均相沉澱法製備CZA 觸媒之探討
本研究以均相沉澱法合成多成分的銅鋅鋁觸媒系統，並嘗試克服傳統共沉澱法的不均勻性且提高比表面積，過程中我們利用改變尿素濃度、水添加量、反應溫度與時間等四種變因成功合成出具有高活性的銅鋅鋁觸媒。研究得知最佳的合成條件為尿素3M 並添加三倍體積的水，在95°C 下反應2 小時。與傳統觸媒相比，均相反應合成的銅鋅鋁觸媒除了有較小的粒徑外，其還原溫度也較低，顯示較佳的觸媒活性。而在250°C 甲醇重組的製氫反應條件下，均相反應合成的銅鋅鋁觸媒也有較高的甲醇轉化效率、氫氣產生率以及CO2 的選擇率，而添加鈰與鋯可更進一步使觸媒活性再提升。未來除可利用此合成方法合成均勻性佳的多成份材料，亦可應用此高效能觸媒進行甲醇重組反應以產生氫氣提供燃料電池使用。; Multi-composition Cu-Zn-Al catalyst system was synthesized by homogeneous precipitation method. This method was anticipated to improve the homogeneity of metal mixing and to increase the surface area of catalyst derived by conventional co-precipitation method. In the research, we successfully synthesized Cu-Zn-Al catalyst with high activity by adjusting four experimental parameters -- urea concentration, water amount, reaction temperature and reaction time. The better catalyst can be obtained under urea concentration of 3M diluted by 3 times water, and the kinetics conditions of 95°C and 2h. Compared with the co-precipitation method, homogeneous precipitation method derived Cu-Zn-Al catalyst performed higher methanol conversion, hydrogen production rate and CO2selectivity under methanol reforming reaction at 250°C. Modifying the support by addition of Ce and Zr might further improve the activity of the catalyst. In the future, not only can this method apply on synthesizing other multi-composition materials with high homogeneity, but also the high performance catalyst can be used to do methanol reforming reaction in order to supply hydrogen on fuel cell.
幾丁聚醣包埋酵母菌球株對重金屬離子廢水處理
本實驗的目的,就是希望利用幾丁聚醣除污的效果,再配合酵母菌所能累積金屬的能力,以酵母菌包埋於幾丁聚醣的方法,吸附廢水中的重金屬離子.用Langmuir 理論求得飽和吸附量,進而求出休眠酵母菌-幾丁聚醣所能吸附金屬離子(銅)0.2048(g/g)的數量,與活化酵母菌-幾丁聚醣所能吸附金屬離子(銅)0.1750(g/g),並比較回收效率,以應用於處理工業上工廠所排放的廢水. In this experiment , we want to use the ablation of chitosan and the accumulation in metal of saccharomycete to absorb the metal cation of waste liquid . In the process , we embedded the saccharomycete in chitosan to absorb the metal cation , and obtained the impregnate absorption of dormant saccharomycete and activated saccharomycete by the theory of Langmuir . Then , we compared the efficiency of them and applied them to work on the waste liquid in industry.
倍位元灰度影像產生器
本研究設計一新型的影像投射系統，可將影像顯示的灰度位元加倍，例如，顯示面板只需用4位元，即可顯示8位元的影像;亦能充分利用光路光源，增加光源使用率。此系統使用兩片相同灰度位元的顯示面板，此兩面板所顯示的影像經過灰度的重新處理，且各經由不同光源強度比值的光路合成後，其灰度分佈將可增為原來的平方倍。經模擬與實驗顯示，此種系統很輕易就能獲得預期目標。無論使用穿透式或反射式皆可應用於目前單片液晶面板之投影系統中;未來可望利用網板來表現灰度，應用於紅外線景物投射系統中，作為紅外線影像式尋標器靜態模擬時所需的高強度動態範圍與高解析度之影像產生器。In this study, a novel image generator utilized in a projecting system has been proposed; it can double the bits of gray-level for image display and enhance the efficiency of illumination of lamp in the optical path. With this system, a 4-bit display panel can achieve an 8-bit image display. Two display panels with same gray-level bits is adopted, images on them will be processed, and then go through different path with a proper intensity ratio. The gray level distribution of image displayed which the two images combined afterward, will be the square of that of original one. The results of simulations and experiments have approved to meet the requirements. No matter transmitting or reflective types can be applied to current projecting systems with single LCD panel. It is expected that a halftone-gray-level pattern will be suitable for this system to form an infrared scene projector, and to act as an image generator with high dynamic range and resolution for static simulation of infrared imaging seeker.
磁流體的浪潮－磁場梯度下磁流波紋之研究
在本次實驗中，我們發現在不同厚度的磁流體薄膜中，會因本身磁性粒子結合，而呈現不同的影像圖形。隨著薄膜厚度增加，其磁性粒子會由鏈狀排列成塊狀叢集，可是一旦外加磁場後，又要全部轉向磁力線方向集結。另一個發現是將磁流體薄膜放在一個不均勻的磁場梯度中，則樣品內的磁流體粒子，不僅會隨著磁力線的方向排列移動，更會出現磁流波紋，其行進路徑是沿著垂直於磁力線的方向，向磁力線密集處移動。我們亦發現在不同的薄膜厚度及不同外加磁場下，其”磁流波紋”的波速亦會隨之改變。一般而言，樣品的厚度愈厚，或外加磁場愈大，其”磁流波紋”的波速愈快，反之則愈慢。最後，我們列出了一些磁流波紋的應用，相信是精采可期！In this experiment, we find that in different thickness of magnetic fluid different images will appear, because of the connection of magnetic particles. With the increasing of thickness the magnetic particles will change its shape from chains to blocks. But when we add external magnetic field, they will get in line one by one to the direction of magnetic line of force. We also find that we put the magnetic fluid film in the uneven magnetic gradient, the magnetic particle in the sample not only follow the direction of magnetic line of force but also show the “magnetic wave”. Its move path is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic line of force. In the different film thickness of magnetic field, the wave velocity of the “magnetic wave” will change. In generally, the thicker the sample is, or the larger the magnetic field is, the faster the wave velocity of magnetic wave is and adverse is true. At last, we list the applications of “magnetic wave”, we believe they are marvelous!
聽聽貝多芬作品的下一代：將碎形及基因演算法應用於數位音樂產生器
本研究整合了碎形圖形的迭代運算方法與基因交配觀念來達到音樂創新，並透過音樂和諧性判別機制來提高創新音樂的悅耳程度。利用基因觀念之交配的方法來解決長短的問題。這個方法是把原始音符輸入後，找出它們的中心點，以這個中心點為準，其他的音符按照一定比例向外延展，成為新的迭代點。再利用這些迭代點，迭代出新的音符。把製造好的音符染色體放置到交配池中，以隨機的方式在交配池中選取其中之一個染色體進行交配的動作，此二音符染色體會交換彼此的基因，產生下一代新的代表音符長短之染色體，隨後以「模仿母體判斷式」來判斷這新一代的音樂是否與母體音樂相似，藉此淘汰掉「不肖的」下一代，而若新一代與母體的相似程度高的話，它的悅耳性相信也會相對提高。最後把這些技術應用於數位音樂創作，以衍生新穎應用與創新的結果。Fractals can be produced by IFS (Iterated Function Systems). By iterative computation of many times, we can obtain the similar graphics. In my research, the methods to generate the iterative algorithms were presented. In addition, I would discuss the regularity and the content as well as the properties of those digital patterns. At last, the advanced application of fractals to digital music pieces was presented. The program took a note of several measure of music as the beginning point, and made the IFS calculations for each new note in each measure. But there was no difference in beats if you just make the IFS iteration. So I changed the beats with genetic crossover method. In this research, the expression of the DNA to each beat of note was adopted. The same way, it took a note as a beginning point. And the system obtained the new DNA from the old notes for new ones randomly. After producing the new pieces of music, I want to know if it is good to listen. So I used the algorithm that checks the simulation to the shape of mother music. If its shape is similar to the mother music, the probability that the new music is pleasing may even increase. That would make a piece of brand new music. What I want to do in this research is improve the multiformity of music and find what the relationship is of ‘good music’ and mathematical algorithms
稀子蕨的生殖策略探討
稀子蕨（Monachosorum henryi Christ）生長在台灣中海拔山區，是少數具有特殊生殖方式(不定芽)的蕨類。本研究對東眼山的稀子蕨族群進行物候調查，以了解其進行孢子繁殖及不定芽繁殖的過程，並試圖探討稀子蕨的不定芽是否可增加其族群對環境的適應性。研究結果顯示稀子蕨的孢子體及原葉體都無法在乾旱的環境下生存，常有大規模乾死的現象；而其不定芽則具有很強的耐旱性，無論是在季節普遍性及幼苖發育程度上，生殖芽都比孢子繁殖較佔優勢。而且其不定芽於旱季結束後，可迅速萌發，長出的孢子葉可隨之進行有性(孢子)及無性(不定芽)生殖，使其族群不至於在旱季中有地區性滅絕之虞。;Monachosorum henryi Christ , which exists in the middle elevations of the mountainous regions of Taiwan, is a fern with a special reproductive system seldom found in other ferns.This study investigates the phenology of Monachosorum henryi population in the Don Yang mountain region. Its purpose is to understand the sexual and asexual reproductive cycles of these ferns and to interpret whether or not the buds can increase the fitness of their population during the dry season.The results show that it is extremely difficult for the sporophyte and prothallus of Monachosorum henryi to survive in a drought. However, the buds have a much stronger drought endurance. According to this investigation, the adventitious buds of Monachosorum henryi are superior to the spores in seedling development in every season. Adventitious buds are able to germinate soon after the dry season as well as in any other season, and are able to grow spores and buds on their fronds enabling both a sexual and asexual way of proliferation. In this way the fern avoids a district extinction of their population.
見微知「駐」-水珠律動與圓駐波
It is always fascinating to see water droplet’s dancing around on a Japanese teppanyaki hotplate surface. The water usually does not evaporate immediately, but form interesting shapes, dance around and follow by evaporation of gaseous water and disappear. In this experiment, we designed a very simple experimental set-up to observe the little water droplets dancing on a heated hotplate. A homemade stainless plate and a small heater attached to the plate, and a thermal couple was assembled. With this simple setup, we observed the variation of water droplet’s shape as a function of the hotplate temperatures. The temperature of the water droplets, the duration of the water on the hotplate, and the shape number were measured. The shape formation mechanism was proposed. We found when the water droplet was subject to high heat due to the contact of the surface and the hotplate, the abrupt evaporation of the water molecules and violent vibration cause the formation of the various shapes to reach thermal equilibrium; the number of the shapes and the oscillation can be described by Laplace’s equation,Using a high-speed camera, we found the higher the temperature of the water, the more variations of the water droplet shapes can be observed. In addition, at a certain temperature range, the number of the water shapes did not change, suggesting a similar phase transformation behavior on the shape formation.
緣起： 邂逅專題研究、水珠漫舞、剪輯影片，引起我們想更進一步揭開它的神秘面紗。
緣續： 了解熱平台上水滴大小的變化及水珠基本的形狀及變化律動。
緣繫： 進一步研究水珠多變的面貌，並探討水珠的大小、溫度、停滯時間及變化規律相關機制。
緣定： 糾纏在水珠圓舞曲中有如大珠小珠落玉盤的曼妙，其中埋藏了平均圓與能量量子化的律動。
攀蜥，攀棲－由台北市內湖金面山區生態因子分析夜晚黃口攀蜥之停棲策略
For this research, the nocturnal perching habits of the lizard, Japalura Polygonata Xantbostona, were examined. Nighttime observations were made from July 2002 to March 2003 in the area along the mountain brook in the south valley of the King-Mien Mountain in Nei-Hu District. The study comprised a series of analysis with discussion of the lizard’s (Japalura Polygonata Xantbostona) perch based on the temperature of living environment and the manner of perch including the dissimilarity between male and female, adults and juvenile lizards in selecting their perch conditions. During the period of study 452 lizards were marked and examined. 163 were female, 168 were male, and 121 were young lizards. The study considered four particulars: (1) orientation, (2) angle, (3) manner of perch, and (4) height of the perch above ground. As for the orientation, most of the lizards chose to perch in an inward (towards the tree) and in an upward direction; the angle of perch was mainly within 1°~ 45° and slanted to 180°. Second, the manner of perch chosen by most of the lizards was holding the stem or trunk by arms. All four groups of lizards exhibited no difference in the orientation, angle and manner of perch. However, male lizards tended to perch at a greater height above ground than the female and juvenile lizards did. The study produced other findings as well: A tendency correlation curve was plotted showing that temperature related with the number of lizards taking perch, and from the curve the optimal temperature of the living environment was determined to be approximately within the range of 19° ~24°. Additionally, there was a relationship between temperature of living environment and the size of lizard and the number of lizards taking perch. A further positive relationship was observed between temperature and the height of perch above ground. Also, the study showed an apparent positive relationship between the temperature of sample living area and the snout-vent length(SVL) of the lizard. Finally, the Japalura Polygonata Xantbostona tended to take their nocturnal perches within a rather fixed home range. 本研究由2002 年7 月至2003 年3 月，於臺北市內湖區金面山南麓溪谷進行黃口攀蜥夜 晚停棲策略研究，以溫度和各項停棲行為進行來分析探討，包括黃口攀蜥的成幼蜥、雌雄蜥 停棲選擇上的差異。 研究期間，共標記到452 隻攀蜥，其中雌蜥163 隻、雄蜥168 隻、幼蜥121 隻。將停棲 的情況分為方向、角度、停棲型態、離地高度四項來分析，在方向上多以朝內、向上為主； 角度多以小角度的1°~45°及180°為主；在停棲型式多以環抱莖枝為主。進一步分析成幼蜥、 雌雄蜥不論在方向、角度、停棲型式的選擇上皆無差異。離地高度的部分則以成蜥及雄蜥的 停棲高度較高；以溫度分析黃口攀蜥的成幼蜥出現停棲隻次、停棲高度、出現停棲攀蜥體型 的相關性，溫度對出現停棲隻次可以做出趨勢相關曲線，估算攀蜥的停棲有一最適宜溫度範 圍約在19~24℃間；溫度與其停棲高度呈現正相關性；每次測得樣區溫度與出現停棲攀蜥平 均吻肛長有顯著的正相關。而黃口攀蜥夜晚婷棲時則會傾向於較固定的範圍內。
以離子溶液催化醇與酸酐的之酯化反應
在酯化反應中，經由實驗結果，我們發現離子液體對於此反應有催化的效果。離子液體 是在室溫下呈現液態的離子化合物，將醇類與酸酐放入離子液體中有助於酯化反應的進行， 基於這個新的發現，我們開始尋找使用不同種類的離子液體做實驗，選出適當的離子液體， 並且測試離子液體在不同環境下的催化效果，以及適合的使用計量；更進一步，我們找出離 子液體在催化反應之後，將離子液體回收的方法：利用有機溶劑將離子液體和產物分層並萃 取出產物，把離子液體回收再利用，符合現代推動綠色化學的趨勢。接下來我們探討離子液 體對催化反應的擴展性與應用，先由不同結構的一級醇反應到醯胺鍵的生成，最後推展到合 成阿斯匹靈，實驗結果說明，用離子液體做催化劑，也可以成功的合成阿斯匹靈。 We have established for the first time that ionic liquids, which possess the property of Lewis acid, can facilitate acylation of alcohols with anhydrides to form esters with photo-excitation. With the initial finding, we then screen through different types of ionic liquids with varying counter anions, loading, and external light or heat sources to sort out the best reaction conditions. To gain insights into the working mechanism, the dynamic profile of the catalytic reaction was monitored by analyzing the reaction mixture by using ‘H NMR spectroscopy. The ionic liquids can be recovered by extractive separation from the acylation product, which meets the major theme of green chemistry. To extend the substrate scope and applications of the new catalytic process, different functional primary alcohols and amines were further examined. More importantly, we have utilized the new catalytic protocol for the acetylating of salicylic acid, leading to aspirin with high efficiency.