探討聲致發光效應中，改變溫度，濃度，液體種類，頻率對氣泡發光的影響?
聲致發光效應(sonoluminesence)為最近二十年來相當新穎的研究領域，其基本原理是利用超聲波將水中的氣泡集中，並使之隨著超聲波快速且連續的膨脹壓縮，當氣泡被壓縮至最小時溫度急遽上升，並放出藍白色的光芒。正因為這是一個嶄新的領域，所以許多實驗是以嘗試錯誤的方法去進行，但也因此發現了一些特殊的現象：1. 氣泡在正常的頻率(30kHz)以外，經過一段不可發光的頻率後，還可在更高頻率(接近40kHz)的地方發光2. 氣泡發光效率曲線在不同性質溶液中的差異3. 針對高頻率發光及雙泡發光的部分，做了兩個相關的假設並進一步驗證，得到了相當特別的結論。至今已有許多關於此研究的成果發表，但對於同時兩顆氣泡存在並發光的雙泡發光現象(double-bubble sonoluminesence)卻還很少人研究。因此我們嘗試較系統化地分析雙泡發光，期望能夠對這個現象有進一步的認識，並對日後的多泡發光(muti-bubble sonoluninesence)研究奠定基礎。Sonoluminescence has been a very popular topic for the past twenty years. Single-bubble sonoluminescence occurs when an acoustically trapped and periodically driven gas bubble collapses so strongly that the energy focusing on collapse leads to light emission. Because it is a new topic, few related experiments on this issue have been carried out before. However, while doing the research and making adjustments at the same time we discovered some special phenomenon: 1. Besides the normal amplitude frequency (30kHz) added on the bubble, we found that after a period of frequency which can not emit, the bubble is able to remain and emit in higher amplitude frequency (about 40 kHz). 2. We also compared the emission efficiency when bubbles are in different liquids. 3. To explain part of the results in high frequency and double-bubble sonoluminescence, we made two assumptions and attempted to demonstrated them in the end of the report. Some research studies in this field have been released already; nevertheless, few people concentrate on “double-bubble sonoluminescence.” Therefore, we attempt to systematically analyze the emission of double-bubble, expecting to have more comprehension of this marvelous effect and also establish the fundamental background to “muti-bubble sonoluninescence.”
一滴溶液的顯微電解世界
Whe we think of chemistry experiments in schools from the view of environmental\r protection, microscopic chemistry experiment with reduced quantity and waste is\r the trend for experiments in the future. It is also the target that everybody shall\r aim for. After many failures and instructions from teachers, I finally successfully\r performed electrolysis of the most micro-volume of one-drop solution. It was also\r unbelievable to perform quantitative test within the electrolysis time of color\r disappear from the blue cupic sulfate solution.
\r To clearly see the one-drop solution electrolysis, instrument starts from magnifier\r to self-assembled micro project, then upgraded to the miro-visual screen. It not\r only can record,also plays/shows in the computer. Most importantly, it is the most\r environmental protection effective and also zero pollution microsopic chemistry\r experiment. It is obviously a target of future development trend.
\r 我們從環境保護的角度去思考常校的化學實驗時，減量減廢的微型化學實驗已是未來實驗的趨勢，也是大家應共同努力的目標。在多次失敗及老師的啟發下，我終於成功的做到電解最微量的一滴溶液。對於從藍色硫酸銅溶液顏色消失的電解時間裡，還可做定量的檢定感到不可思議！
\r 為了更清楚看到一滴溶液的電解情形，儀器的設計由放大鏡到自組顯微投影機，最後進階到顯微視訊的畫面，它不但可記錄下來，而且可在電腦中播放。最重要的是：最環保也最接近零污染的顯微化學實驗，已然是未來可發展下去的目標。
NICE數-正方形與正立方體的切割
源自於Thinking Mathematically這本書的一道題目, 關於正方形的切割問題：將一個正方形切成不重疊的正方形, 所得的個數就可被稱作NICE(好的), 問有哪些數是NICE數？ 在平面的正方形切割的問題, 透過分割技巧, 我們得出了重要的結果：除了2、3、5以外的自然數都是NICE數, 並推導出：若k為NICE數, m為自然數, 則k+3m為NICE數。我們將問題推廣至立方體：將一個正方體切成不重疊的正方體, 所得的個數就可被稱作very NICE(非常好的), 問有哪些數是very NICE數？我們也得出重要的結果：大於47的自然數皆為very NICE數, 並推導出：若 是very NICE數, 且m是自然數, 則k+7m為very NICE數。
平面切立方體內單位立方格數極值之計算
我們先假設有一正方體及一截過正方體之平面，並設正立方體為一k*k*k 之立體。為計算平面截過之單位正立方體個數，我們必須先分別計算各層被切過之個數再將之相加，因此將各層面投影至同一平面，簡化為平面上之問題，並討論其性質／規律，計算平面截此正立方體之個數。如此，便可以一般化數學式計算平面截正立方體個數之問題。接著，用以上方法為基礎，討論各種平面切正立方體之類型，將被平面所截之單位立方體個數以電腦程式算出，觀察數字變化及其性質規則，並找出最大值發生之條件。 We initially supposed that there are a regular hexahedron consists of unitary n × n cubes and a plane which incises the regular hexahedron. To calculate the total number of the unitary cubes incised by the plane, we can first calculate them layer by layer and then sum them up. And further, we project each layer on the same plane, so the three-dimensional problem is simplified into two-dimension. By making use of the character which results from projection, we can easily calculate the number of the unitary cubes incised. Consequently, we are able to calculate them with a general equation. Afterward, we research each circumstance that the plane incises the regular hexahedron on the base of the mentioned methods. Calculate them with self-designed computer programs, and observe the regulation and change of the result. Furthermore, we can find out when it will achieve the maximum.
垂直水柱的成節機制探討
本研究欲探討垂直水柱遇障礙物成節的形成機制。以數位照相機、光電計時器等進行觀測。 實驗結果如下： （一）因往返水柱波速不同，而且節無波腹大幅振動現象，故節不是駐波現象。 （二）細針插入水柱表面時，當針上方超過某長度後，針下方產生Ｖ字形震波。但不論針相對水柱的速度是否超過波速，針上方都有節，故不是震波所產生的現象。 （三）根據水波槽模擬實驗，不論木條是否超過波速，木條前方均產生波紋。木條前方的水受到木條推動，往前方加速，因此顯現出波紋了。 我們認為，在水柱中所看到的節，不是震波或駐波，而是相對於木條往前傳遞的波。波源是撞擊物，改變了水柱表面的壓力，而成為波源，水柱的水因受撞擊，某個範圍內流速會小於波速，使得撞擊物前方存在波紋。This experiment uses digital camera and photoelectric timer to discuss the mechanism of causing spouts to form nodes on its surface. Because the downward wave velocity of the spout is different from that upwardand there are no significant vibrations of antinodes, standing waves are not the mechanism of causing nodes. In the experiment of inserting a needle into the spout, we found out that while the needle was inserted above a certain length of the spout, v shaped bow waves emerged. However, no matter the velocity of the needle related to the spout is over the wave velocity, there are always nodes above the needle. Therefore, bow waves are not the mechanism of causing nodes. According to the ripple tank simulating experiment, no matter whether the speed of the wooden stick is faster than the wave velocity or not, there are always waves forming in front of the wooden stick. The wooden stick pushes water in front of it and causes the water to accelerate forward. Therefore, waves appear. We think that the nodes we see on spouts are neither standing waves nor bow waves. The nodes are rather caused by the relatively moving wooden stick. The object, which impacted the spout (wooden stick), changed the pressure of the spout’s surface and became the source of wave. Because of the impact, the velocity of the water current of a certain area became slower than the wave velocity and causes nodes forming on the surface of the spout.
澱粉?抑制劑之研究
植物合成澱粉?抑制劑可以對抗動物的取食，國外實驗證明數種澱粉?抑制劑對害蟲防 治具有顯著效果，其中以腰豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)研究最多。我們利用5% T.C.A.進行粗萃，從台灣常見豆類中篩選出四季豆(與腰豆同種不同品系)與菜豆，對麗蠅的澱粉?具有明顯的抑制效果，對豬胰臟與黃豆澱粉?的抑制效果則小或無，此種抑制特異性深具害蟲防治的潛力。經由溫度與pH 的試驗發現粗萃中的澱粉?抑制劑成分應為蛋白質。我們以四季豆作為繼續研究的對象，將粗萃進一步純化，經由陰離子交換與膠體過濾層析，分離出單一蛋白質，經蛋 白質定序比對確認其可能為國外發表的腰豆澱粉?抑制劑—αAI-1。經由測試發現此抑制劑在 85℃時仍能抑制果蠅澱粉?，為一相當穩定的蛋白質；且抑制劑的作用受pH 值影響很大，在偏酸性環境下的效果最好，與昆蟲分泌澱粉?的部位亦為酸性環境有相當密切的關聯；且其 抑制作用具特異性，可明顯抑制果蠅、入侵紅火蟻、白蟻、蟑螂及麵包蟲等昆蟲的澱粉?活性，對人類唾液、豬胰臟、四季豆本身及黃豆澱粉?的抑制效果很小或無，值得繼續深入研究。 Plant amylase inhibitors can fight against predation from plant-eating animals. It has been reported that several amylase inhibitors have an obvious effect on pest control; among them that from Phaseolus vulgaris got the most surveyed. 5% T.C.A was employed to make crude extracts. We have screened the amylase inhibitor activities from crude extract among beans common in Taiwan. The inhibitors from both string beans (the different strain of Phaseolus vulgaris) and cowpea notably inhibited the amylases in Chrysomia megacephala, but little or no inhibition in porcine pancreas and soy bean. This specific inhibition behavior suggested strong potential in pest control. Its activity can be affected by temperature and pH suggested that amylase inhibitors in crude extracts should be proteins. String beans were chosen to be further purified from the crude extracts. A single protein was isolated after ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Through protein sequencing, the partial amino acid sequences were highly homologous to that ofαAI-1 from Phaseolus vulgaris, indicating it might beαAI-1. The purified protein still can inhibit the amylase from Drosophila melanogaster at 85℃, suggesting it is thermal-stable. Its activity was affected by pH and reached the peak in weak acidic environment, which might be related to the fact that amylases are secreted in acidic environment of insect’s midgut. It obviously inhibited the amylases from D. melanogaster,Solenopsis invicta, Odontotermes formosanus, Periplaneta Americana Linnaeus, and Alphitobius sp., while not to human saliva, porcine pancreas, soy bean and string beans itself. The unique pattern of inhibition activities of the purified amylase inhibitor was worthy of further anlysis.
乳酸桿菌及啤酒酵母之相互作用及其代謝產物對Clostridium difficile 生長之影響
市面上可以看到多種品牌紛紛推出了以“啤酒酵母”作為號召的乳製品，標榜健康取向\r 的“啤酒酵母優酪乳”也是其中的一件，我們蒐集了關於啤酒酵母以及乳酸桿菌的文獻，打\r 算研究之間的關係，乳酸菌屬於益生菌，主要的用途是製作優酪乳，可以協助維持體內正常\r 的腸道菌相，降低血清膽固醇以及預防骨質疏鬆症(Rolfe, 2000)；啤酒酵母最主要的用途為\r 啤酒的製作，具有解決失眠、消除疲勞、改善痢疾的功效。外國的克芙爾(kefir)也是屬於含\r 有乳酸桿菌及酵母菌菌相的食品，而且也對健康有益。因此我們提出了一個問題﹕啤酒酵母\r 與乳酸桿菌的代謝產物是否有著互利的功效呢？在拋出第一個問號後我們繼續尋找資料以\r 及著手我們的實驗。在文獻中(Gaon et al.,2003；Corthier et al.,1992,1986)也曾經提及啤酒酵\r 母與乳酸桿菌對於Clostridium difficile 所引起的偽膜性腸炎的關係，所以使我們又想問兩個\r 問題：究竟Ampicillin 對於乳酸桿菌、酵母菌、C. difficile 的影響有多大？而乳酸桿菌及酵\r 母菌對於C. difficile 的影響又是什麼？
姑婆芋的傳粉生物學
我們在校園內設置兩樣區，從2007 年4 月至2007年6月，共調查9株姑婆芋，93朵佛焰花，以瞭解姑婆芋生活史、傳粉昆蟲生活史及兩者之間的互動關係。 姑婆芋在11 月至7 月花期時會不斷產生佛焰花苞，剛冒出的花苞經過1到3天後，雌蕊漸成熟，佛焰苞會漸漸展開，開始產熱及一些特殊氣味，吸引果蠅科未知種的蠅類傳粉。當胚株受粉後，佛焰苞頸部會閉合，迫使傳粉昆蟲會往上爬到雄蕊部位攜帶花粉，飛至另一株姑婆芋雌蕊上傳粉，因此姑婆芋與傳粉昆蟲之間具有互利共生的關係。佛焰花序主要產生氣味的部位是在附屬物及雄部，而佛焰苞則可以幫助吸引更多傳粉昆蟲。佛焰花序的附屬物及雄部相對溫度較高，可能具有產熱以吸引傳粉昆蟲的功能。 ;Our study started from April, 2007 to June, 2007. We observed a total of 9 Alocasia odora and 93 spathes to help understand the life cycle of these understory clonal herbs, its pollinators, and the relationship between them. Alocasia odora produces spathes continuously during inflorescence. In the female phase, the pistillate part of the inflorescence ripens and an opening appears at the spathe, heat and a special odor is produced to attract pollinators of Drosophilidae. When the ovule is pollinated, the male phase begins and the opening encloses, which forces the pollinators upwards to the staminate part to carry its pollens, and then fly to an other Alocasia odora, Heat and the special odor are produced by the appendix and the staminate part of the inflorescence, and the spathe can increase the number of pollinators attracted. The relationship of mutualism between these two species contribute to the study of coevolution.
這裡真安靜-隔音材質的探討
本實驗針對隔音材質的特性，如各孔板之孔徑、開孔率，並以夾層做不同孔板配置進行研究。本主題共進行三階段的實驗。第一階段探討不同材質的影響，因材質加工問題，實驗誤差過大；第二階段改以PP 塑膠板探討，因儀器誤差，數據難以解析；第三階段仍以PP 塑膠板探討，並修正實驗步驟，以降低實驗誤差。本報告乃以第三階段實驗結果做探討。為了提高實驗準確度，將整個實驗分成若干組，在實驗前後以空白測試，以減低實驗誤差。利用Excel 軟體，進行各組實驗數據噪音傳送損失之修正與分析。本試驗以125Hz、250Hz、500Hz、1000Hz、2000Hz 及4000Hz 六段週波頻率做測試。由分析結果顯示，孔徑與開孔率、同心圓的排列方式，對噪音傳送損失有顯著的影響。;This experiment is to focus on the properties of sound barriers, such as hole diameter, open areas, and the layout of holing boards. We have performed experiments in three steps. In the first step, we discussed the differences between different kinds of material but found many errors caused from faults in the process of making boards. So in the second step, we chose the ploy-propene board but still found errors from instruments. And in the final step, we used the ploy-propene board again and modified the experiment procedure to lower the error from instruments. The report is based on the final step data. With a view to raise the precision of the experiment, we divided the experiment into several parts with the blank test. We modified and transferred the original data to the noisy transfer loss (TL) in the same intensity level, and analyzed the data with Microsoft Excel. In experiment, we detected the noise-pollution level (dB) in the frequency of 125Hz, 250Hz, 500Hz, 1000Hz, 2000Hz and 4000Hz. According to the result, the hole diameter, open area and the layout of concentric circle have a significant influence on TL.