol, methanol, toluene vapors and carbon dioxide was used. And to observe carbon dioxide’s effects ionic liquid (EMIMBF4), which carbon dioxide can dissolve in, was filled then the experiments were repeated. It was observed that the transmission of light in PCF changed depending on the refractive index of the gas that was filled. With this change, it was understood that there were another gas besides the usual containments of air. Our system could measure the absorbtion peak of toluen so it can be used as a toluen dedector and when ionic liquid filled the fiber, two steps that occur in the spectra of corbon dioxide so it can also be used as a carbon dioxide dedector. The system was customized as a carbon doxide sensor in a cost-efficient and portable way. Our system can be specialized and easiliy used with right light source, which is efficient to see the absorbtion peaks, and proper liquids to dedect intended gas. Making a carbon dioxide sensor by filling PCF with ionic liquid was never attempted before. Also the lack of carbon dioxide sensor studies supports the originality of our project. That’s why we think our project will contribute very importancies to the existing literature.