化學

本研究嘗試設計並合成出一具有特定結構之分子工具，期望利用化學反應的方式，以化合物結構的性質，與分子工具進行特定的反應，達到精準將目標具特定結構之少量化合物從巨量物質中分離的效果。 以苯環為基本結構，我們在反應中逐步加上我們所要的分子基團，以達成分子工具預期中的功能。在每一步的反應進行分離和純化之後，以NMR來觀察產物的結構與純度。以四步反應成功合成目標的分子工具後，我們以不同的方式測試其在葉片萃取液中大量化合物下的效果，證實分子工具能跟其中的特定成分產生反應，並被氟相溶劑分離出來，具有我們想要的部分功能。 在進行其他更進一步的測試之後，其可能可以成為一種新的方法，用於分離天然物中的一些目標化合物。

The Briggs Rauscher reaction (BR reaction) is one of the famous oscillating reactions; the aqueous mixture of KIO3, H2SO4, H2O2, C3H4O4, MnSO4, and starch exhibit color change between yellow and blue-purple repeatedly. The blue-purple color formation is due to the iodine test reaction caused by inclusions of polyiodides such as I3- and I5- in the helical structure of starch. Therefore, starch has been regarded as only an indicator in the BR reaction. But our seniors have found that the oscillation did not last without starch. They hypothesized that starch’s linear helical framework is necessary to elongate the lifetime of the oscillating reaction. If this hypothesis is correct, similar BR-type oscillations must be observed when other polymers with helical structures are used instead of starch. We found the literature which reports that polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) forms a helical structure and indicates the iodine test reaction. In our research, we studied the BR reactions using PVA, with different saponification degrees and viscosities. First, we studied the correlation between the structural features of PVA and the iodine color reaction by spectroscopic approach, exhibiting that PVA with low saponification form helical structures and show the iodine color reactions, which gives red color solutions. Second, we found that additions of the helical-structured PVA to the reaction solution instead of starch induces the BR-type oscillating reactions, while PVA without helical structure induces only a few numbers of oscillations. This is the world-first example of the oscillating reaction using PVA. The oscillation that lasted for 6 minutes with 23 oscillations was almost the same as that of the general BR reaction using starch. We concluded that the polymers with helical structures are intrinsic to elongate the lifetime of the BR reaction. Furthermore, we found that the addition of K3[Fe(CN)6], which has a high redox activity, in the reaction solution with PVA drastically elongated the lifetime (50 min) and increased the numbers of the oscillations (nearly 100 times). This result suggests that the oxidation-reduction reactions by the ferricyanide ion promotes the redox process of iodine and iodide ions.

Introduction: Using advanced technologies such as nanotechnology in the food and fishery industry, as one of the most important industrial sectors of countries, has received too much attention. Traditionally, fishing and hunting have been considered important sources of supplying food. The subject and methodology: The study aims to investigate nanotechnology for detecting fish hatching time. This is a review article that collects the information from databases such as Sid, civilica, and Google Scholar. In the end, 22 papers were studied for extracting and collecting the required information from the abovementioned scientific database. Finding: After examining the food, drug, and agricultural-related papers published from 2009 to 2020, it was concluded that small Nano-sensors, controlling & monitoring systems made from nanotechnology can be installed on fishing nets, fishing rods, and other fishing equipment. These devices (Nano-sensors and controlling & monitoring systems) will help fishes so that they don’t get caught. In this way, as a fish gets close to the fishing equipment, it will receive sound, smell, or heat-based alarm. Therefore, the fish will stay away from the fishing equipment. The result: according to the finding of this study, it can be concluded that excessive fishing in the hatching time will be avoided by the application of nanotechnology in the fishing equipment. As a result, the following advantages will be secured: 1- There are lots of opportunists who misuse fish during the hatching time. With the application of nanotechnology, they will be stopped. 2- Opportunists are ambushing in different time points to misuse fish. Also, the guards might be ignorant. With the application of nanotechnology, guards are no longer required. 3- This plant is cost-effective too.

本研究將以BiOCl、BiOBr以及Pd/BiOCl的晶體製備二氧化碳還原之光觸媒，用以還原二氧化碳，期許能製造出具有經濟價值的還原產物，以緩解全球暖化並利用可再生能源。此外，我們藉由探討此類晶體在二氧化碳還原中的差異，比較加入不同鹵族元素及是否摻入鈀金屬對於光催化還原二氧化碳效率及產物的影響。 合成晶體後，我們透過X射線衍射儀(XRD)、掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)、能量散射X射線譜(EDX)進行晶體的鑑定，也確定Pd/BiOCl的晶體結構是以BiOCl為主體，且Pd鑲嵌在其表面。我們也以X光光電子能譜儀(XPS)了解晶體的鍵結型態及推測不同晶體表面的OVs相對含量，並以紫外光/可見光光譜儀(UV-vis)檢測樣品的能隙，推測其光催化性能。 我們發現摻入鈀的BiOCl晶體結構為分散的片狀結構，是三種晶體中唯一的奈米晶體，且能隙為三者中最小(2.46eV)、表面OVs含量也增加；表面附著的Pd奈米金屬顆粒更可以協助主催化劑的電子-電洞對維持分離狀態，促進其光催化效率。 最後我們將合成的BiOCl、BiOBr以及Pd/BiOCl晶體應用於光催化還原二氧化碳，並以氣相層析熱導偵測器(GC-TCD)及氣相層析質譜儀(GC-MS)檢測產物種類及產率，發現還原出的氣體產物有H2、CO、CH4。而總還原產物及含碳還原產物的產率皆以Pd/BiOCl為最高。

Introduction: Using advanced technologies such as nanotechnology in the food and fishery industry, as one of the most important industrial sectors of countries, has received too much attention. Traditionally, fishing and hunting have been considered important sources of supplying food. The subject and methodology: The study aims to investigate nanotechnology for detecting fish hatching time. This is a review article that collects the information from databases such as Sid, civilica, and Google Scholar. In the end, 22 papers were studied for extracting and collecting the required information from the abovementioned scientific database. Finding: After examining the food, drug, and agricultural-related papers published from 2009 to 2020, it was concluded that small Nano-sensors, controlling & monitoring systems made from nanotechnology can be installed on fishing nets, fishing rods, and other fishing equipment. These devices (Nano-sensors and controlling & monitoring systems) will help fishes so that they don’t get caught. In this way, as a fish gets close to the fishing equipment, it will receive sound, smell, or heat-based alarm. Therefore, the fish will stay away from the fishing equipment. The result: according to the finding of this study, it can be concluded that excessive fishing in the hatching time will be avoided by the application of nanotechnology in the fishing equipment. As a result, the following advantages will be secured: 1- There are lots of opportunists who misuse fish during the hatching time. With the application of nanotechnology, they will be stopped. 2- Opportunists are ambushing in different time points to misuse fish. Also, the guards might be ignorant. With the application of nanotechnology, guards are no longer required. 3- This plant is cost-effective too.

鐵磁流體是一種新型的功能材料，同時具有液體的流動性和固體磁性材料的磁性，由微奈米磁性顆粒、界面活性劑以及載液混合形成的膠體液體。本報告探討製備鐵磁流體的方式及過程，比較各種不同鐵磁流體製備方法的優缺點。並在化學共沉法中改變滴入氨水的稀釋 pH 值與其速率，建立一套標準稀釋氨水 pH 值量表，並探討其對產率的影響。 外加磁場也為操縱鐵磁流體的重要因素之一，本研究使用低成本自製磁力測量裝置測量不同磁鐵及不同角度、位置的磁力大小，並用其測量數值繪製多張圖表進行分析。從對磁場研究的過程也發現鐵磁流體在受磁鐵吸引時會產生類似泰勒錐之錐體，架設自製觀測設備，觀察多種變因對錐體行為之影響，同時對錐體進行數據分析。此點乃為本研究提出創新科學設計。

本研究以二氯化鐵和三氯化鐵所合成之磁性奈米粒子為基底，包覆上以蝦紅素為模板修飾的二氧化矽，製作出具有蝦紅素專一性的磁性奈米粒子，應用於萃取福壽螺卵中之蝦紅素。 利用干擾物證明磁性奈米萃取粒子具有蝦紅素的專一性，再探討奈米粒子合成及萃取條件的影響。福壽螺卵經過打碎離心後，依序加入0.2 M氫氧化鈉及1 mM十二烷基硫酸鈉，使蝦紅素水解並去脫去蛋白質轉換為游離態。當模板濃度為0.059 mg/mL、TEOS濃度為1.892 mg/mL和蝦紅素的濃度為0.07 mg/mL時，會有最佳的萃取率達60.7 %。此磁性奈米粒子在萃取步驟後，再以丙酮進行脫附，至少重複使用3次。此技術可減少福壽螺的農害，也極具經濟價值，很值得研究。

本研究以回收目前於電動汽機車及儲能設備中使用量最大的 Panasonic 18650 三元鋰離子電池為主軸，開發以三混深共熔溶劑(TDESs)將電池中的鈷、鎳回收之方法。 TDESs的合成，四級銨鹽選擇文獻中常用的氯化膽鹼，配對各種氫鍵予體(HBD)後，使 用針對鋰鎳鈷鋁氧化物(LiNi 0.8Co0.15Al 0.05 O2 ,LNCA)溶解度最高的 TDESs 組成作為探討主軸。 接著以循環伏安法(CV)分別量測 TDESs與LNCA及電池電解質溶於TDESs之電位窗及還原峰電位。並採用二極式電鍍還原鈷、鎳後，以掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)及能量分散光譜儀(EDS)分析鍍層表面的形貌及成分。最後以無電電鍍法還原出貴金屬。 結果顯示，溶入電池電解質之 TDESs溶液，在溫度373.15K，外加電壓4V、5V、6V的 條件下可單獨還原出鈷金屬，且在無電電鍍的實驗中觀察到，在室溫下靜置 2 小時後，可將 鈷、鎳還原。

This research aims at exploiting civil and pre-treated industrial wastewaters that go into the purifier and those that come out of it after various treatments in order to build a galvanic cell with the goal of producing clean electric energy. Our background hypothesis is that it is possible to exploit the existing potential difference between these two types of water to generate electricity. In fact, the water sent for purification contains elements (carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, etc.) in a predominantly "reduced" state and its oxygen level is scarce. On the other hand, the water coming out of the process contains the same elements in a mostly "oxidized" state and it is rich in oxygen. Those chemical discrepancies should get the job done. In order to simulate the two types of water, two different solutions were prepared. The first one is highly concentrated with pollutants and gaseous nitrogen is insufflated in it to reproduce its anoxic environment. The second one’s pollution level is based on the Italian legislative limits of chemical contaminants for superficial waters (Legislative Decree 152/2006) and the semi-cell is insufflated with gaseous oxygen.

現代各國重視環保，醇類燃料電池因此崛起，而其中最為安全的乙醇燃料電池使用之Pt金屬觸媒容易受中間產物毒化降低穩定性，因此Pt與其他金屬形成合金觸媒之相關課題具極高的研究價值。 本研究主要針對鉑錫合金觸媒的結構進行探討，選用內核—外殼型奈米鉑錫合金粒子與無特定結構結合（Random-Alloy）之鉑錫合金進行比較，經由電化學圖表分析後，得到油相法合成內核—外殼型鉑錫金屬觸媒的標準流程。經過乙醇氧化反應的循環伏安法及其他分析測量方法比較後，發現本研究製成之內核—外殼鉑錫金屬觸媒，可以有效使乙醇在較低電位開始反應、提升乙醇氧化之反應活性及維持較長時間的穩定度，可應用於乙醇燃料電池之陽極。