小小細菌立大功-油類生物復育模式的探討
20 世紀初，石油的量產造就了人類文明前所未有的繁榮，然而由於運送、廢棄處理等因素，使得油類污染成為環境保護的重大議題。本實驗中，我們的研究主題為在受油污染的土壤中純化並鑑定出可分解油類之土壤菌和綠膿桿菌對可分解油類之土壤菌與這群土壤菌彼此之間的交互關係，藉此了解它們間的互動對環境生物復育的影響。我們由受油類污染的行道樹土壤中分離了約12 種的土壤菌，其中我們得到3 種對油類分解效果效果極佳的非綠膿桿菌(暫時命名為P7A、P7C、P7D)。經過菌種鑑定發現P7A、P7C、P7D 均為格蘭氏陽性菌。為了解這群可分解油類之土壤菌間的互動關係，我們針對分解效果最佳的P7A、P7C、P7D 作為研究對象，將菌落接種至含有鹽類與機油的液體培養基中震盪培養，並每隔一定時間測量其O.D 值。結果發現P7A、P7C、P7D 間的互動會導致其在以機油為單一碳源的培養液中之生長速度的改變，因此在行環境生物復育時須注意土壤菌間交互關係對其分解污染物速率的影響。此外我們由受油類污染的行道樹土壤中亦分離出了一些綠膿桿菌，因文獻指出，綠膿桿菌所分泌的綠膿素降低受油污染土壤中土壤微生物相的多樣性；因此，我們將由行道樹土壤中純化出的綠膿桿菌T3 與可分解油類P7A、P7C、P7D 進行交互作用觀察，發現T3 會侵占P7A、P7C、P7D 的既有菌落區，而平板培養基亦可清楚看出和T3 交接的P7A、P7C、P7D 菌落區寬度有明顯降低，因此我們認為T3 可抑制或殺死P7A、P7C、P7D，可得知綠膿桿菌會對可分解油類之土壤菌產生抑制或競爭關係。In early 20th century, the exploitation of petroleum transformed human civilization into a tremendously prosper stage. Because of the transportation and disposition of petroleum, the oil pollution has become a important issue in environmental protection. Besides, Chloropseudomonas spp. which can survive in many different environments and decompose lots of organic compounds. In this study, we want to find the bacteria which can utilize oil from machine oil-contaminated soil, investigating the interaction relations between Chloropseudomonas spp. and these oil-degrading soil bacteria. First, we classified these oil-degrading bacteria by the book called“Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.”We find three species of oil-degrading bacteria (P7A、 P7C、P7D) which are all grams-positive bacillus, possibly belonged to Aureobactreium、Curtobacterium、Cellulomonas、Oerskovia、Brochothrix、 Caryophanon. Second, in the study of the relationship between Chloropseudomonas spp. and the oil degrading soil bacteria, we found that Chloropseudomonas spp can considerably inhabit the growth of oil-degrading bacteria. Besides, there are also a great variety of interaction between three species of the oil-degrading bacteria. According to the result , the interaction might considerably affect the efficiency of oil bioremediation. Due to our analysis, we suggest that it is necessary to pay more attention to the interaction between bacteria when undertaking oil bioremediation.
這不是群體防禦─反駁行為學家對魚群行為的高估
This study is to discuss the reason that interfere the fish schooling behavior " adult fish surround the young fish ". I use mathematic simulation, to observe the result when the fishes are stimulated, due to the body size , the speed of swimming , the difference of sensitivity will make different reaction. We predict the motion dots of fish when the hunter appears on the block paper, then analyzes the motion of adult fish and young fish in dot to determine if the result remind "adult fish surround the young fish "structure. The conclusion shown that natural reaction physiologically on fish will show "Adult fish surround the young fish "results, so, the factor that interfere the structure of fish group is not so called "group defense by ethnologist".本研究目的，在探討影響魚群「成魚圍繞著幼魚游」的行為。本研究是以數學模擬法，依觀察結果，設定魚在受到刺激後，因體型大小、游速的快慢、靈敏度的差異等，所產生的不同的反應。再在方格紙上模擬魚群在捕食者出現時，游開的動線。最後分析成魚幼魚的動線分布情形，是否仍是「成魚游在幼魚外圍」的魚群結構。研究結果發現，依魚類的生理條件所設定的條件下模擬，自然形成「成魚游在幼魚外圍」的魚群結構。所以，影響魚群結構的因素，的確不是行為學家所說的防禦行為。
乳酸桿菌及啤酒酵母之相互作用及其代謝產物對Clostridium difficile 生長之影響
市面上可以看到多種品牌紛紛推出了以“啤酒酵母”作為號召的乳製品，標榜健康取向\r 的“啤酒酵母優酪乳”也是其中的一件，我們蒐集了關於啤酒酵母以及乳酸桿菌的文獻，打\r 算研究之間的關係，乳酸菌屬於益生菌，主要的用途是製作優酪乳，可以協助維持體內正常\r 的腸道菌相，降低血清膽固醇以及預防骨質疏鬆症(Rolfe, 2000)；啤酒酵母最主要的用途為\r 啤酒的製作，具有解決失眠、消除疲勞、改善痢疾的功效。外國的克芙爾(kefir)也是屬於含\r 有乳酸桿菌及酵母菌菌相的食品，而且也對健康有益。因此我們提出了一個問題﹕啤酒酵母\r 與乳酸桿菌的代謝產物是否有著互利的功效呢？在拋出第一個問號後我們繼續尋找資料以\r 及著手我們的實驗。在文獻中(Gaon et al.,2003；Corthier et al.,1992,1986)也曾經提及啤酒酵\r 母與乳酸桿菌對於Clostridium difficile 所引起的偽膜性腸炎的關係，所以使我們又想問兩個\r 問題：究竟Ampicillin 對於乳酸桿菌、酵母菌、C. difficile 的影響有多大？而乳酸桿菌及酵\r 母菌對於C. difficile 的影響又是什麼？
Design of a Reflexology System
Many people suffer from aches all over their bodies, whether be it through an injury, inherited features or certain forms of diseases. Going to see a therapist or a specialist can be time consuming and extremely costly. Which is why we’ve decided to develop an automatic system capable of relieving pain in certain areas of the body, all through using reflexology: a form of therapy used to access most of the body using certain parts in the legs, hands and ears. The problematic this project revolves around is that a high percentage of the world’s population don’t know what to do when they feel aches, as they are oblivious to easy and simple massage techniques. Thus, they will resort to taking therapist appointments which most have neither the time nor the money for. Our main focus in this project is developing a system that will help decrease the amount of pain people feel in certain areas, mainly the sinus, the back and also relieving some forms of stress. Our device will function by performing massage on pre-determined parts in the foot; the system will also be automatic meaning it will bring comfort to the user without them ever doing any effort, all at the push of a button or through a remote command from their mobile phones. Our system will also be much cheaper than going to a therapist and a lot faster and more comfortable. To conclude our system offers a modernized version of a therapy technique that has been improved upon and perfected over the years, relieving back pains, sinus pains, stress and many forms of body aches all through our easy to use reflexology system.
磁場中的離子轉速-探討離子遷移速度變因
帶電的離子受到垂直的磁場與電場作用，會因為受到洛倫茲力而產生有趣的轉動現象。我們利用上述原理設計簡易的裝置設備，探討電解質溶液不同濃度、不同離子電荷數，受到不同離子間靜電力，產生不同的離子移動速度。經由所測量的時間與圓周運動的距離，可計算電解質的絕對遷移速度。由實驗結果推論在固定電場下，當電解質濃度降低，正、負離子間的相互作用力降低，離子遷移速度(migration velocity)加快，莫耳電導率 Λ（mole conductance)也隨之增加。同濃度時，電解質2-1 價型硝酸銅與2-2 型硫酸銅離子強度(ionic strength)不同，2-2型硫酸銅離子強度較大，遷移速度較小，莫耳電導率Λ 也較小。Because of the effect of Lorentz force, charged ion will have interesting rotation under the vertical magnetic and electric field. We use the above principle to design a simple instrument or tool, in order to evaluate and study the formation of different ionic mirgration velocities. The velocity of the charged ion in the instrument is affected by differences in the electrolyte, the charge differences of the ion tested and the differences in electrostatic forces between ions. From the experiment we can deduct that at a fixed constant electric field, when the concentration of the electrolyte is reduced, the interaction of forces between positive and negative ions will be reduced. When the migration velocity of ions increase, the mole conductivity Λ (mole conductance ) will also increase. At the same concentration, the ionic strength between copper nitrate ( 2-1valency type ) and copper sulfate ( 2-2 valency type ) are not identical. Copper sulfate, a 2-2 valency type has higher ionic strength, the velocity is slower and the mole conductivity Λ is also smaller.
姑婆芋的傳粉生物學
我們在校園內設置兩樣區，從2007 年4 月至2007年6月，共調查9株姑婆芋，93朵佛焰花，以瞭解姑婆芋生活史、傳粉昆蟲生活史及兩者之間的互動關係。 姑婆芋在11 月至7 月花期時會不斷產生佛焰花苞，剛冒出的花苞經過1到3天後，雌蕊漸成熟，佛焰苞會漸漸展開，開始產熱及一些特殊氣味，吸引果蠅科未知種的蠅類傳粉。當胚株受粉後，佛焰苞頸部會閉合，迫使傳粉昆蟲會往上爬到雄蕊部位攜帶花粉，飛至另一株姑婆芋雌蕊上傳粉，因此姑婆芋與傳粉昆蟲之間具有互利共生的關係。佛焰花序主要產生氣味的部位是在附屬物及雄部，而佛焰苞則可以幫助吸引更多傳粉昆蟲。佛焰花序的附屬物及雄部相對溫度較高，可能具有產熱以吸引傳粉昆蟲的功能。 ;Our study started from April, 2007 to June, 2007. We observed a total of 9 Alocasia odora and 93 spathes to help understand the life cycle of these understory clonal herbs, its pollinators, and the relationship between them. Alocasia odora produces spathes continuously during inflorescence. In the female phase, the pistillate part of the inflorescence ripens and an opening appears at the spathe, heat and a special odor is produced to attract pollinators of Drosophilidae. When the ovule is pollinated, the male phase begins and the opening encloses, which forces the pollinators upwards to the staminate part to carry its pollens, and then fly to an other Alocasia odora, Heat and the special odor are produced by the appendix and the staminate part of the inflorescence, and the spathe can increase the number of pollinators attracted. The relationship of mutualism between these two species contribute to the study of coevolution.
利用自製頻譜儀研究蜜蜂的發聲系統
本研究利用麥克風與相關電腦設備，結合成自製頻譜儀用以觀測多種情況下蜜蜂的聲音頻率。若將蜜蜂的翅膀加以修剪，可測得有不同的頻率，解析頻率發現「翅膀為主要發聲點，但去除翅膀仍有高頻的發聲，且有三種不同的頻率。」將蜜蜂置於不同溫度下，解析頻率得知「一定溫度範圍內，溫度越高蜜蜂發聲頻率越高，反之亦然。」幼期在胸部塗顏料使絨毛無法生長，去除雙翅後，仍有頻率相近的發聲，得知「胸部絨毛不是造成高頻的原因。」靜置５分鐘，待蜜蜂停止發聲後，剪去腳、挑弄蜜蜂會發出高頻，得知「情緒是引起高頻的原因。」將蜜蜂的翅膀加以修剪，分別放回蜂窩口，發現「同一族群蜜蜂可用發聲頻率來辨別同伴。」比較義大利蜂及中華蜜蜂，得知「在多種情況下中華蜜蜂發聲頻率皆較義大利蜂高約７０Hz。」因此本實驗之結論並不受蜂種影響。The study, capitalizing on a hand-made frequency divider, the microphone and computerized equipment, observes a variety of frequency of sound given off by bees. We read different frequencies from the apparatus when the bee’s wings were trimmed. Analyzing it, we discover that the bee’s winds are major source of its sound, but it still gives out high-frequency sound when the wings were completely cut off.” After analyzing the frequency, we discover that within a certain temperature range the higher the temperature is, the higher the frequency is, and vice versa. In one experiment, we painted the thorax at its pupal stage to stop the bee from growing fine hairs. Even though the wings had been removed, it still gave out high-frequency sound. We, therefore, conclude that fine hairs on the thorax have nothing to do with the making of the sound. In another experiment, bees were placed in an undisturbed environment until they are completely silent. Then, some of the bee’s legs were cut off, while others were provoked. And all the bees make high-frequency sound in the process. We make a hypothesis that emotion could be the cause of bees’ sound-making. The bees with different trimmed wings were put back to the beehive; the bees can still recognize one another by the different sound frequencies. If we compare A. m. ligustica with A. c. cerana under different conditions, we find that the frequency from the latter is about 70 Hz higher than that form the former.
台灣沿岸地形與海嘯的實驗室模擬
本實驗利用喇叭、薄膜電極、波型產生器、鎖相放大器、及750 介面卡組合一套系統,此系統可使偵測精密度大幅提升(±4*10-5cm),使得水槽及地表模型尺度變小(40*22*35cm),因此可節省實驗的成本與時間我們在坡度實驗中,發現坡度在3 度左右,淺化係數都超過3. 對照台灣沿岸發生海嘯的歷史記載,確實在台灣東北角及西南沿岸等坡度為三度之地區都發生較明顯的海嘯危害. 反之,坡度在四度以上的東岸其海嘯波高都非常低.最後再藉著硬體系統及電腦2D 動畫模擬的整合,使我們可方便掌握波浪在不同坡度及位置,其波長及波高變化比,如此有助於預估及說明海嘯隨地形變化的狀況.By using the horn, membranous electrodes, function generator, phase-locked amplifier, and Science Workshop 750, we plan to assemble a tsunami simulation system in which the precision can be getting increased (±4*10-5cm) .Because of the improvement of its precision, the size of the tank and of the surface models will become smaller .As a result, the money and time spent on the experiment will be spare. When experimenting on the influence of inclination of the landforms, we observed that when the inclination reaches about 3 degrees, the shoaling coefficient exceeded 3 .The result of our experiment can provide an explanation to the tsunami on the northeast and southwest coast of Taiwan .According to the historical records, the disastrous tsunami happens frequently on the northeast and southwest coast of Taiwan where its inclination is also about 3 degrees as well .On the other hand, on the eastern coast, the wave height is lower and its inclination exceeds 4 degrees .Apparently, our experimenting result is correspond to the natural phenomena in Taiwan’s coast . Besides, with the help of hardware system and computer 2D animation simulation, we can easily measure the wavelength and wave height scale of the wave in different inclinations and positions. Therefore, this tsunami simulation system can provide a great help to estimate and explain the phenomena of tsunami which may change its condition in different landforms.
台北市內湖區金面山地衣調查與空氣污染對地衣影響之探究
本研究工作自2001 年7 月至2002 年6 月止，在臺北市內湖區金面山進行地衣實地探勘採集調查，以位於臺北市內湖區之麗山高級中學之校園為中心點，範圍由校園金面山至學校前門所面對的港墘路與環山路口。應用「外部型態比較」，「切片觀察(徒手切片技術)」與「化學分析(薄層色層分析Thin Layer Chromatography, TLC)」等三種方法，鑑定所採集之地衣所屬種類，並探討空氣污染程度對金面山地衣類分佈狀況的影響。調查至2002年6月為止，本研究已發現生長於金面山區之數種地衣，其中殼狀地衣包含有：癩屑衣屬(Lepraria)、球粉衣屬(Spheophorus)、大孢衣屬(Megalospora)等三屬；屬於莖狀地衣的僅有石蕊屬(Cladonia)；為葉狀地衣的則有：黃梅衣屬(Xanthoparmelia)、裸緣梅衣屬(Parmotrema)、梅衣屬(Parmelia)等三屬，合計共七個屬。本研究針對臺北市金面山區及麗山高級中學之校園附近市區道路地衣類分佈的情形做調查，結果發現行道樹上之附生地衣在較靠近山區的地方，於樹幹上的生長覆蓋面積才會有明顯增加的情形，又其中在市區道路上只發現殼狀地衣生長，而莖狀及葉狀地衣則出現於金面山頂附近，所以就此情況而言，除了金面山區外，市區已呈現地衣沙漠化之狀況，間接顯示，市區的空氣污染是相當嚴重的。本研究將所調查結果之各屬地衣類進行特徵描述與分佈地區之標定，以便於日後臺北市內湖區金面山地衣之鑑識及後續相關研究之進行。This research was carried out between July 2001 and June 2002 on the Jinmian Mountain in Neihu,\r Taipei City and consisted of an on-the-spot exploration and collection of lichen. The Taipei Municipal\r Lishan High School was the center of this research, and the researched territory consisted of the areas\r between the mountain at the back of the school (Jinmian Mountain) and the intersection between\r Gangcian Rd. and Huanshan Rd. in front of the school’s main gate. Comparison of external appearance,\r dissectional observation (manual breaking technique), and chemical analysis (Thin Layer\r Chromatography, TLC) were the research methods applied to determine the genus of the lichen and the\r influence of the degree of air pollution on the distribution of the lichen.\r By the end of the research in June 2002 the presence of three types of lichen on the Jinmian\r Mountain was observed: crustose lichen: Lepraria, Spheophorus, Megalospora; fruticose lichen: Cladonia;\r foliose lichen: Xanthoparmelia, Parmotrema, Parmelia. Seven different genus of lichen have been found.\r The research has been done on the distribution of these different genus of lichen in the area of the\r Jinmian Mountain and The Taipei Municipal Lishan High School: By observation the sidewalk trees\r near the mountain’s area, we found the covering area of the lichen on the sterns apparently increases,\r while on the trees in the city district, only crustose lichen grow. The fruticose and foliose lichen only\r grow near the top of the Jinmian Mountain. This impoverishment of the diversity of lichen in the city\r district might (indirectly) be an indicator of the considerable decline of air quality in the city. The\r outcomes of this research regarding the description and distribution of the lichens contribute to the\r knowledge on lichens in the Jingmian Mountain area in the Neihu District, and may raise the similar\r research in the future as well.