全國中小學科展

地球與環境科學

雙眼牆颱風侵臺路徑北偏現象之探討

本研究由近年來部分在登陸前產生雙眼牆(CE)結構的西行侵臺颱風發生實際路徑較預報路徑偏北的現象為發想。利用中央氣象局颱風資料庫,統計出發生北偏之西行颱風及其北偏幅度,並找出各種會影響颱風路徑的因素,將其一一量化後進行分析。 我們發現颱風之暴風圈半徑以及其是否有雙眼牆對颱風的北偏效應有顯著的影響,至於夫如數、背風渦旋強度等則有較小的影響力。 我們根據北偏效應,認為造成第四類路徑中產生雙眼牆結構者特別少的緣故,是因為許多原先為四類路徑的颱風因北偏轉至三類;我們也意外發現八、九類颱風完全沒有雙眼牆颱風,推測是南海空間及熱量問題。 我們也發現具有雙眼牆結構之颱風在登陸時,測站會測到兩個氣壓谷值,因此發現雙眼牆結構颱風在登陸時結構的不對稱性,未來可以此為依據量化雙眼牆結構。

Biodegrable Roof

It became necessary to implement a project for the use of vegetable waste generated in the process of handling plantain cultivation, harvest and postharvest, since in Mexico at harvest large quantities of vegetable waste is produced, since only the fruit is used wasting the Pseudostem with leaves and spine. Based on this information, you can take advantage of banana fiber as raw materials in the manufacture of biodegradable sheets and support options that are feasible and possible to make alternative. This is an inexpensive process, also friendly with the environment, so that thousands of banana plants that bear fruit after they become sterile and are discarded without realizing their Pseudostem.

Geographic Belts for Hurricane Landfall Location Prediction

When predicting a hurricane’s landfall location, small improvements in accuracy result in large savings of lives, property, and money. The project’s purpose was to apply a breakthrough method that can predict the geographic location of a hurricane’s landfall with high accuracy. Researchers have known for a long time that there are strong correlations between a hurricane’s landfall location and the geographic regions its track passes through. However, no methods have been developed to mathematically and explicitly describe these correlations. Consequently, the correlations can only serve to meteorologists as vague guidelines for their guestimates and are not usable in making practical forecasts. By studying the correlations and performing numerical optimization on historical hurricane data, this research discovered a set of geographic belt regions in the Gulf of Mexico that can be used as landfall location predictors. When a hurricane passes through any one of these belt lines, a prediction can be made by extending the hurricane’s moving direction vector towards land – the intersection point of this extension line with the coastline is the predicted landfall location. This prediction method is simple and straightforward. It only uses basic measurements from meteorological satellites: the hurricane’s real-time locations and moving directions. In conclusion, when compared to existing methods, the predictive belt method (PBM) created in this research provides a landfall location forecast with higher accuracy. Verification with historical hurricane data demonstrated that the PBM’s average error is less than 50% of the National Hurricane Center models’ error.

IMPACT OF FIRE WOOD COLLECTION ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE OF JIRDIN VILLAGE

Climate is the average weather in a place over a long period. The changes in climate may be due to natural forces or from human activities. There is growing concern among the scientific community regarding climate change. Biodiversity, forest, monsoons, weather are now at risk due to climate change. Today climate change is happening at an increasing rapid rate. One of the causes is deforestation. Firewood collection in one of the major means the felling of trees. Excessive emission of CO2 by burning, which is a green house gas, responsible for increasing the temperature and causing drastic climate change. Hence, to know the impact of firewood collection in drastic climate change we have undertaken a project entitled, “Impact of firewood collection on weather and climate of Jirdin village.”

淘氣精靈與IOD關聯性之探討

前人研究發現聖嬰南方震盪(El Niño–Southern Oscillation, ENSO)和淘氣精靈(Elves)兩者間有顯著關係,顯示淘氣精靈的變化受太平洋上ENSO影響,因此我們想探討淘氣精靈與印度洋震盪(Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD)間是否也存在相似的關聯性。一般以DMI(Dipole Mode Index)代表IOD的發生情形,研究中我們挑出2005年6月2015年11月IOD正負事件時的海溫、雨量、閃電及淘氣精靈進行比較。研究結果顯示淘氣精靈在印度洋上也有震盪的現象,且其趨勢與海溫相同,再將其與雨量變化做比較後,我們推論IOD造成的海溫變化影響了大氣,進一步影響淘氣精靈的發生。

北極震盪指數與北緯40度以北海溫距平值之相關係數探討

研究指出近年中高緯度天氣異常與北極震盪有關,本研究探討過去30年間北極震盪(AOI)、北大西洋震盪(NAOI)與南方震盪(SOI)特性及其間相關性,發現AOI與NAOI全年各月達中度相關以上,代表北極震盪暖相位時,西風有增強的趨勢,有利反聖嬰發展,說明海溫與北極震盪的連結。 分析2004至2013年北緯40度以北海溫資料,以月為單位各海域海溫距平值與AOI之相關係數,結合洋流圖進行區域互動之分析。發現當AOI正相位時,北大西洋暖流有增強的趨勢,與西風增強有關;海溫變化部份,6月、7月北緯85度以上北極海域低溫,應和夏季融冰或冷空氣封鎖極區有關,顯示高緯度海溫與北極震盪間的互動關係。

Microbial Film Power Generation 2.0 - It’s about to get cooler

This study demonstrates that microbial film power generation is a potentially viable source of alternative energy. This research occurred over a period of two years. In the first year (2016) I tested a new method of generating renewable energy, referred to as microbial film power generation. I showed that electricity could be captured from microbial decomposition using solid graphite plates (29cm x 20cm) placed in lightly decomposed muskeg (collected in northern British Columbia). In the second year (2017) the purpose was to increase the power output of the fuel cell, while also compacting the setup. Certain changes were made to the experimental set up, namely the use of spongy graphite felt in place of solid graphite plates, thus providing a larger surface area for microbial activity to occur. The new fuel cells made produced about twice as much power. Not only was the power output greater, but it was produced from a much smaller area: 7.82 mWh/cm2 on graphite felt, compared to 0.21 mWh/cm2 on graphite plates. In other words, graphite felt produced 37 times more power per unit area than graphite plates. Furthermore, it would appear that by removing the load from the fuel cell for approximately 24 hours, the fuel cell could essentially recharge. This may be due to microbial activity releasing more electrons onto the anode permitting a new cycle to take place. This would suggest that the system could naturally recharge itself.

Lunar Tide Contribution to Thermosphere Weather

Internet search technology is a pervasively used utility that relies on techniques from the _eld of spectral graph theory. We present a novel spectral approach to investigate an existing problem: the critical group of the line graph has been characterized for regular nonbipartite graphs, but the general regular bipartite case remains open. Because of the ine_ectiveness of previous techniques in regular bipartite graphs, our approach provides a new perspective and aims to obtain the relationship between the spectra of the Laplacians of the graph G and its line graph bG. We obtain a theorem for the spectra of all regular bipartite graphs and demonstrate its e_ectiveness by completely characterizing the previously unknown critical group for a particular class of regular bipartite graphs, the incidence graphs of _nite projective planes with square order. This critical group is found to be Z2_(Z2q+2)q3􀀀1_(Zq2+q+1)q2+q􀀀1; where q is the order of the _nite projective plane.

滄海桑田-草漯砂丘沉積、侵蝕探討

草漯砂丘位於臺灣西北部沿海,為風成砂丘。本研究選擇此區高度最高的沙丘,藉由長期砂丘地形監測、砂丘表層及垂直方向沉積物取樣進行粒度及磁鐵礦砂含量分析,試圖了解草漯砂丘沉積及侵蝕狀況。監測砂丘自2011年9月中至2012年1月底間發現受風力侵蝕可達3公尺,侵蝕速率平均達8公分/天以上,2011年10月30日此沙丘進行固砂工程前後砂丘外形、侵蝕速率發生明顯變化,足見固砂工程對砂丘環境影響。垂直採樣分析9管沉積物粒度及磁鐵礦砂含量,發現四個特殊層,繪製成立體層面圖,發現類似沙丘滑落面地形,且藉由粒度及磁鐵礦砂分析也間接證明沙丘滑落面沉積現象。最後利用沉積物各層粗顆粒、磁鐵礦砂含量與中央氣象局提供之日均風速進行對比,推測9管沉積物應為2011年5月至9月間堆積。

The expansion of ticks in the valley of Poschiavo: a growing threat to the future?

In recent years, the ticks have reached the valley of Poschiavo and so far no study has been done to determine their diffusion. Recently, this presence has become a much discussed topic as these ticks can be carriers of pathogenes and represent a danger to humans. The goal of this work is to analyze the current situation in the valley of Poschiavo to understand in which areas the ticks are widespread, if they are carriers of pathogens and which factors could have an influence on their expansion. Several methods have been used for data collection. Ticks were found on ungulates killed during the high hunt in autumn 2016. In spring 2017, ticks were collected in various areas of the valley using the flag method that involves dragging a cotton cloth onto the ground. Some of the collected ticks were sent to a laboratory to identify the presence of the Borrelia burgdorferi, the pathogen responsible for Lyme borreliosis. To understand the evolution of the presence of ticks in the valley, the doctors and veterinarians were interviewed. Finally, to identify any climate changes related to the diffusion of ticks, the evolution of the tem-perature and relative humidity measured by two meteorological stations in the valley of Poschiavo since 1980 have been analyzed. Thanks to this study it was possible to highlight for the first time the presence in the valley of Poschiavo of ticks wich are bearer of the Borrelia burgdorferi. In fact, the bacterium was present in 26% of the analyzed ticks. Currently, the thicks populate the southern part of the valley, from the lake of Poschiavo to Campocologno, a small area in the central part of the valley and the area around Poschiavo and San Carlo. The interviews carried out showed that in recent years the ticks in the valley have increased and that the climate change could be a possible cause. In fact, since 1980 the temperature measured on the bottom of the valley has increased on average by 1.5 ° C and also the relative humidity has risen slightly. These changes could affect the diffusion of ticks in the valley of Poschiavo. In the future the temperatures will rise further and consequently the climate of the Poschiavo valley will most likely be more suited to the life of the ticks favoring their in-crease.