動物學

The study is to investigate Taiwanese tardigrades,and the research of that is few. Tardigrades are commonly called water bears and have been identified more than 750 species. Limno-terrestrial tardigrades are small, 0.2-0.5 mm in length, and mostly found in moss cushions growing on rocks, soil, or the wall of houses. When the environment dehydrates in dry weather, Tardigrades desiccate into a reversible state of metabolic suspension called cryptobiosis. We have been finding a number of tardigrades in moss at many places in Taoyuan country. First, we put the moss on the dissected microscope to seek for tardigrades, and then placed it on the microscope for photographing and observing. The study is mainly focus on Taiwanese tardigrades. we have classified 11 Taiwanese species in four families（Echiniscidae,Calohypsibiidae,Milnesiidae and Macrobiotidae）, making Chinese keys of classification. From the habitat envoriment, the species, the density and the diversity we survey as well as the most suitable pH envoriment we experiment, we approach the relationship between the distribution of tardigrades and their habitat. Besides, we also research lots of conditions which bring cryptobiosis and make culture medium in order to inspect its living. These results indicate that tardigrades desiccate into cryptobiosis in ten munites in acid rain(pH4.65). From outdoor surveys, we have noticed tardigrades can’t be found in the moss right next to road.The length of each family is: Calohypsibiidae＞Milnesiidae Milnesium＞Macrobiotidae＞Echiniscidae. 此研究是探討台灣熊蟲，而有關台灣熊蟲的文獻資料極少。熊蟲屬於緩步門，體長約 0.2-0.5 mm，熊蟲在不利的環境會蟄伏，環境有利時又會膨脹而復甦，而其構造系統不因此而破壞。 我們在桃園縣多處的苔蘚發現熊蟲，我們先將採集的苔蘚放至解剖顯微鏡下尋找熊蟲，再由複式顯微鏡觀察構造並拍照紀錄。研究主要是探討台灣本地的熊蟲，我們已分類出十一種台灣熊蟲，製作中文檢索表。藉由觀測採集環境和所測的密度、歧異度和種類，及實驗出其最適宜的 pH值，探討環境對其分布的影響。也探討各種因素與蟄伏的關係，製作培養基以觀測其生活史。研究結果顯示：1.已經分類出台灣有緩步門四科（端爪科、Calohypsibiidae科、Milnesiidae科和 Macrobiotidae科）十一種熊蟲。2. 污染嚴重或環境髒亂的地方，不會有熊蟲的存在，且熊蟲有群居性。3. 端爪科(棕色)熊蟲在 pH4.65（台灣都會區雨的酸鹼值）以下的液體環境活動力明顯降低。4.熊蟲多分布在高溼度（87.5~90.4％）的地方，不分布在中低溼度 （76％以下） 的地區。5. 各科的體長為 Calohypsibiidae科＞Milnesiidae科 Milnesium屬＞Macrobiotidae科＞端爪科。

本研究目的主要在瞭解昆蟲的複眼(compound eyes)結構，比較晝行性與夜行性昆蟲複眼之差異，探討其視覺遠近和複眼結構的關連，及進一步觀察其對不同波長光源反應的差異。本實驗使用反射式及倒立式顯微鏡來觀察複眼及其小眼的結構，及觀察其成像情形，並使用攝影式接觸分析儀與放大管來探討視覺遠近和小眼表面曲率之關連，另外在暗室利用不同波長的光源照射蝴蝶以觀察其反應。實驗結果顯示複眼是由數千至數萬個小眼組成，小眼表面曲率半徑隨選用物種在25.3μm 至117.6μm 之間，蜻蜓複眼上半部和下半部小眼曲率半徑分別為30.6μm、117.6μm，印證了蜻蜓複眼上看遠下看近的說法，也發現蝦子小眼是正方形，其他實驗物種則皆為六邊形，而蝴蝶對光的反應程度則是隨波長漸增而遞減。The main purpose of this study is to understand the structure of the compound eye of insects, to compare the difference between the diurnal insect’s compound eye (apposition eye) and that of the nocturnal insect (superposition eye), to explore the relationship between the vision and the structure of the compound eye, and to observe the eye’s reaction to the different light wave length. In this study, a microscope (OLYMPUS BX51M) and an inverted microscope (OLYMPUS 1X71) were used to observe the structure of the compound eye and its ommatidia, as well as the resulting image. A contact angle measuring instrument (Dataphyscis OCA 20) and a microscope (Mitutoyo NAVITAR) were used to determine the connection between the vision distance and the facet curvature of ommatidia. The butterfly’s reaction to the light source with different wave length was also observed in a darkroom. It was observed that the compound eye of insects is composed of more than a thousand ommatidia. Among the subject insects, the facet curvature radius of their ommatidia ranged from 25.3μm to 117.6μm. The radius of the top and bottom half of a dragonfly is 30.6μm and 117.6μm. It confirms a scientific finding that dragonfly’s top compound eye focuses farther than the bottom half. The facet of each ommatidium observed is hexagonal in insects compared with the square shape found in the eye structure of shrimp. Regarding the reaction to light of the butterfly eye; the reaction decreased when the light wave length increased.

When one time we beautified our campus. It made us meet the snails, Euphaedusa sheridani shihi Chang, unexpectedly. Maybe snails make people associate with the holes on vegetables tops in thinking. Do all of the snails make vegetables tops as their food? We compared with the weight of the wood which has been stayed by snails or not. After a week, the weight of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang decreased obviously. It showed they also make wood as their food. What do they decompose wood become? First, we used the basic Carbohydrate's detection means to test the eluate of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang. However, we found both the eluate of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang or not can examine the Pentose out. So next, we plan to use SDS-PAGE to analyze the left enzyme on the wood, and use it to prove whether they secrete enzyme in mouth to decomposed wood or not. In addition, the holes these snails made and the environment are connected. By means of changing light, temperature and humidity to experiment with how much wood can these snails decompose. We found in the dark, about 20℃ and moist environment, they could decompose the wood the most. Finally, the holes they made on the wood also have its ecological niche. They decomposed the wood not only hastened the dissolution of the wood, but also provided the microhabitat for alga, fungi and small bugs.一次綠化校園的活動，製造了我們與石氏煙管蝸牛的邂逅。蝸牛，或許使很多人想到蔬菜上的洞，但真的所有的蝸牛都以蔬菜為食嗎？比對有無蝸牛棲息的兩組木頭，結果一星期之後有蝸牛棲息的木頭重量明顯減少，顯示蝸牛也以木頭為食。那麼牠們把木頭分解成什麼呢？我們先以基本的醣類檢測方法，檢測蝸牛棲息過的木頭表面洗出液，不過發現不管有無蝸牛棲息皆可檢驗出五碳醣，接著預計用SDS 膠體電泳看是否可以分離分析出蝸牛在消化木頭時殘留在木頭上的酵素，以證明蝸牛是否在口腔分泌酵素以分解木頭。至於環境和蝸牛消化木頭的關係，我們藉著改變光線、溫度、溼度等變因進行實驗，發現牠們在陰暗、潮濕、約20℃的環境下可以分解最多的木頭。最後，牠們分解木頭形成的洞也具有其生態意義，不僅加速木頭的分解，也製造了微棲地提供藻類、真菌及小型生物的生存空間。

During the biology classes from junior to senior high, we have learned many interesting instance of different animal behavior. Most people paid more attention on the Vertebrates as their experimental subjects. The other species around us, although with simple body structures, may behave rather complicated and versatile reactions. In particular, one of the most common insects with simple body structure in our neighborhood is the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The aim of this study is to investigate the different swing motion modes of antennae of American cockroach by computer-aided Imaging Analysis. The parameters of each swing motion mode were calculated in order to analyze how light (including light stimulation and light adaptation) and vibration may affect the antennae behavior of American cockroach. It was found that the antennae swing motion modes were significantly different under different types of stimulus. If two types of stimulus occurred at the same time, the reactions of antennae motion may become conformable. In conclusion, antennae behavior has shown to significantly affect the survivability and environmental adaptation of American cockroach. Not only the antennae are considered as the sensitive receivers; but also they are the important transmitters to reflect physiological status and environmental condition.從國中到高中的生物課堂上，我們學到許多有趣的動物行為例子，但前人多以脊椎動物作為研究對象，而我們身旁的許多生物，身體構造雖較為簡單，但行為表現卻豐富多樣，尤其是常見的美洲蟑螂(Periplaneta americana)，可說是最親近我們的昆蟲之一。本研究以攝影紀錄的方式，透過電腦進行影像分析，記錄不同刺激下蟑螂的觸角擺動模式，並計算出各項觸角運動的參數，以瞭解光線(照光刺激或照光適應)與震動刺激對其觸角行為的影響。我們發現在不同因子的刺激下，觸角擺動的模式具有差異，若兩種刺激同時發生，蟑螂觸角的行為亦具有整合性的反應，證明蟑螂觸角的行為模式，對其生存與適應具有重要意義。這也代表觸角除了為敏感的受器，亦為能反映出生理與環境狀態的重要動器。

1. Purpose of the research While studying about insects for school club activity, we found that there are differences in several anatomical characters of the insects according their habitats. Especially, the unguis was different as whether the insect lives in water or on land. So we observed the structure of unguis of some insects by microscope, and physically analyze to relate with the habitat of each insect. 2. Procedures First, we read papers and books about insect morphology to study about insect's unguis. Then, we collected samples of Chironomus plumosus(larva), Neuronia regina(larva), and Carbula humerigera. After pretreatment of samples, we put them in the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), observed the unguis of each insect and took pictures. 3. Data First, the larva of Chironomus plumosus has prolegs with numberless hooks that has a certain arrangement and the same angle of 90º. They also has several tiny swellings around the hook. Next, the larva of Neuronia regina has pincer-like unguis which were sharp and bend, reminding the shape of a quadratic curve. Lastly, Carbula humerigera has two large, thick pincer unguis, its form same as the of Neuronia regina. The unguis are very sharp and faced towards the land. 4. Conclusions Both the aquatic insects and the terrestrial insects have structures in unguis developed to increase precision on land. Especially, the angle of unguis were all close to 90º. In addition, aquatic insects like the larvas of Chironomus plumosus or Neuronia regina have particular characters increasing friction force according to resist the flow of water.

為了解黃斑黑蟋蟀左翅在上變異型的遺傳性狀是否可以經人擇選種過程加以保留，以此探討其在族群內遺傳特性及其存活的指標。材料來自國家地理紀錄片中介紹的台南新化蟋蟀養殖場。在養殖場進行採樣調查黃斑黑蟋蟀的左翅位置比例，結果約佔2%，與李俊康(2009)觀察標本的結果2.05%的比例極為相近。由此可見，在這種蟋蟀族群中不論標本或是活體，左翅在上蟋蟀確實存在只是仍為少數，同時發現雌蟲左翅在上變異型的個體，比例約為雄蟲的九倍。本研究希望透過遺傳及演化的觀點，來了解左翅在上變異型的個體，各部位型態學性狀在族群中存在的可能原因，以及蟋蟀族群中為何右翅在上的真相?並且能從其型態的參數，找出左翅在上仍然存在的原因。

To compare the habitat and physical\r differences of two burrowing scorpions, Opistophthalmus pugnax and\r the Opistophthalmus glabrifrons to be found in the Gauteng area\r (South Africa). Although these scorpions’ habitat overlaps, they don’t\r co-occur at the same site.

Farmers in many countries are legally required to identify livestock with some sort of tagging system. Tagging is required for ownership, breeding and as a means of tracking livestock during a disease outbreak.\r New Zealand farmers are required to fit all livestock with two ear tags (one in each ear). Ear tags are applied in a similar way to the piercing of human ears. The two tags are of different sizes and are known as the primary and the secondary tags. The primary tag is physically bigger than the secondary tag.\r We farm deer and have noticed that after tagging some deer develop ear infections at the site of tagging.\r A randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 105 fawns to test the hypotheses:\r ‧ Pre treatment of the ear tag with liquid iodine will reduce post tagging infection.\r ‧ A reduction in ear infections as a result of tagging will lead to more rapid weight gain.\r The treatment group had iodine applied to the sharp part of both primary and secondary tags immediately prior to tagging of the fawns. The control group was tagged in the usual fashion. Fawns were then assessed for infection at 6 and 11 weeks after tagging. Each ear was individually graded for infection and recorded against the number of the animal. Grading was on a scale of 0-3: zero having no infection; 1-slight redness; 2-a larger ring of redness and possibly some dried blood; 3-as for grade 2 plus swelling of the ear around the pin.

自2004年4月29日至2004年8月30日止，研究不同食物量對於蓋斑鬥魚生殖表現之影響。自臺北縣水產種苗繁殖場取得40尾（北縣種苗場字第0930000192號），分成低、中、次高、與最高四個飼養食物量組（3, 6, 9 ,12 顆飼料/每隻魚），每一種食物量組進行四次重複實驗，每一個實驗箱飼養雌、雄魚一對，控制相同的光週期、溫度、密度等變因。結果顯示食物量為中食量組（6粒/隻）泡巢維持時間最長，與其他三組統計上有顯著差異，而其他生殖表現如雄魚的吐泡巢次數、泡巢間隔時間，以及雌魚產卵次數、產卵間隔時間，和魚卵孵化時間等四組之間皆無明顯差異。因此推測不同飼養食物量的處理對於蓋斑鬥魚生殖行為之影響不顯著。From April 29, 2004 to August 30, 2004, we studied the effects on breeding behavior of Macropodus opercularis in different quantities of food. We got forty fish from the nursery in Taipei County. We breed one male and one female in the tank, and the quantities food was set to low, middle, high, and highest groups (3, 6, 9, 12 granule forage per one fish). Every experiment group repeated three times. We also controlled the same light cycle, temperature, and density. We found that the longest maintenance time per one foam nest was breeding in middle group, and there is a statistically significant difference. But the other results had no statistically significant differences between different groups. Therefore, we inferred that the different allowance food feeding control had no significant effect to breeding behaviors of Macropodus opercularis.