解開神秘果的奧秘-檸檬變柳丁的原因
原產於西非的「神秘果」,嘗了之後,30~200 分內,所有酸苦的東西嘗起來都是甜的。在深入蒐集相關資料後,我們發現神秘果有多種特殊效果,僅擷取以下幾種感興趣之方向來研究。〈1〉使酸苦的感覺變甜〈2〉解酒〈3〉消除蚊蟲叮咬之腫、癢〈4〉抗氧化能力極強。用食鹽水可萃取出miraculin 這種醣蛋白,經由生化實驗,推測使酸味變甜為其cover 舌尖甜味味蕾之結果,分子量約為40000 左右;但在檢測過程中,發現對咖啡、黃連和肉桂,都沒有太顯著的效果,只有酸味有顯著的改變,和以往所閱讀的研究報告有出入,因此懷 疑有氧化還原等其他化學效果,將再做深一層研究。消除蚊蟲叮咬之腫癢的成分確定為小分子所致。經由Prolox 當量測定法檢測神秘果抗氧化能力數值高達4974g/nmol,比一般中草藥及蔬菜多3000 左右。使酸變甜的原因若深入研究對糖尿病患者和減肥者都是一大福音,塗抹蚊蟲叮咬藥膏也可用天然物質製作,而抗氧化能力高更對人體健康有所幫助。當台灣已大量栽植,相對於日本及美國因地寒而無法培育成功,神秘果研究可成為另一項產業發展契機。 "Miracle fruit” is a fruit from West Africa. Though it's not sweet itself, if you eat anything that is sour or bitter after eating miracle fruit, the taste will turn sweet. After researching further material, we discovered that there are many amazing functions in miracle fruit, and decided to pick up some of which to study. (1) Turning the sour and bitter tastes into sweetness (2) Relieving alcohol (3) Relieving the hurt from mosquitoes and bugs (4) An excellent antioxidant. We can extract the miraculin that changes the taste from NaCl (aq), and through the biological experiment, we guess that's because miraculin covers the sweet sensor. The molecular weight of miraculin is about 40000.According to the experiment, we found out that miraculin doesn't have a great effect on the taste other than sourness, such as the bitterness of black coffee, Coptis chinensis, and cinnamon. . It is much more different from the former report we read. So we doubt that there are some other reactions. The thing, which relieves the hurt from mosquitoes and bugs, are sure to be a simple molecule, not a protein. By the Prolox equivalent weight experiment, we found that the ability of antioxidation got to 4974g/nmol, which is much higher than the normal vegetables and fruits. The effect of taste changing is really good news for diabetics and weight reducers. And the medicine can also be made by natural material. The excellent antioxidation is helpful for our health, too. Since Japan and America cannot grow the miracle fruit because of the cold weather, developing the functions of miracle fruit seems to be another chance for Taiwan to stand out in the world.
植物葉片自動辨識系統
在我們週遭環境中常可見到許多種類的植物,然而可以叫出名字的卻少之又少,或許我們可以查閱植物百之類的書籍,但是這類書籍通常多不在手邊,就算有了植物百科,也不易翻到顯示該種植物的正確章節。假如我們可以將想要認識的植物葉片影像取得後,透過網路將該影像傳送至植物葉片資料庫查詢,經過電腦的自動分析辨識後,再將結果傳送回來,這樣不是比查閱植物百科方便多了嗎?本研究提出一種利用輸入葉片的影像來進行植物資料庫辨識查詢的方法,藉著兩階段處理的策略及最佳權重組合式的特徵值來調校系統,以達到較佳的整體辨識效能,從實驗測試的結果得知,我們的策略與方法確實有效,有82%的查詢葉片可以被精確的辨識出來,而每次查詢的平均反應時間只要17.22 秒。In our living environment, there are many kinds of plants, but we can only name a few. We may consult an encyclopedia about plants, we always can’t find any encyclopedia with us. Besides, even if we have one, it won’t be easy to find out the proper section or the exact page immediately. How should we solve this problem? One significant improvement can be expected if the plant recognition can be carried out by a computer. First, we take a picture of the unknown plant’s leaf. Then, we transmit this image into a leaf database to recognize. After the recognition we will get the answer easily. By using a computer-aided leaf recognition system, non-professionals can also identify many plant species. Isn’t it much more convenient than checking the encyclopedia? In this study, we present an efficient method for leaf database retrieval by inputting leaf images. We use a two-stage approach and combined features with optimized weight to adjust the system to get the best system performance. The result of the experiment shows that our approach is workable and efficient. 82% leaves of the query images can be recognized accurately. And in general, the average response time only takes 17.22 sec per query.
解開蔗糖水解的秘密
本研究利用偏振片、量角器為刻度盤、雷射光為光源,及照度計為偵測器,組裝一個簡易且可靠的旋光度計。我們利用單位時間旋光度的變化量當作反應速率,來測量蔗糖的水解速率,同時求出蔗糖水解反應的反應級數、速率常數(k)。利用糖類的旋光度具有加成性之特性,找出不同混合比例時的旋光度,追蹤實際蔗糖水解的每個狀態,找出最後平衡狀態,同時將蔗糖水解平衡結果顯示,旋光度與濃度有線性關係,而蔗糖水解反應對蔗糖而言為一級反應。接著,我們在蔗糖水溶液中加入不同種類的酸,探討催化劑的種類與蔗糖水解反應速率的關係。 In this research, in order to measure the optical rotation accurately without expensive equipments or complex process, we assembled a polarimeter by ourselves. With simple materials which can be found in ordinary senior high school laboratories, including a calibrated scale, a simple Luxmeter, a laser as the photo source, and other side devices. The Polarimeter ended up operating fluently and accurately. We put the laser under a tube, which has two pieces of polar screens on the top of it and on the bottom of it, ,and put a luxmeter just above the tube. When we slowly rotate the polar screen on the top, the figure shown on the luxmeter changes. By numerical analysis, we can get information about the hydrolysis of polarized substance. Secondary, we measured the optical rotation of glucose, fructose, malt sugar, galactose, and sucrose to get their specific rotation. Then we measured the optical rotation of sucrose every five minutes. By doing this, we could keep track of the hydrolysis rate of sucrose, figure out the order of reaction, and the rate constant (k) and the equilibrium constant (K). Thirdly, we used different kinds of acids into sucrose solution as the catalyst, and observed the effect. The result showed that hydrochloric acid is a better catalyst to this reaction than sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The polarimeter of this research can be used in science education of junior and senior high school. By teaching students to assemble and operate the self-made polarimeter, students can know better about optical rotation and polarized substance. Also, the interest in this experiement will add to students’ motivation to do science research.
電容超音波膠體金粒子電位調控系統研發
費曼曾說:There is plenty of room at the bottom。喬治亞理工大學的Mostafa El-Sayed 教授發表的癌細胞辨識、與科學月刊報導『台大抗煞一號』引發我們對膠體金粒子的興趣。膠體的性質主要是由界達電位 (zeta potential)決定。參考台科大、成大、中山…等超音波應用研究,提出改良篩選物理法製造之膠體金粒子的儀器設計與製作。經沉降過濾可達平均粒徑 100 nm;而離心式篩選機與超音波管式篩選機可達平均粒徑30 nm。篩選後的膠體粒子以電容原理調控膠體金粒子之界達電位 (zeta potential),成功地從-30 mV 提升至-59 mV,並發展成電容超音波界達電位控制儀(Capacitor Ultrasonic Zeta Potential Controller)。以膠體金粒子與蛋白質鍵結量來測試調控界達電位的效果,發現蛋白質鍵結量之增加曲線與界達電位的增加曲線的增加趨勢相似;此功能的發現對於生物科技方面的應用應會有很大的幫助。透過界達電位控制系統,本研究達到費曼先生所期望的「在原子或分子的尺度上來加工材料和製造設備」。“There is plenty room at the bottom.” The words of Mr. Feynman are the beginning of nano technology. Mostafa El-Sayed, a professor of Georgia Institute Technology, identified cancer cells through nano gold-antibody complex. So, our study focuses on the zeta potential of colloidal gold particles. At first, the filtering method and equipments were developed. The theories were based on the ultrasonic studies of universities such as National Taiwan University of Science and Technology. Then the colloidal gold’s sizes were filtered to100 nm through settling. At last, by using Continual-Filtering Centrifuge (CoCe.) and Tube Well Mass (TW-MS), the mean particles sizes can be filtered to 30 nm. The most important results are: Zeta potential of the gold colloid was controlled with Capacitor Ultrasonic Zeta Potential Controller. The zeta potential can be raised from -30 mV up to -59 mV, which is -20 mV higher than the conventional pH-changing way. The function of zeta potential to protein binding quantity was tested. The increasing curves of zeta potential and protein binding quantity were similar. This property would be a significance of biotechnology. Thourgh Capacitor Ultrasonic Zeta Potential Control system, the zeta potential’s limitation of gold colliod, which is produced by SANSS (Submerged Arc Nanoparticles Synthesis System), can be controled in a wilder range. The study which is focused on nano-scale, like the wish of Mr. Feynman – “To manufacture material and produce equipment in atom and molecular scale”.