給定一個簡單圖G（simple graph ），令V(G)、E(G)分別為G的頂點與邊所形成的集合。對於兩個不同的頂點u, v∈V(G)，若存在一條邊連結頂點u, v，則將此邊記為uv，以uv∈E(G)表示。給定函數f: V(G)→ℕ，若對任意的邊uv∈E(G)，函數f皆滿足f(u)≠f(v)，則稱函數f為圖G的一個著色函數（proper coloring）。對於圖G，任意給定每個頂點v∈V(G)一個可用的顏色清單L(v)⊂ℕ，其中清單內各有四個可用顏色（|L(v)|=4 ，每個頂點的顏色清單可以不相同），若總是存在一個著色函數f，滿足∀v∈V(G)，f(v)∈L(v)，則稱圖G為『可四元列表著色（4-choosable ）』。對於平面圖（ plane graph），針對長度較小的圈（cycle）進行限制，我們設計充分條件，使得滿足條件的平面圖為可四元列表著色。

由於奈米科技與OLED相關工業的蓬勃發展，近來設計出應用於電子元件的有機分子已成為一項熱門的研究主題。本研究合成出兩種分別可以放出藍色與綠色螢光的有機分子，化合物 1 可以放出藍色螢光，而化合物 2 則可以放出綠色螢光。這兩個分子都是由中間的核心共軛分子與兩側的雙尿素辨識基團所組成。 我們所合成出的化合物 1 之放光波長與化合物 2 之吸收波長有重疊，因此可以觀察到兩分子在奈米尺度下之有機溶劑中的能量轉移，即激發化合物 1 使其放出藍光後，能量傳遞至化合物 2 ，使藍光被淬熄並產生綠色螢光。另外，此二分子皆具有π-π作用力、氫鍵作用力與凡德瓦力，而在不同的溶劑下可以強化或弱化這些作用力，從我們的研究成果中，分子可以在四氫呋喃中轉變成直徑約400 nm的均勻奈米球型結構，並且能在顯微鏡下觀察到其奈米尺度下的能量轉移行為。 根據這兩種有機螢光分子的光物理性質與自組裝能力，在未來的發展與應用中，我們希望能使用在OLED顯示器與可撓式面板上。

我們使用福爾摩沙衛星三號在冰島艾雅法拉火山2010年爆發期間（2010年3月5日～4月29日）測得的大氣資料，討論火山爆發對大氣對流層溫度變化的影響。初步獲得以下結論： 火山噴發能量大小與大氣層對流層頂降溫溫差成正比；火山噴發能量小，對流層溫度變化的影響多發生在低空處、火山噴發能量大，對大氣溫度影響高度偏高；以及火山噴發持續時間對溫度的影響也成正比關係。此外還討論了火山灰雲的分布影響溫度的變化情形：在迎風處火山灰雲聚集，其聚集處陽光被遮擋了，無法照射到地表，因此溫度較低。

本研究提出一套創新的定位系統，僅需設置單一已知參考點即能達成高精確度的定位，由該參考點上的兩個永久磁鐵的靜磁場轉換成時變場型之交流磁場，再透過分頻多工的數位訊號處理，分離出這兩個磁場源之差動磁場強度及其相位，以求得物體的位置資訊，達成不受空間中的多重路徑干擾及障礙物影響的精確定位。透過實驗證明，本套系統在實驗設定下具有10公分以內的定位精準度，同時可以支援微型無人飛行器的即時定位，對於未來各種行動裝置、穿戴科技與自動控制系統之定位需求，可提供具體的貢獻。

本研究主要利用最大概似法及動態規劃演算法來嘗試縮短生醫領域在疫苗研發的時程。透過序列比較的計算方式加速找出病毒序列具有專一性的有效區段。使科學家可以減少盲目測試的實驗。我們期望找出經過電泳之後，可以判斷具有可製造疫苗的最佳生物序列區段。藉由已知流感病毒的基因序列來分析現有流感病毒的演化親緣關係。嘗試由已知流感病毒疫苗來設計未知的流感病毒疫苗之建議(結果如下圖)。

利用電腦瀏覽圖形式資訊的時候，常受到螢幕空間大小的限制，沒有辦法在顯示圖形整體結構的同時也顯示細節部分。超廣角鏡頭是一種短焦距、大視角的相機鏡頭，鏡頭成像的時候，會有中間部分放大而周邊部分縮小的情形，藉由這個特性，我們發展出了一種新的圖形導覽介面，在瀏覽圖形式資訊的時候，有個圓形區域，該區域可隨著使用者的意願而自由移動，而區域內的圖形是以模擬超廣角鏡頭成像的方式呈現，且能夠與圓形區域外的圖形做銜接，如此，在瀏覽圖形式資訊的時候，除能夠顯示整體的結構外，也可以不開啟新視窗及無遮蔽的方式，即時地將想要觀察的部分做局部放大以展現細節。

Donor–acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs), which can act as sources of 1,2- and 1,3-zwitterions in the presence of Lewis acids, are widely used in organic synthesis for the preparation of various carbo- and heterocyclic compounds, including natural compounds and their analogues. To date, many types of DACs reactivity have been identified. However, the chemistry of styrylmalonates (isomers of DACs, which can be easily generated from DACs) is almost undescribed and has a powerful synthetic potential. The use of styrylmalonates as synthetic equivalents of DACs allows us cardinally change the known reaction pathways of DACs. In this work, a new strategy for cascade assembly of substituted pyrenes based on the reactions of styrylmalonates with aldehydes in the presence of BF3•Et2O has been developed. Generation of formal 1,2-zwitterionic intermediates owing to complexation of dicarboxylate groups with BF3•Et2O is the driving force of the reaction discovered. This method makes it possible to assemble pyrenes or 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones in one synthetic stage from readily available starting compounds with high regio- and diastereoselectivity, and use these pyrenes in futher reactions. We’ve optimized conditions of the reaction and synthesized a number of various substituted pyrenes. Moreover, the reaction shows good results with various aromatic and heteroaromatic substituents. Pyrenes can be easily purified by crystallization. Every product was obtained selectively and determined by full set of physical-chemical methods, including X-ray analysis. 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one skeleton is found in various natural compounds demonstrating a broad spectrum of biological activity, such as antiviral and antineoplastic.

The purpose of my project was to prove if the seeds of invasive plants are spread throughout the Peace region in hay harvested by local farmers. Invasive plants are so dangerous because they adapt to their environment fast and some of them can cause harm to both animals and humans. Within a year they can completely wipe the ecosystem out of native plants. Many invasive plants are either poisonous or can affect the systems of the animals body’s. I collected 22 hay samples from local farms around the North Peace region. I conducted a survey to help collect information about the samples. A pretest was conducted to determine which of two homemade sifters (one with three layers of decreasing size wire mesh, and one with 6 layers of materials with larger size holes) was the best for sifting through hay. I was able to determine that the larger sifter was easier for sifting hay. I sifted through all 22 samples with the larger sifter. I individually looked through each layer and removed what I believed to be seeds. Each seed was individually bagged, labeled, and photographed through a microscope. After each seed was photographed they were planted to help identify the seeds. I contacted a seed specialist. I was able to send him the images of my seeds. He helped me to identify my findings. I removed a total of 5568 potential seeds in my 22 samples. Out of all the potential seeds found 628 seeds were invasive. All invasive plants identified either cause pain to animals or they easily over take the native plants.

The objective of the project is to develop a novel biomimetic membrane and/or a scaffold for the said membrane. The approach of the project is to use animal skin from the domesticated pig or fish as a scaffold material for the adherence and growth of human skin fibroblasts to create a biomimetic membrane that can be used in medical applications as an alternative to today’s gold standards of Xenograft, Allograft and Autograft procedures. The biomimetic skin membrane can be used to treat victims of burns or scarring with a natural material that would be eliminated via natural bodily functions while eliminating the side effects and drawbacks such as scarring, secondary infections and tissue damage resulting from the current gold standard graft procedures on donor sites. Pig and fish skins were treated with ethanol and dehydrated followed by perfusion with Phosphate buffer solution and Cell culture media. Human skin fibroblasts (NF3 cells) were seeded on the animal skin scaffold. The human skin fibroblasts were then observed to determine their morphology and membrane formation properties. It was observed that the human skin fibroblasts were able to adhere to the non-human skin scaffolding and proliferate. More research is needed to determine their viability as a biomimetic membrane.

Tradescantia (Tradescantia fluminensis) is the worst weed in New Zealand. By smothering and shading out seedlings, Tradescantia prevents forest regeneration. Current control methods are ineffective and simultaneously cause harm to native forest. In 2011 Neolema ogloblini, a Brazilian beetle was introduced into New Zealand as a biological control for Tradescantia. To be successful in New Zealand, a country with different environmental factors, the beetles’ ranges of preference (temperature and light intensity) had to be investigated. A gender specific trait also identified, to enable desired sex ratios within founding populations to be selected. [18] This would ensure that the beetles are not released in areas of physiological stress, and can be optimised to have the greatest impact on Tradscantia. To establish how the intensity of light affects the distribution and amount of Tradescantia eaten by N.ogloblini a choice chamber investigation was conducted. Different layers of shade cloth provided a range of light intensities 150-3450Lux (likely to be found under forest canopy where Tradescantia is problematic). Thirty beetles of a range of sizes and approximately same maturity were randomly distributed through the chambers. Each chamber contained a shoot of Tradescantia with 5 leaves. After a 24hour period the number of beetles in each chamber were counted and the amount of surface area of the leaves eaten measured. The effect of temperature on the amount of leaf surface area eaten was investigated by selecting 90 beetles of a range of sizes and withholding food for 24hours. Five beetles were placed in each of three containers containing two leaves. Each trial container was precooled/warmed to the test temperature before the beetles were added. Leaves of a similar size, shape, mass and maturity were used. All leaves were genetically identical and collected from the same location. Sets of three containers were held in the dark at the following temperatures for 24hours: 9°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. The surface area of leaf eaten at each temperature (mm2) was calculated. Lastly, microscopic dissections were conducted, using 32 beetles ranging in size, to establish if length (measured from the top of the head to the base of the abdomen) could be used as a phenotypic marker to identify beetle gender. While only a very weak positive relationship between increasing light intensity and the number of beetles was found a significantly higher area of leaf was eaten at a light intensity of 3450Lux compared to 150Lux. The amount of leaf area eaten is significantly reduced at temperatures of 15˚C and below, and significantly increased at 35˚C. There is no significant difference in the amount of leaf area eaten when comparing temperatures between 20-30˚C. Females have on average a larger body length (median=4.92mm) than the males (median=4.215mm). Therefore, sites with warmer temperatures in dappled light conditions (3450Lux) should be prioritised for the release of N.ogloblini, as this is the location in New Zealand at which their use as a biological control will be optimised. Beetle length can be confidently used to select desired gender ratios.