FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON NANOTUBE DOPED PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
Nowadays, the increase in population and the rapid depletion of nonrenewable energy sources brings the need for energy. In this case, scientists are forced to develop technologies by using renewable energy sources. Sun is the unlimited and renewable energy source. Organic solar cells absorb the light from the sun by the active polymer layer and transform it into electrical power. Organic solar cells are advantageous than inorganic ones because of being low-cost, easy-to-use and proper for large scale applications. In this project, it is aimed to produce organic solar cells by using specific amounts of carbon nanotube (CNT) doping. According to this aim, it is detected by using the fluorescence spectroscopy that CNTs can be used in organic solar cells. Later, the homogenous distribution of doping SWCNT into donor material was displayed by AFM, and correct proportion of SWCNTs are chosen by those images. In order to increase the efficiency of organic solar cell SWCNT doped P3HT was used as donor molecule. The acceptor molecule was PCBM in here. Surface characterization of prepared samples was made by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), while electrical characterization of them is done with airless environment cabin (glove-box) system in nitrogen environment. As a result, devices prepared with addition of cyclohexanone in P3HT: SWCNT%:PCBM new load paths to carbon nanotubes were provided, as a result of the measurements short circuit current obtained was raised from the reference to 53%. The best yields were found as 2.24% in 0.2% SWCNT doped devices. This result shows efficiency is healed according to the reference rate as 64%. In this study, certain amounts of carbon nanotube doped organic solar cells were produced, which are highly efficient rather than traditional organic solar cells and low cost, easy-to-produce rather than inorganic solar cells, by using environmentally friendly materials.
從Avoid數列到類巴斯卡三角形
本文研究找出t個不同物{x1, x2, x3,..., xt}(可重複選取)選取n個並做直線排列，則避免x1x1連續、x2x2連續、x3x3連續、…、xjxj連續之計算方法，後來發現學者Tanya Khovanova於網頁資料[4]討論過這種問題並給出遞迴式，而我更進一步得到下列結果 : 1.t個不同物{x1, x2, x3,..., xt}(可重複選取)選取n個並做直線排列，避免x1 …x1連續(m個x1)、避免x2 …x2連續(m個x2)、…、避免xj …xj連續(m個xj)之遞迴式，j≦t，則: (1)nm，An+m=(t-1)(An+m-1+An+m-2+...+An+1)+(t-j)An 2. 除了用遞迴式解題外，我創造出一個用類巴斯卡三角形解決全文所有題目的特殊方法 : 設βim,n表示用{x1, x2, x3,..., xt}(可重複選取)選取n個並做排列，出現i個x1或x2或....或xj，並避免x1…x1連續(m個x1)、避免x2…x2連續(m個x2) 、…、避免xj…xj連續(m個xj)之排列方法數，j≦t，則:βim, n+m=βim, n+m-1+βi-1m, n+m-2+...+βi-m+1m, n+(j-1)(βi-1m, n+m-1+βi-2m, n+m-2+...+βi-m+1m, n+1) Example :下圖為βmm, m+1=βmm, m+βm-1m, m-1+...+β1m, 1+(j-1)(βm-1m, m+βm-2m, m-1+...+β1m, 2)
Lunar Tide Contribution to Thermosphere Weather
Internet search technology is a pervasively used utility that relies on techniques from the _eld of spectral graph theory. We present a novel spectral approach to investigate an existing problem: the critical group of the line graph has been characterized for regular nonbipartite graphs, but the general regular bipartite case remains open. Because of the ine_ectiveness of previous techniques in regular bipartite graphs, our approach provides a new perspective and aims to obtain the relationship between the spectra of the Laplacians of the graph G and its line graph bG. We obtain a theorem for the spectra of all regular bipartite graphs and demonstrate its e_ectiveness by completely characterizing the previously unknown critical group for a particular class of regular bipartite graphs, the incidence graphs of _nite projective planes with square order. This critical group is found to be Z2_(Z2q+2)q31_(Zq2+q+1)q2+q1; where q is the order of the _nite projective plane.