平面式雙頻天線合成陣列之研究
The feasibility of new design approach for dual-band antenna array using genetic algorithm is demonstrated in this study. In the past year, one dual-band printed-strip dipole antenna, which operates at 0.9/1.8 GHz, had been implemented in the laboratory and leads to a satisfactory performance. However, the antenna element is suitable for application at base-station rather than handset. Conventional antennas suitable for base-station application are arrays, which consist of antenna elements and at least one feed network. Feed networks for antenna arrays are usually designed to operate at single-band capability, and therefore, it requires two feed networks for a conventional dual-band antenna array. Nevertheless, a dual-band antenna array fed by signal feed network is feasible in our study. To begin with, a full-wave solver ID3D is applied to evaluate the impedance matrix of antenna array with eight elements. Then, the antenna array is modeled as a cascaded equivalent transmission line such that the genetic algorithm could network of dual-band antenna array and yields a seven-section design, which meets the specification of base-station antennas.在過去的一年裡，本人曾製作過具有雙頻效果的雙面印刷偶極天線，並得到不錯的量測結果。由於此天線單元於實際應用上適於基地台天線陣列之設計，所以本研究著眼於天線陣列的設計。傳統上天線陣列的結構包含了兩個部分，分別是天線單元以及饋入電路。目前基地台所使用的大多都是單頻天線陣列，在雙頻天線陣列部分，通常需要兩個饋入電路分別對不同頻帶作訊號的饋入；因此，我們希望能實現使用單一饋入電路製成雙頻天線陣列的想法。本研究中，我們利用之前所做出來的天線單元來合成陣列，並希望此陣列在0.9HGz和1.8GHz兩個頻段都能產生良好的共振效果。我們利用電磁模擬軟體IE3D估算具有八個天線單元的天線陣列阻抗陣列後，再將此天線陣列轉換成串接式等效傳輸線電路。借由基因演算法(genetic algorithm)對此電路做最佳化，我們可以求得饋入電路各段傳輸線的尺寸。由此研究發現，我們的方法應用於單一饋入電路之雙頻天線陣列的設計是可行的，而此電路的模擬結果亦符合基地台天線陣列的規格。
嗜甲烷菌對丙烯催化模式之比較-溶解型與微粒體型甲烷單氧化酵素
在嗜甲烷菌中，甲烷與甲醇間的轉化是由甲烷單氧化酵素來進行。目前已知有兩種型態\r 的甲烷單氧化酵素，一種是溶解型甲烷單氧化酵素，存在於較低銅離子濃度之水溶液環境中﹔\r 另外一種為微粒體甲烷單氧化酵素，鑲嵌在細胞內質膜上，表現於較高的銅離子濃度環境下。\r 除了本身的天然基質－甲烷之外，其他種類之簡單烷烯類化合物，甚至芳香族化合物，均可\r 作為此酵素催化的基質。其中，甲烷單氧化酵素將丙烯轉化成環氧丙烯與甲烷轉化成甲醇的\r 催化活性非常接近，因此丙烯普遍被用來作為酵素活性測量的基質。為了直接測量它們的活\r 性，我們設計出一種方法，可以讓我們直接利用氣相色層分析儀，來偵測細胞的催化反應過\r 程。基於異丁烷在甲烷單氧化酵素幾乎不存在任何活性，故我們將其作為內標準氣體，並藉\r 由丙烯在氣相色層分析儀中吸收訊號的遞減來偵測細胞的催化活性。在多樣性的動力學實驗\r 中，我們發現以sMMO 為催化酵素時，丙烯的轉化是依據一級動力學反應趨勢而減少。相對\r 的，以pMMO 為催化酵素時，丙烯的減少趨勢則是依據零級動力學反應模式進行。在比較完\r Pipes 緩衝液、上清液蛋白質及內質膜蛋白質溶液之丙烯吸附量測試結果後，我們發現內質膜\r 蛋白可吸附的丙烯分子相對於其它兩種溶液是最多的。依據Michaelis-Menten 動力學理論，\r 可得到以下結論﹕丙烯的轉化在sMMO 中是以基質受限的催化形式進行，而在pMMO 中則\r 已達到最佳的催化速率。\r \r In methanotrophs, the oxidation of methane to methanol is catalyzed by methane\r monooxygenase. There are two distinct forms of the enzyme associated with different gene\r products. One is the soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) expressed in the cytosolic portion\r of the cell and grown under copper-limiting growth conditions. The other enzyme is the\r particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), a membrane-associated protein that is expressed\r under high copper-to-biomass ratios. In addition to the natural substrates of methane gas,\r simple aliphatic alkanes, alkenes, or even aromatic compounds could be used as the substrates of\r the methane monooxygenase. In those gaseous simple alkenes and alkanes, propylene converted\r to propylene oxide by methane monooxygenase has been considered as popularly use for enzymatic\r activity determination because of its comparable activity to the methane gas. To measure the\r catalytic behavior of the methanotroph directly, we design a method to choose isobutane as the\r internal standard because of the negligible activity in the methane monooxygenase. The catalytic\r activity can be simply inferred from the decrease of the gaseous propylene signals in the GC\r chromatograms by generating the liquefied epoxides mediated by MMO within the methanotrophic\r bacteria. Under various kinetics measurements, when we incubate the methanotroph grown under\r copper-limiting concentrations, we observed the diminishment of propylene follow a first-order\r kinetic behavior with the over-expression of soluble methane monooxygenase. However, the\r growth of bacteria under 40 M presents the zero-order kinetic trend with the bulk expression of\r pMMO. After the quantification of the dissolved propylene in the deionized water, soluble\r proteins solution as well as membrane proteins solution, we observe the membrane proteins could\r adsorb more propylene molecules in comparison with the other solution mixtures. By considering\r Michaelis-Menten kinetics, we conclude the propylene conversion in sMMO is under substrate\r limiting catalysis whereas the pMMO has attended the optimized velocity of propylene conversion.
利用浮沈子測量液體表面張力並演示"Cheerios Cheerios effect"
密閉容器置入待測液，放入浮沉子，施加壓力，當浮沉子恰要沒入液中瞬間，因表面張力的總力達極大值且向上，外加壓力(p1)為極大值，浮沉子沒入液中；液面減壓，當浮沉子在液面正下方時，外加壓力 p2，量 p1、(p1- p2)，浮沉子的質量 m，外半徑 R，及玻璃管的體積 G V ，可求得液體表面張力。 液面再減壓，浮沉子恰要露出液面時，表面張力的總力達極大值且向下，外加壓力(p3)為極小值，量 p3、(p2- p3)，浮沈子的質量 m，外半徑 R及 G V ，應亦可求得表面張力；但實驗時浮沉子漂移到容器邊，並吸附在器壁上，因此發現浮沉子的”Cheerios effect”。 利用浮沉子和容器的相吸及相斥現象，可解釋西式早餐的小榖片放入牛奶中為何會漂移到碗緣，並支持 Vella在 2005 年 9 月份美國物理期刊(AJP)認為 Cheerios effect的成因除了由於接觸角不同外，浮力、重力、表面張力共同作用，使小榖片間有相吸、相斥現象。 The experiment apparatus is equipped with a Cartesian diver by using a glass tube with air trapped inside that floats or submerses in a closed vessel containing liquid. The external pressure may be varied with a syringe and measured with a water manometer. The maximum pressure P1 inside the vessel is measured when the diver is just about to sink, where the surface tension that acts on the diver is upward. Then the pressure P2 of the vessel is measured when the diver is just beneath the liquid surface, where no surface tension acts on the diver. Finally, the surface tension is calculated from P1, P2 and the radius of the diver, R. When the pressure inside the vessel is decreased, the diver will rise. As the diver is about to emerge from the liquid, we get the minimum pressure P3 inside the vessel, and the surface tension that acts on the diver is downward. By measuring P3, P2, and R, the magnitude of surface tension is found to be the same as above. When the diver is just about to sink into the liquid, it floats to the center of the vessel. When the diver is about to emerge from the liquid, it sticks to the wall of the vessel. This phenomenon is named the “Cheerios effect.” Our results again strongly support that the cause of the effect is due to the different contact angles between the diver and water, as well as the balance of gravity and surface tension in the case of the sinking diver, and the balance of buoyancy and surface tension in the case of rising diver as Vella claimed in his paper (AJP 73, 817 (2005)).
榕樹粗萃取液對種子萌發及生長之影響
相剋作用是指植物在代謝過程中釋放出有毒物質以抑制本身或鄰近植物種子萌發及植株發育生長的過程。一般認為，榕樹是具有相剋作用的常見植物，但很少見到相關的文獻探討。本實驗利用榕樹不同組織萃取液，以小白菜、結球白菜與阿拉伯芥作材料，探討該萃取液對上述植物發芽與生長之影響，結果顯示榕樹葉萃取液所造成之影響較顯著，不同榕樹組織的萃取液、不同濃度的萃取液對不同植物所產生的效果不盡相同，針對不同生長期的植物進行處理所造成的影響亦有差異。進一步以管柱層析法與高壓液相層析法（HPLC）分離葉萃取液，結果發現以正己烷和乙酸乙酯75：25為沖提液的條件下，於HPLC的層析圖中分離時間約8分時所流出的物質具最明顯的抑制作用。電泳剖面分析顯示處理與未處理間有些許蛋白質條帶差異，此變化蛋白可能與植物幼苗對該萃取液之耐受性有關。利用核酸微陣列(microarray)對榕樹萃取液處理之阿拉伯芥植物進行基因表現分析，發現榕樹萃取液對植物部分基因表現也有促進和抑制的情形，經由基因體與蛋白質體分析法可推論出一些受影響之相關基因。 Allelopathy was defined as a phenomenon which certain plant species, by secreting metabolites to the environment, can suppress the growth of themselves, seed germination and/or growth of other plants in the same habitats. Banyan （Ficus microcarpa L.f.） is a plant species in our campus likely to have allelopathy effect. However, documents describing such action on allelopathy were rare. In this study, we applied the crude tissue extracts including leaves, stems, roots of banyan onto the germinating seeds of Pai-Tsai （Brassica rapa L.ssp.chinensis（Rupr.（Olsson）））, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekinensis Rupr.） and Arabidopsis（Arabidopsis thaliana, ecotype Columbia-0） to study the effects of such plant extract on the germination and seedling growth of other plants. It is found that allelopathic effects on seed germination vary among different tissues used for extract preparation. Different concentration of the extract also yield various degree of allelophathic effects. It is also noted that the application of extract onto the post-germinated sprouts has less effects on plant growth. The extract of leaves was subsequently chromatographed over silica gel using hexane/EtOH gradient solvent system and HPLC. The result showed that there was one fraction about 8 min in the chromatography of HPLC eluted with 25% EtOAc in hexane had the most inhibitory effect. SDS-PAGE analysis on the electrophoretic profiles of water soluble proteins has explored a different band pattern between the treated and non-treated sprouts. The observed band difference might provide a clue for exploring proteins which reacted differently upon the application of extract. DNA microarray analysis on the effect of banyan extract on Arabidopsis gene expression has also been employed to characterize genes responsive to the allelophathic treatment. Cross-comparison between the differential transcript and protein profiles will reveal key regulators in plants experiencing allelophathic condition. \r
幾丁聚醣包埋酵母菌球株對重金屬離子廢水處理
本實驗的目的,就是希望利用幾丁聚醣除污的效果,再配合酵母菌所能累積金屬的能力,以酵母菌包埋於幾丁聚醣的方法,吸附廢水中的重金屬離子.用Langmuir 理論求得飽和吸附量,進而求出休眠酵母菌-幾丁聚醣所能吸附金屬離子(銅)0.2048(g/g)的數量,與活化酵母菌-幾丁聚醣所能吸附金屬離子(銅)0.1750(g/g),並比較回收效率,以應用於處理工業上工廠所排放的廢水. In this experiment , we want to use the ablation of chitosan and the accumulation in metal of saccharomycete to absorb the metal cation of waste liquid . In the process , we embedded the saccharomycete in chitosan to absorb the metal cation , and obtained the impregnate absorption of dormant saccharomycete and activated saccharomycete by the theory of Langmuir . Then , we compared the efficiency of them and applied them to work on the waste liquid in industry.
磁性流體可調性折射率特性之研究與應用
磁性流體（magnetic fluids）是一種含有磁性奈米粒子的液體，當磁場外加於磁性流體時，流體中各磁性奈米粒子的磁矩會沿外加磁場方向排列，而導致粒子間相互吸引，形成較大的磁性叢集，即所謂的磁鍊。當外加磁場增強，該磁鍊數會變多，並使磁性流體的折射率產生變化。磁性流體的折射率變化會隨外加磁場之變大而增大。本研究除探討磁性流體折射率受外加磁場控制的變化情形及其物理原由外，並進一步運用此特性研發可調性光纖「光調制器」 ，以探討磁性流體可調性折射率應用在光電元件上的可行性。A magnetic fluid is one kind of colloids which contain magnetic nano-particles. Under an external magnetic field, the magnetic moment of nano-particles is aligned along the direction of the external magnetic field. This leads to the agglomeration of magnetic particles and to form magnetic clusters under an external magnetic field. With the formation of the magnetic clusters, the refractive index of magnetic fluid is varied. The refractive index of magnetic fluid was found to increase under a higher magnetic field. In this work, In addition to investigating in detail the behavior of the field-dependent refractive index of the magnetic fluid, we also explore the relevant physical origins. Furthermore, the feasibility of developing fiber-optical modulators by utilizing the tunable refractive index of magnetic fluids is discussed.
氣流式薄膜測厚儀
醫學上的植皮手術成功率受皮膚厚度影響，皮膚愈薄癒合速度愈快，其中以取皮厚度介於0.05mm 到0.1mm 為佳。在實驗量測時，需要經過一連串繁複的薄皮標本製作，再放到光學顯微鏡下測量，這種厚度測量方式不但耗時，又因嚴重損毀皮膚而不精確。由於使用螺旋測微器做接觸式測量會有形變的問題，因此我們想做間接接觸式的測量，所以採用氣體為媒介，做非破壞性檢測膜厚，這對於在皮膚上的施力遠小於螺旋測微器或是接觸式膜厚計。我們設計一套三頭連管線，使用空氣為媒介，儀器運作原理為在管線一端針頭非常靠近被測物時，所流出的氣體會受到被測物阻礙產生反壓使管線內的壓力上升，導致連通於另一管路的氣泡指示計壓出氣泡，當氣泡為最大氣泡時（半球形）視為達到平衡狀態。實驗時先用已知厚度且不變形的蓋玻片來當作被測物，此時可以算出針尖至蓋玻片的實際距離做為參考值。在量測軟性薄膜時，設計上採用兩側雙針頭靠近軟性被測薄膜兩側以達到氣流氣泡平衡，這時使用螺旋測微器讀取兩針尖距離，減去已知參考值的兩倍距離，即可測出未形變的軟物質厚度。本研究開發一套能測量軟性薄膜的厚度裝置，尤其在皮膚厚度測定上，不但不會直接接觸標本造成損毀，並且能夠快速地測量出厚度值，此為本儀器的最大特色。The thickness of skin graft has deterministic influences on the success of graft surgery. Experimental measurements of skin graft thickness involve complicated specimen preparation processes followed by optical microscopic examination, which are time-consuming and may incur inaccuracy due to possible damage. Here we propose a novel method using air as the media to avoid direct contact of the measured object. The physical operation relies on the following principles: When the tip of a needle connecting to a catheter system is placed close to the object to be measured, the air pumped forward from the catheter system becomes impeded by the object. The resulting backflow pressure opposing the air flow causes an increase in air pressure within the catheter and inflates the bubble connected at the other end. Balance at maximal surface tension is attained when the bubble reaches its maximum volume in hemispherical shape. In practice, a two-needle design was used, each approaching simultaneously from each side of the object. A micrometer was then used to read the distance between the two needle tips, from which the film thickness was derived, subtracting the thickness of the air layer pre-calibrated using cover glass with known thickness. The system implemented was capable of measuring thickness on soft thin films with an accuracy of ± 0.001mm. In addition to rapid measurements with high accuracy, since the pressure exerted on the skin graft is much less than in conventional calipers requiring direct contact, our method has the unique non-distorted and non-destructive advantages.
均相沉澱法製備CZA 觸媒之探討
本研究以均相沉澱法合成多成分的銅鋅鋁觸媒系統，並嘗試克服傳統共沉澱法的不均勻性且提高比表面積，過程中我們利用改變尿素濃度、水添加量、反應溫度與時間等四種變因成功合成出具有高活性的銅鋅鋁觸媒。研究得知最佳的合成條件為尿素3M 並添加三倍體積的水，在95°C 下反應2 小時。與傳統觸媒相比，均相反應合成的銅鋅鋁觸媒除了有較小的粒徑外，其還原溫度也較低，顯示較佳的觸媒活性。而在250°C 甲醇重組的製氫反應條件下，均相反應合成的銅鋅鋁觸媒也有較高的甲醇轉化效率、氫氣產生率以及CO2 的選擇率，而添加鈰與鋯可更進一步使觸媒活性再提升。未來除可利用此合成方法合成均勻性佳的多成份材料，亦可應用此高效能觸媒進行甲醇重組反應以產生氫氣提供燃料電池使用。; Multi-composition Cu-Zn-Al catalyst system was synthesized by homogeneous precipitation method. This method was anticipated to improve the homogeneity of metal mixing and to increase the surface area of catalyst derived by conventional co-precipitation method. In the research, we successfully synthesized Cu-Zn-Al catalyst with high activity by adjusting four experimental parameters -- urea concentration, water amount, reaction temperature and reaction time. The better catalyst can be obtained under urea concentration of 3M diluted by 3 times water, and the kinetics conditions of 95°C and 2h. Compared with the co-precipitation method, homogeneous precipitation method derived Cu-Zn-Al catalyst performed higher methanol conversion, hydrogen production rate and CO2selectivity under methanol reforming reaction at 250°C. Modifying the support by addition of Ce and Zr might further improve the activity of the catalyst. In the future, not only can this method apply on synthesizing other multi-composition materials with high homogeneity, but also the high performance catalyst can be used to do methanol reforming reaction in order to supply hydrogen on fuel cell.