全國中小學科展

三等獎

格子直線數與歐拉函數之探討

本研究在探討過原點且通過特定格子區域中格子點的直線數,利用縱向或橫向方式來計算。不論哪一種方式皆從正方形區域探討,得到其格子直線數與歐拉函數有關,特別是在橫向方式中增加上高斯符號與高斯符號協助計算,得到正方形、長方形、三角形及圓形區域的直線數及其上下界,及探討上下界的特定區域。此外,將原點移動到任意點,探討過任意點且通過特定格子區域中格子點的直線數,得到一些有趣的性質。 接下來,從正方形區域推廣至高維度的超立方體區域中的直線數,並推導出三個歐拉函數的推廣式,其中一種是約當囿互質函數,使用這些函數不僅能簡化計算,更能拓寬歐拉函數的視野。另外二種皆是利用幾何結構推導出來,其中一種是用第二類史特林數來表示。 最後我們使用此歐拉函數的推廣三式推導出高維度的超立方體、超長方體、單體 (即高維度中廣義三角形區域)及角錐柱中的格子直線數及其上下界,特別是利用橫向方式獲得公式的更為精簡。

真的是23.5度嗎?-以天文及氣象資料探討固定型太陽能板最佳架設傾斜角

太陽能板一架設完成就要發電20年,若架設角度不正確,會嚴重影響長達20年整體發電量。那太陽能板最佳架設角度為何?又如何確保施工時能正確架設該最佳角度?為解決上述問題,本科展作品,藉由理論計算、電腦模擬實驗與實際系統量測交互比較驗證,依據太陽運行軌跡與氣候資料,逐步探討出固定型太陽能板最佳架設角度。我們依序進行9個實驗,成功驗證一套能依據太陽能板所在緯度與方位角來決定出固定型太陽能板最佳架設傾斜角的方法。更進一步使用數值方法以曲線揉合(curve fitting)法來得出公式,使其不需大量運算即可算出固定型太陽能板最佳架設傾斜角。最後,本科展作品使用BrainGo控制板、直線雷射、GPS、電子羅盤與陀螺儀,成功研製一固定型太陽能板架設角度標示儀,能有效幫助業者與DIY者輕易架設正確固定型太陽能板架設最佳角度,有效確保20年的太陽能系統發電效率。

Moly.net

Pests can ruin every healthy tree’s crop within 10-15 days. This huge loss can only be detected at harvest season. If the pests have already got inside the fruits or the fruits had fallen down prior to the time of harvest. If pest-control is unconscious, 50-75% loss may occur. In Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county the most common fruit production is apple. Codling moth can cause significant damage to the crops. Codling moths damage the apple directly and they are expected during the whole year. If there are signs of any nuisance we are not able to protect the crops anymore, because in this case they protect themselves from chemicals. The most important part of protection against pests is prevention. Protection can be successful thanks to insects killers and expert’s prognosis. Pheromone traps developed against wrong-doers are very practical. They are easy to use, but the problem is that the manufacturer has to check these traps repeatedly to find out about the infection, and when one has to spray the trees with the right chemicals.

風力罩得住酷旋發電機

本研究共設計十二個實驗,探討垂直型風力發電機如何將各方吹來的風充分利用,首先設計能減少風力扇葉轉軸轉動摩擦力的軸承,接著製作導流罩以收集所有吹進來的風並提高 磁動生電的轉換效率。我們製作的風力發電機將來自四面八方的自然風有效利用,具積少成 多的集風特性,輸出電壓可達30V以上,並能針對鋰電池充電,發揮以時間換取空間的特殊功能,且因為體積小,非常適合於臺灣地狹人稠而且風力不強的環境。我們將自製的發電機實際應用在學校走廊、樓梯間以及樓頂進行發電,可以提供夜間照明,達到自給自足的綠色能源目標。

快速節能新方法-震盪微波COD Concuss and Microwave COD-a Novel, Energy-saving and Efficient Approach

本研究改良傳統密閉式迴流法耗時、耗能、耗材的缺點,利用自製簡易微型微波迴流裝置,開發具有六大優點之震盪微波法。此檢測方法可一次進行多項實驗,不僅操作方便〈只需一人操作〉,快速〈傳統密閉式迴流法需2小時,震盪微波法只需震盪20分鐘、微波1分鐘〉,省能〈傳統法需耗電1.396度,震盪微波法只需耗電0.0067度〉,低汙染〈傳統法所需之重鉻酸鉀為10ml,震盪微波法只需5ml〉,且最經濟實惠〈傳統法需耗費2.932元,震盪微波法只需約0.014元〉。除此之外,此項裝置可適用於一般家用微波爐,不必在微波爐上打洞,利用極性分子吸收微波的特性,使系統具有選擇性,讓冷卻用的乾冰能夠重複使用。總而言之,此一裝置簡易方便,可做為及時檢測COD值之簡單裝置。

A 100% Solar Electric Vehicle: Applying high efficiency solar modules in sustainable transport

As our planet suffers the effects of climate change, it is only a matter of time before society will have to centre all aspects of development around sustainability. In the past, clean solutions for transportation have been dismissed due to the higher cost, and lower efficiency than fossil fuels. However, in the past few decades, there has been a steep decline in solar module cost, and and a steady climb towards higher efficiency. From my findings in this project, I have concluded that we are now at a point where we can embrace the clean, renewable potential which our sun offers. I have created and tested a proof-of concept electric vehicle (Solar EV), which can run indefinitely during daylight hours, provided sunny conditions. There are several mechanical features of my project which highlight the potential that renewable energy in transportation can have. Firstly the vehicle’s 500W motor is powered by 3 100W solar modules, and 3 50W modules, for a total of 450W or power generation. This means that when driving at anything less than 90% throttle, the Solar EV can run continuously without needing to stop to charge or refuel. Another design mechanism installed in the vehicle are three 12V lead acid batteries. These batteries allow the Solar EV to be powered for over 1.5 hours, which is useful during cloudy conditions, night, and most importantly, when driving through areas of shade. A unique efficiency component designed into my vehicle is the linear actuator I installed into the module racking system. This design element allows the tilt of the modules to be altered, to maximize the efficiency of the solar module array. At early or late hours of the day, it can be heavily tilted with the press toggle switch, or kept at a relatively flat level when the sun is the highest in the sky. I ran a series of trials to figure out whether or not the theoretical data matches up with the experimental results. After my series of trials, the bike was yet to run out of power. The solar vehicle reaches speeds up to 32 km/h, however comfortably glides at around 25 km/h. The linear actuator I installed allows the solar modules’ tilt to change . During different times of day or year, the sun is at different heights in the sky, however it is very important to maximize the solar potential. With the press of a switch, the module can be actuated to account for this. Lastly, regenerative braking captures the energy from braking. Using the reversible nature of a DC motor with a specialized motor controller responding to feedback from the brake actuators allows the vehicle to reuse energy that would otherwise be wasted as heat.

蛋白質模板合成 CuS 及其光治療應用

本研究以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)做為合成模板,利用仿生礦化法合成 CuS奈米晶體,並藉由葉酸(Folic Acid Hydrate,FA)進行表面修飾作為特異性標靶,再利用EDC/Sulfo-NHS 共價交聯反應結合光敏劑二氫卟吩(Chlorin e6, Ce6)於 CuS@FA奈米材料表面,可成功地合成多功能性奈米複合材料 CuS@FA-Ce6。 經由UV、PL、ICP、Zeta potential與DLS,進行奈米材料組成及光學性質之分析,並透過雷射光激發的照射下,觀察其溫度變化,可驗證其具有光熱材料之性質。此外,材料亦具備了光敏劑 Ce6 之特性,可結合光熱與光動力治療來達到雙重治療的特性。 在生物毒性的測試實驗,選用斑馬魚的受精卵為試驗細胞。紀錄斑馬魚胚胎在不同濃度的材料下,發育狀態及死亡數,確認了材料為低毒性,具有潛力成為新興光治療材料,可運用在癌症治療。

1910~2010年台灣附近板塊交界地帶地震能量觀察與比較

我們分析1910~2010年琉球及呂宋弧溝系統規模5.0以上的地震發生次數與能量釋放,並探討其特性。 經分析得知:(1)琉球系統地震發生次數及能量釋放變動不大。(2)將呂宋系統規模六地震大量發生的時間與規模七地震發生時間比對,發現1951及1999年部分規模六地震為規模七地震之餘震。若加入上述兩年規模六地震,則規模六地震大量發生之平均週期約為12年。(3)琉球系統能量大量釋放的週期約為30年,且其釋放的量越來越少。(4)呂宋系統大量釋放能量的週期約為十年。 (5)百年來,琉球系統的地震發生次數較呂宋系統多,在能量上則反之,還需深究是否為兩系統地質結構不同導致。(6) 若前次能量高峰釋放能量特別大,則距下次能量釋放高峰時間間隔較平均週期長。

熱鍋上的舞者 - 聚丙烯酸鈉的Leidenfrost效應分析

將水晶寶寶放置於加熱板,會不斷跳動並發出高頻聲音。本研究透過錄音及錄影進行分析,探討其跳動的原理及特性。研究發現:水晶寶寶於加熱板溫度80°C開始出現穩定跳動,並發出高頻聲音。溫度越高,跳動高度越低且聲音頻率越高。並發現水晶寶寶為符合虎克定律之彈性固體,其聲音頻率與√k成正比,符合簡諧運動的型式。進行動力學分析發現,水晶寶寶於加熱板撞擊之恢復係數穩定於1附近震盪,且發現水晶寶寶撞擊加熱板時會噴發氣體。我們嘗試於加熱板上方放置壓電晶片進行撞擊,發現溫度越高,產生電壓越高,可透過碰撞實現能量轉換。最後結合聲音及動力學分析,提出物理模型針對觀測之現象進行解釋,論證此現象屬於高含水彈性固體的Leidenfrost效應。

材料的1/1&1/3OCT迴響時間測量與吸音研究

本實驗利用自製的實驗裝置及自行推導的公式,推算出材料的吸音率。 材料的吸音率,一般是送至專業的迴響實驗室測量(如:成大迴響實驗室),且單一樣品測試費用昂貴(每件樣品4~6萬元)。 我們 設計的實驗將迴響空間縮小,會遭遇到直傳音場影響大過反射音場的問題,因此利用合成音場公式將兩者分離,再利用均能音量及方向因子Q,以及吸音率、室型常數R之間的關係,建立迴響時間的函數。 複合材料運用範圍廣,但若要得知吸音率,又需花費一筆可觀費用。本實驗模組能快速、方便、經濟地得到各樣品(包含複合材料)的吸音率。同時由音頻分析可得知噪音的頻段,即可選擇最適合的材料進行裝修,達到最佳的吸音效果和最高的經濟效益。