Non-biodegradable waste materials like discarded polybags, rubber bottles, broken buckets and sachet water bags constitute a serious environmental problem all over the world. Several steps have been taken to eliminate these waste materials. Burning of these non-biodegradable waste in an incineration only constitute environmental pollution as poisonous gases are release to the environment which are hazardous to lives. The purpose of developing this catalytic conversion of non-biodegradable waste material into fuel is to remove the problem non-biodegradable waste materials poses in its disposal as well as obtaining a precious end product that will supplement fuel supply. Dump side lands that would have been used for dumping waste is also reclaimed. The procedure and chemistry is from the fact that Non-biodegradable waste materials are composes of long chain hydrocarbon. Some are made of polymeric units like polythene. The materials are heated in a closed vessel with coal and a catalyst. Heating is done progressively until condensate from gaseous product is obtained. This condensate is wide range of liquid fuel (Diesel and petrol) including LPG ranges. Further separation processing will give pure product of the different fuel liquids. The Apparatus consist of a cylindrical cooking vessel heated by coal furnace or other heat source like LPG, the vessel is made of steal. The upper side of the vessel provide an outlet vent to connect condensing section/condenser which is required for the conversion of gaseous form of product into liquid state. The fuel produce can find it application in the following areas; Heating of kiln in the cement company, Heating of boilers and Domestic lighting.

看到環球城市數學競賽2003年春季賽國中組試題中，一題有關方格遊戲的問題： \r \r 在一塊9 × 9的正方形方格紙板中，最多可以挑選幾個小方格， \r 使得沿著這些小方格的二條對角線割開後，原正方形方格紙板 \r 不會分裂為二片或二片以上(即沒有小片紙板會從原正方形紙板 \r 中“掉下來”)？\r \r 原題目雖然只有一種圖形解，但我們發覺在其他方格紙板中，圖形解不一，在對幾個圖形分析和研究過後，發覺“似乎”有其特定作圖法，而且可挑選的小方格數也頗有發展的地方，令我們覺得相當有趣，而且此題目和之前看過方格類的問題不大一樣，因此，決定以此問題當作科展主題，加以延伸、研究，自我挑戰。

本實驗之目的在利用骨髓間質幹細胞 (Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells, BMSCs) 培養為平台，篩選能提升BMSCs成骨分化效率的生物材料。實驗中利用osteogenic induction medium (OIM)使BMSCs朝成骨分化路徑進行，分別在第7(前期)、14(中期)、21(後期)天作Alizarin Red Stain assay(ARS assay)測定鈣沉積之效率作為評估標準，而後於平面上塗覆不同生物材料進行測試，根據實驗結果顯示，Gelatin主要在中期就可達到最高成骨分化效率，而PCL與HA到後期亦能顯著提高成骨分化效率。當進入3D立體成骨誘導試驗時，我們發現Gelatin、HA的複合材料能保持平面之特性且結合二者優點，並且更能有效提升成骨分化之效率。

葉綠素為植物體內進行光合作用關鍵物質，在能源領域內也有不少的應用。葉綠素是光合作用的鑰匙，葉綠素能夠累積光的能量並放出激發態電子，利用激發態電子的能量進行一連串複雜的反應，本研究的理論就建立在光合作用上，利用葉綠素吸收光能轉為電能的特性開發新型光電池。光電池使用金屬或非金屬材料，照光後能產生電流之材料作為發電材料。電池的製作過程非常簡單，實驗發電材料葉綠素也很容易取得，完全沒有汙染環境的疑慮，是非常乾淨的綠色能源。另外也探討葉綠素濃度對於發電效能的影響。研究使用的裝置是由兩片玻璃與矽膠片組裝而成的電池，在電池中間加入葉綠素與電解液。藉由改變電解液與有無光照來探討葉綠素在該電池中的氧化還原作用是否有明顯的變化，並推出化學反應式。結果顯示在葉綠素與電解液的配合下能夠建立出一套循環產電系統。

Sine bar is precise measuring angular tool with gage blocks.Basica1 旬, to get height we calculates with H=L×sinOto assemble gage blocks.It is inconvenient to assemble gage blocks and maintain after we measured when wanting to get different dimensions. In out wOItwe have fabricated rap1d positioning sine bar by combining micrometer and sine bar.The purposes ofthis research are producing dimensions accurately and rapidly.Thus,it won't have errors when workp1eces are mached and measured. 正弦桿是測量角度的精密量具，基本上，正弦桿需跟塊規組合使用，再利用Ｈ＝Ｌ Ｓｉｎθ 算出需組合之高度，在算出需用何種尺寸之塊規需用幾塊，但如果遇到多種不同高度時，則需要更換不同尺寸之塊規，塊規在每次使用時都需清潔乾淨，十分的不方便，在此我們利用測微器，與正弦桿結合，捨去塊規，研製出快速定位正弦桿。此一設計主要包含有原本的正弦桿，一支測微器，結合成新的正弦桿，本正弦桿主要的特性是，在每一種高度算出後，即可利用正弦桿上的測微器直接旋轉到需要之高 度，且轉到需要之高度後可將測微器固定讓測微器不再旋轉，且兩者是一體的，不會出現測量或是加工時，正弦桿移動之現象，使用中也不會去觸摸到測微器之測頭而產生了熱脹冷縮之誤差發生，達到快速定位之需求。

本研究以心電圖(Electrocardiogram, ECG)與心臟影像分析(Image analysis)法，探討美洲蟑螂與短角外斑腿蝗的體位改變對其心臟生理活動的影響。當美洲蟑螂頭朝上立起時，血淋巴受重力影響而往身體尾端移動，此時心跳率增加，進而維持心輸出量。頭朝下立起時，血淋巴受重力影響而更易流向頭部，此時心搏量減少，進而減少心輸出量，以維持血淋巴循環的恆定。我們亦發現相對於心電圖記錄，影像分析法可收集較多參數，亦不傷害蟲體。總結前人文獻與本研究發現：人體(閉鎖式循環系統)主要透過動脈收縮以調節血壓，美洲蟑螂(開放式循環系統)主要改變心搏活動以維持血淋巴循環的恆定。

端黑豹斑蝶廣泛分布全球，包括臺灣和日本兩地。在日本，端黑豹斑蝶的分布有逐漸北移的現象，這可能是全球暖化的影響。北移的現象暗示端黑豹斑蝶可能對溫度變化具有敏感的反應。臺灣及日本的氣候類型不同，故推測端黑豹斑蝶在兩地可能發展出不同的適應策略，以成功生存。藉著計算發育零點及有效積溫、比較不同溫度對成蟲體型的影響，了解兩地族群是否發展出不同的適應策略。臺灣族群發育零點為12.95℃，日本族群為6.59℃，日本族群可在較低溫度下開始發育；兩族群完成生活史所需的天數和有效積溫不同；溫度會影響成蟲體型。相同溫度下，日本族群生長較快，體型較小。不同食草亦有可能影響發育。兩地族群顯示出不同生活史，日本族群演化出適應低溫的生存策略。端黑豹斑蝶可能藉由北移的方式，來解決全球暖化帶來的影響。

具有長短兩軸的對稱性剛體，譬如半橢球，在施加適當質量配重後，給予其Z 軸方向的 初角速度，將會逐漸上下震盪、搖擺，而後改變原先的角速度方向，朝相反的方向逆轉回來。 此現象稱為「逆旋現象」，本研究分析關於配重、質心距離與表面摩擦係數等因素的影響，利 用光點投影方式判讀其軌跡，並建立數學模型以驗證物理原理。研究發現，動摩擦垂直長軸 的分力所造成的力矩，將會導致逆旋的發生，並且，對本研究的剛體模型而言，加以20g 配 重，與長軸夾45°距質心5.5cm 且動摩擦系數為0.1227 時，逆轉角度有最大值。當長短兩軸 的震盪頻率相近時，甚至會發生兩軸能量的耦合現象，而有不只一次的逆旋。 The phenomenon was found for rigid bodies with long and short symmetrical axes, such as half-ellipsoids. We add extra masses ( Δm ) to a stone of the shape of half-ellipsoid and then give it an initial angular velocity ( 0 ω ) to make it spin. While the stone spins, the two symmetric axes start oscillating up and down. Then, remarkably, the spin of the stone slows down while the amplitude of oscillation increases until the direction of angular velocity reverses. This process is called “Rattle Back Spin-Reversed Phenomenon.” Our study involves the effect of several parameters on the above phenomenon, such as the shape of the stone, the added mass, and the friction between the stone and the table surface. We try to build a physical model to explain the spin-reversed phenomenon which can be recorded by tracing the motion of the stone with optical means. According to our study, the shape of the stone and the distribution of the added mass played crucial roles. The torque generated by kinetic friction along the long axis also helps the spin to reverse. Furthermore, in our experiment, we record a maximum reverse angle with following settings: two sets of 10 grams of mass are symmetrically added to the flat side of half-ellipsoid, in the distance of 5.5 cm to the C.M. of stone and an included 45 degrees angle with a long axis. And the most surprising finding is that when the oscillation frequencies of two symmetric axes are close to each other, the spin of the stone can reverse twice.

原題目是環球城市盃中，一個圖論的問題。而題目提供了一個證明，是證 明此種連線都是偶數的圖形，一定會在三的倍數邊形成立。在經過一番思考過 後，我們希望能將原本的偶數連線性質加以驗證，並確定奇存在性。此時，我們 也不禁聯想到：奇數是否也有所特別的性質。因此，我們也向奇數連線做研究。 就在平面得到了部分結論的同時，我們想到這個問題是否可以推廣至三維 空間。然而在推至三維空間的過程中，我們又聯想到，另一種平面：球面。在球 面上放點，能否也找到一些不同的性質。因此，我們分別從平面、球面、立體圖 下手。 基本上，探討平面和立體問題的方法，是以土法煉鋼的方式來求出結果。 然而這種圖論的問題，不可能嘗試到無限多點的情形。因此，我們是著找出一個 關鍵的key，那就是結合性質和外接合性質。以這兩種方法，我們可以將一個簡 單的基本圖形，推向無限多點和無限多邊的情況。 接下來，還有討論一些特殊狀況，例如： deg v＝3n+1，探討其結果。 最後得到的結論是： 1、平面偶圖成立的條件為：此多邊形為三倍數邊形， 而且除了內 部一、二、四點以外， 其他點數都可以成為偶圖。 2、平面奇圖成立的條件為：奇數邊形的情形下，除了三點以外，其 他的內部奇數點的都可以成為奇圖。偶數情形下， 除了四 點以外， 其他的內部奇數點的都可以成為偶圖。 3、三角形平面圖，d eg n 皆為m 成立的條件：2＜ m＜ 6( m? N ) 4、三角形內外任意點d eg 皆為3n ( n ? N )的成立條件： 三角形內部4 x+1 個點( x ? N )。 5、三角形內外任意點d eg 皆為3n+1 ( n ? N )的成立條件： 三角形內部3 x 個點( x ? N )。 6、立體偶圖n 頂點(n＞4)面體的成立條件為： 內部點數為5m+ n- 3、5m+ n- 1、5m+ n、5m+ n +1、5m+ n +3。(m 為大於或等於零的整數) 7、立體奇圖四面體的成立條件為： 內部點數為偶數皆存在。 The original problem is a question of Graph Theory in IMTOT ,which provides\r a proof that proving the figure which its linking-line number is even ,should also be\r contented in the triple-sides figure. After profound consideration ,we try to make sure\r the existence of the properties the we mentioned above. Meanwhile ,it also occurs to\r us that whether the properties would be contented ,in the figure which its linking-line\r number is odd. So we make our way to it. Additionally ,three-dimensional and\r spherical figures are part of our research as well.\r Basically ,we discuss the problem in two-dimensional and three-dimensional\r aspects with the simplest method .However ,it is impossible to discuss the problem in\r unlimited dots .Hence , we are going to find a “key” to solve this problem .As a\r result ,we can find a simple basic-picture , and expand to infinite-multiple lateral\r pictures.\r Next step ,we also discussed some special situations , for example: for each\r point v , deg v=3n+1.\r At last the conclusion is following:\r 1、The conditions of linking-line number is even: triple-sides. And the amount of\r points inside the figure is without 1,2,and 3.\r 2、The conditions of linking-line number is odd: In the odd-sides figure , all number\r of the points inside the figure can be content without 3 point. In the even-sides\r figure , all number of the points inside the figure can be content without 4 point.\r 3、In a triangle , each point’s deg is the same number m: 2

Vacuum packaging is a packaging technique intended to extend the shelf life of food via the removal of air from an enclosed package prior to sealing. This process limits the growth of aerobic bacteria or fungi due to oxygen deprivation. In this work, we present a novel do-it-yourself vacuum packaging device using the exchange of water and air between two bottles to continuously generate a vacuum-suction effect. The sizes of bottle and vacuum bag were investigated for its impact on the vacuum generation in a plastic bag containing smoked fish sausages. Large commercial 3.1-litre PET bottle generated more vacuum than the smaller ones. An equilibrated vacuum pressure of a smaller plastic bag was lower than that of a larger size. With 3.1-litre PET bottles, the vacuum pressure for 3”x5”, 5”x8” and 6”x9” bags was equilibrated at 8, 10, 18 mmHg, respectively. Sausages packaged by our device last for 14 days when they were kept in -20oC refrigerator, which was comparable to those packed by the commercial vacuum packaging system for household use. This project demonstrates an application of simple science in a real life situation as well as a promotion of environmental protection idea as the electricity is not used in the vacuum generation process and the disposed plastic bottles can be reused.