神經細胞成熟的過程中可分成數個階段，每個階段間的轉換都伴隨著蛋白質的種類，RNA異構體、細胞結構與功能等全面性的轉變。但控制神經細胞在確切的時序下成熟的分子機制尚待研究。本研究發現 Paxillin 的新功能：當腦神經細胞在活體外培養至第七天時， Paxillin 的位點 Serine119 會被磷酸化 (p-PaxillinS119)，並從細胞質轉位進入至細胞核。我們使用 N2a 細胞以神經分化的模式來探討 p-PaxillinS119 進核的分子機制與功能，發現 p-PaxillinS119 進入細胞核需要位點 Serine119 被磷酸化，且分析後確認 Paxillin 的 LIM 結構域中帶有 PY-NLS 序列，分別為 P516/Y517 及 P575/Y576。我們發現 Paxillin 藉由轉運蛋白 Importin β2 辨識其 PY-NLS序列，進行蛋白間的交互作用後進入細胞核中。從螢光影像的分析，我們觀察到神經細胞的 p-PaxillinS119 在細胞核中會呈現顆粒狀，並與 RNA 剪接因子 P-SR 共定位在核斑點上。經由免疫共沉澱與細胞轉染的方式，我們證實位點 Serine119 突變，會影響 Paxillin 與 RNA 剪接因子的交互作用，及降低細胞分化與 RNA 剪接的程度。

原始生命的形成被推論是由化學分子透過自發性化學反應組成簡單的代謝路徑，再由這些路徑組合成為複雜的代謝網絡，最終形成原始的生命。由於自營性的代謝路徑可將無機性的CO₂固定為有機物可謂形成生命的前提，因此推論在自營性微生物所擁有的一種生物固碳路徑，可將CO₂固定進入三羧酸循環的「逆向三羧酸循環」被認為是原始細胞最初形成的代謝路徑之一。然而，以化學反應的自由能考量，自2-Oxoglutarate到Isocitrate 此固碳反應並非自發性反應，並由異檸檬酸脫氫酶催化。異檸檬酸脫氫酶在逆三羧酸循環中是決定固碳反應速率的關鍵酵素之一，在當今正向三羧酸循環中亦具重要的調節細胞能量代謝的功能。有鑑於此，本研究探討源自古老地球環境的嗜熱自營菌Aquifex aeolicus 中異檸檬酸脫氫酶的酵素性質，並期待本研究成果對生命起源的探究及發展新穎固碳技術能有所助益。

在幹細胞治療中，並無法去偵測打入之幹細胞在人體內的位置及存在狀態。本研究創新在於(1)藉由使用新型奈米氧化鐵(IOP, iron oxide nanoparticles)來標定間葉幹細胞(MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells)，並能順利在磁振造影下成像 (2)同時確認IOP其安全性及效能。在實驗中先以X光繞射確認IOP粒徑平均10.4 nm，磁滯曲線證實不會產生磁性，CCK-8細胞測試中證實高濃度IOP(400 μg/mL)對間葉幹細胞存活影響小於17%，接著以普魯士藍染色觀察到IOP濃度愈高被幹細胞吸收愈多，平均每個細胞攝入2.79顆粒增加至3.47顆粒，並同時在磁振造影成像證實。最後高濃度IOP (400 μg/mL)會造成PGE2顯著性的下降55%，證實IOP可影響免疫調節但其角色仍待進一步研究。

Previous research observed increased TNTs formation between hypoxic and normoxic neuroblastoma cells, aiding hypoxic cell survival. CHGA was identified as a potential factor in this process. This study compared CHGA expression and whether CHGA exists in TNTs in five cell lines, with SH-SY5Y showing the highest levels, followed by SK-N-BE(2)C, while the other three showed lower expression. Future studies will focus on the impact of CHGA on cell survival and its mechanisms.

In radiation treatments and manned interplanetary space travel, radiation is one of the biggest problems. The radiotolerance of cancer cells makes it necessary to apply high doses to surrounding healthy tissues by subjecting the cells to heavy stress. With regard to space travel (which involves a minimum travel time of 6 months) (1,2) the danger concerns cosmic radiation which is capable of inducing genetic mutations that, in turn, can evolve into very serious pathologies, such as cancer, damage to dendrites consequently compromising synapses. The project is aimed at developing a technology that can address these issues and aims to make human DNA radioresistant. This study involves a nucleosome-binding protein called DSUP (Damage Suppressor Protein) unique to the tardigrade Ramazzottius Varieornatus and the subject of its radioresistance. It can theoretically safeguard genetic material damaged by radiation. *Internship theme at the Pino Torinese Astronomical Observatory and the DISIT-UPO Environmental Molecular Toxicology Laboratory. The study molecule: Numerous tests have been carried out through the "in silico" approach geared toward mathematical modeling of its protein structure and complex mechanisms of action simulated through artificial intelligence systems, followed by direct laboratory analysis involving biosynthesis of DSUP by genetically modified bacteria and related tests. Both approaches, applied synergistically, aim to make it accessible and useful for the protection of human health.

Most people in the country tend to consume soda as part of their daily lives, without thinking about the health consequences that this entails. And the fact is that 墨西哥 is considered the main consumer of soda in the world (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México [UNAM], 2019), and not only that, it also tops the lists of obesity and diabetes (Procuraduría Federal del Consumidor [PROFECO], 2018). A bad diet is one of the main causes of these medical conditions, so it is necessary to rethink the foods of daily consumption. In this project, the development of a carbonated beverage with three main ingredients: purple corn, hibiscus, and pineapple, which contain diverse nutritional properties in addition to having significant amounts of antioxidants (Secretaría de Cultura,2020; Sumaya et al., 2014; Kongsuwan et al., 2009), is established as an objective. In addition, antioxidants act as regulators of cellular aging and prevent chronic diseases (Vilaplana, 2007). For this reason, the elaboration of a beverage with these characteristics is considered harmless and a good option for people with a chronic disease or who are prone to it, as well as a healthy alternative to the consumption of soft drinks. In this project, an experimental methodology was followed to prepare the nutritional beverage, which had nutritional properties, such as vitamin and antioxidant content, in addition to having a pleasant taste and texture.

為研究花青素在不同因素影響下的抗 UV 能力，選用矮仙丹作為研究對象。以矮仙丹花瓣的花青素，研究不同濃度及 pH 值的環境下，花青素的抗 UV 能力，以及在照射 UV 後， 矮仙丹 SOD、POD 之濃度變化。由實驗得知，紅花的花青素含量大於粉花。對比了紅花及粉花的 UV-Vis 光譜圖後發現：在相同濃度下，紅花的吸光度大於粉花且兩者的最大吸收高峰皆位於約 510nm~520nm 處，由此推知矮仙丹的花瓣含有大量的花青素。而花青素在不同pH 值環境下，會因為結構改變而呈現不同的顏色。我們測試在不同 pH 值緩衝液的花青素是否具有不同的抗 UV 能力，發現鹼性高於酸性。植物在代謝過程中容易產生具有毒害作用的活性氧，由於活性氧會對細胞造成傷害，於是演化出抗氧化酶，如 SOD、POD 等，用以清除活性氧，降低對植物的傷害。

We invented the Midori which means green Bioreactor (MBR), beads of euglena and other microalgae fixed in calcium alginate that absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2). We examined the effect of 19 different solutions and two different organisms on MBR cultivation. Surprisingly, when the MBR was supplied with carbon dioxide or cultured with yeast, they became drastically darker green. Chromatography revealed this green color to be that of microalgae such as green algae or Euglena because chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were detected. Under sunlight, MBR absorbed CO2 and the absorption rate was 1.5 L CO2/day/1L of MBR. Furthermore, when we put MBR in the water tank, they increased the amount of dissolved oxygen without polluting the environment. These results indicate that MBR can absorb CO2 by photosynthesizing without leaking out the inside microalgae.

In the first part of this project, distilled water and 95% ethanol were used to extract ultra-violet(UV)-absorbing and anti-oxidizing compounds from different types of algae including kelp, wakame, sea grape and nori. Activated charcoal was used in attempt to purify the extracts and removed excessive pigments. It was found that the charcoal was more effective in adsorbing pigments from ethanol extract in which up to 80 to 100% pigments could be removed. The UV-absorbing and anti-oxidizing properties of the algae extracts were also studied. All algae extracts showed significant UV-absorbing and anti-oxidizing properties. In particular, extract formed by using 3 g kelp powder in distilled water could significantly reduce 50% UV intensity and react 96.5% DPPH solution which acts as a source of free radicals. In the second part of the project, three applications of algae were explored in details. Firstly, it was found that kelp, wakame and nori extracts by using over 2 g of algae in 30 mL olive oil could absorb UVA and UVB by over 90%, which is comparable to the performance of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in commercial sunscreen products. Costs of preparing the sunscreens were also compared. Except for wakame extract, all other extracts were cheaper than using zinc oxide. Moreover, the kelp extract was found to maintain its UV- absorbing and anti-oxidizing abilities after at least 30 days of storage under room conditions. Lastly, sodium alginate was successfully extracted from kelp with a product yield up to 30%. The alginate solution was then used to form a calcium-alginate protective coating on plastic slides to reduce UV intensity by up to 50%. This aims to apply on nails or fingers during UV nail gel polish to protect against UVR.

This study primarily investigates the components of food residues in the stomach of flying squirrels and the metabolism of the intestinal bacteria Floricoccus tropicus. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) hydrogen spectrum analysis, the signals of long-chain fatty acids were detected in both n-hexane and 75% ethanol extracts of flying squirrel gastric residues and acorns, suggesting that acorns may be a primary food source for the flying squirrels. The study also identified Floricoccus tropicus, one of the lactic acid bacteria, from the intestines of flying squirrels and discovered its role in the metabolism of fatty acids in acorns. Results showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly decreased during fermentation, indicating that they were converted into short-chain fatty acids with anti-inflammatory properties. In the antibacterial activity experiments, the acorn grease showed no inhibitory effects before fermentation, but after fermentation, the acorn grease exhibited inhibitory effects against E. coli. Furthermore, in anti-inflammatory tests, fermented acorn grease samples significantly suppressed the production of NO and TNF-α in LPSinduced RAW 264.7 cells, with greater inhibition at higher concentrations. In conclusion, the lactic acid bacteria Floricoccus tropicus was found to metabolize fatty acids of acorns into compounds with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.