遞迥數列及渾沌現象
給定一個P∈(0,1),令k0=0, p0=p,定義k1為能使 的最小正整數k,而 ; 相同的,對於給定的kn-1, kn 為能使的最小正整數k, 。若存在kn 使得,則稱p∈ In; 若對於所有n 與kn ,,則稱p∈ I∞。如此區間(0,1)可分解成集合I1,I2,…,I∞。
Amazing Fairy Chess -討論多元方形鏈的數量
在這篇研究報告中,我們討論的是一種方形集合圖形的數量。”多元方形鏈”約略在 60 年代被提出,衍生出一系列的問題和遊戲,例如熟知的電玩軟體 『 俄羅斯方塊 』 ,或是 『 益智積木 』 的遊戲,都是多元方形鏈的應用。在這些問題當中,最令人頭痛的難題就是 n 元方形鏈的圖形總數。為了解決這道難題,我們採用一種轉換方法將圖形轉換成序組,並且給出序組的性質,再據此寫成 C 語言的程式;反覆地修改程式以增進執行效率及速度,最後利用該程式成功地統計出圖形總數。 In this report, we discussed the amount of polyominoes, the graphs of a set of squares. “Polyominoes” has been brought up in 1960s, and later developed into a series of questions and games, such as a well-known video game — Tetrix, and the game of puzzle blocks. Both are the applications of polyominoes. Among those questions, the toughest one is the amount of n-polyominoes. To solve this problem, we used a method which transforms the graphs into sequences. By looking into the properties of those sequences, we obtain a set of rules that can be used to determine the quantity of n-polyomines. The rules are implemented into computer codes in C language with proper modifications made to speed up the efficiency of our algorithm. The computational results show that the amount has been successfully calculated.
NICE數-正方形與正立方體的切割
源自於Thinking Mathematically這本書的一道題目, 關於正方形的切割問題:將一個正方形切成不重疊的正方形, 所得的個數就可被稱作NICE(好的), 問有哪些數是NICE數? 在平面的正方形切割的問題, 透過分割技巧, 我們得出了重要的結果:除了2、3、5以外的自然數都是NICE數, 並推導出:若k為NICE數, m為自然數, 則k+3m為NICE數。我們將問題推廣至立方體:將一個正方體切成不重疊的正方體, 所得的個數就可被稱作very NICE(非常好的), 問有哪些數是very NICE數?我們也得出重要的結果:大於47的自然數皆為very NICE數, 並推導出:若 是very NICE數, 且m是自然數, 則k+7m為very NICE數。
平面切立方體內單位立方格數極值之計算
我們先假設有一正方體及一截過正方體之平面,並設正立方體為一k*k*k 之立體。為計算平面截過之單位正立方體個數,我們必須先分別計算各層被切過之個數再將之相加,因此將各層面投影至同一平面,簡化為平面上之問題,並討論其性質/規律,計算平面截此正立方體之個數。如此,便可以一般化數學式計算平面截正立方體個數之問題。接著,用以上方法為基礎,討論各種平面切正立方體之類型,將被平面所截之單位立方體個數以電腦程式算出,觀察數字變化及其性質規則,並找出最大值發生之條件。 We initially supposed that there are a regular hexahedron consists of unitary n × n cubes and a plane which incises the regular hexahedron. To calculate the total number of the unitary cubes incised by the plane, we can first calculate them layer by layer and then sum them up. And further, we project each layer on the same plane, so the three-dimensional problem is simplified into two-dimension. By making use of the character which results from projection, we can easily calculate the number of the unitary cubes incised. Consequently, we are able to calculate them with a general equation. Afterward, we research each circumstance that the plane incises the regular hexahedron on the base of the mentioned methods. Calculate them with self-designed computer programs, and observe the regulation and change of the result. Furthermore, we can find out when it will achieve the maximum.
滿足

之M點是否為重心之探索
滿足之M 點,我們稱之為Pi(i=1…n)的均值點。當n=3,M 恰為△P1P2P3 的重心 (G); n=4 時,M 亦為三角錐P1P2P3P4 的重心!因此不免引人遐思:滿足之M 點是否皆為其重心?
我們藉由電腦幾何作圖軟體GSP 協助觀察,掌握了圖形變化間之不變性,再配合向量解析及推理,得以發現均值點、多邊形的重心、以至多面體的重心、及平行多邊形的一般性作法。附帶又發現:任意相鄰三頂點即可決定一平行n 邊形。並進而證實:平行四邊形為四邊形M=G 的充要條件。但當n≧5 時,平行n 邊形只是n 邊形M=G 的充分非必要條件!一般而言,具有對稱中心O 的n 個點所構成的圖形必可使M 與G 重合於O 點上。
The point M satisfying is called “the mean point of Pi(i=1…n)”. As n=3, M is the center of gravity (G) of the △P1P2P3. If n=4, then M is also the center of gravity of the triangular pyramid P1P2P3P4. Therefore, I began to wonder if the following assumption stands: The point M that satisfies is always a center of gravity.
By using the computer software GSP (The Geometer’s Sketchpad) to observe figures. It is found that when a figure is changing there is still constancy. Furthermore, supported by the analysis based on vectors, general constructions can be established concerning the mean point, the center of gravity of polygon, the center of gravity of polyhedron, and the parallel polygon. Also, I find that any three neighboring vertexes decide a parallel polygon. And thus it is verified that the parallelogram is the sufficient and necessary condition for quadrilateral M=G. As n≧5, the parallel n-sides shape is the sufficient, not necessary condition, for n-sides shape M=G. In general, a central figure of n points having the center of symmetry O can make M and G meet on O.