動物學

端黑豹斑蝶廣泛分布全球，包括臺灣和日本兩地。在日本，端黑豹斑蝶的分布有逐漸北移的現象，這可能是全球暖化的影響。北移的現象暗示端黑豹斑蝶可能對溫度變化具有敏感的反應。臺灣及日本的氣候類型不同，故推測端黑豹斑蝶在兩地可能發展出不同的適應策略，以成功生存。藉著計算發育零點及有效積溫、比較不同溫度對成蟲體型的影響，了解兩地族群是否發展出不同的適應策略。臺灣族群發育零點為12.95℃，日本族群為6.59℃，日本族群可在較低溫度下開始發育；兩族群完成生活史所需的天數和有效積溫不同；溫度會影響成蟲體型。相同溫度下，日本族群生長較快，體型較小。不同食草亦有可能影響發育。兩地族群顯示出不同生活史，日本族群演化出適應低溫的生存策略。端黑豹斑蝶可能藉由北移的方式，來解決全球暖化帶來的影響。

本研究以心電圖(Electrocardiogram, ECG)與心臟影像分析(Image analysis)法，探討美洲蟑螂與短角外斑腿蝗的體位改變對其心臟生理活動的影響。當美洲蟑螂頭朝上立起時，血淋巴受重力影響而往身體尾端移動，此時心跳率增加，進而維持心輸出量。頭朝下立起時，血淋巴受重力影響而更易流向頭部，此時心搏量減少，進而減少心輸出量，以維持血淋巴循環的恆定。我們亦發現相對於心電圖記錄，影像分析法可收集較多參數，亦不傷害蟲體。總結前人文獻與本研究發現：人體(閉鎖式循環系統)主要透過動脈收縮以調節血壓，美洲蟑螂(開放式循環系統)主要改變心搏活動以維持血淋巴循環的恆定。

During the biology classes from junior to senior high, we have learned many interesting instance of different animal behavior. Most people paid more attention on the Vertebrates as their experimental subjects. The other species around us, although with simple body structures, may behave rather complicated and versatile reactions. In particular, one of the most common insects with simple body structure in our neighborhood is the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The aim of this study is to investigate the different swing motion modes of antennae of American cockroach by computer-aided Imaging Analysis. The parameters of each swing motion mode were calculated in order to analyze how light (including light stimulation and light adaptation) and vibration may affect the antennae behavior of American cockroach. It was found that the antennae swing motion modes were significantly different under different types of stimulus. If two types of stimulus occurred at the same time, the reactions of antennae motion may become conformable. In conclusion, antennae behavior has shown to significantly affect the survivability and environmental adaptation of American cockroach. Not only the antennae are considered as the sensitive receivers; but also they are the important transmitters to reflect physiological status and environmental condition.從國中到高中的生物課堂上，我們學到許多有趣的動物行為例子，但前人多以脊椎動物作為研究對象，而我們身旁的許多生物，身體構造雖較為簡單，但行為表現卻豐富多樣，尤其是常見的美洲蟑螂(Periplaneta americana)，可說是最親近我們的昆蟲之一。本研究以攝影紀錄的方式，透過電腦進行影像分析，記錄不同刺激下蟑螂的觸角擺動模式，並計算出各項觸角運動的參數，以瞭解光線(照光刺激或照光適應)與震動刺激對其觸角行為的影響。我們發現在不同因子的刺激下，觸角擺動的模式具有差異，若兩種刺激同時發生，蟑螂觸角的行為亦具有整合性的反應，證明蟑螂觸角的行為模式，對其生存與適應具有重要意義。這也代表觸角除了為敏感的受器，亦為能反映出生理與環境狀態的重要動器。

When one time we beautified our campus. It made us meet the snails, Euphaedusa sheridani shihi Chang, unexpectedly. Maybe snails make people associate with the holes on vegetables tops in thinking. Do all of the snails make vegetables tops as their food? We compared with the weight of the wood which has been stayed by snails or not. After a week, the weight of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang decreased obviously. It showed they also make wood as their food. What do they decompose wood become? First, we used the basic Carbohydrate's detection means to test the eluate of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang. However, we found both the eluate of the wood which has been stayed by E. sheridani shihi Chang or not can examine the Pentose out. So next, we plan to use SDS-PAGE to analyze the left enzyme on the wood, and use it to prove whether they secrete enzyme in mouth to decomposed wood or not. In addition, the holes these snails made and the environment are connected. By means of changing light, temperature and humidity to experiment with how much wood can these snails decompose. We found in the dark, about 20℃ and moist environment, they could decompose the wood the most. Finally, the holes they made on the wood also have its ecological niche. They decomposed the wood not only hastened the dissolution of the wood, but also provided the microhabitat for alga, fungi and small bugs.一次綠化校園的活動，製造了我們與石氏煙管蝸牛的邂逅。蝸牛，或許使很多人想到蔬菜上的洞，但真的所有的蝸牛都以蔬菜為食嗎？比對有無蝸牛棲息的兩組木頭，結果一星期之後有蝸牛棲息的木頭重量明顯減少，顯示蝸牛也以木頭為食。那麼牠們把木頭分解成什麼呢？我們先以基本的醣類檢測方法，檢測蝸牛棲息過的木頭表面洗出液，不過發現不管有無蝸牛棲息皆可檢驗出五碳醣，接著預計用SDS 膠體電泳看是否可以分離分析出蝸牛在消化木頭時殘留在木頭上的酵素，以證明蝸牛是否在口腔分泌酵素以分解木頭。至於環境和蝸牛消化木頭的關係，我們藉著改變光線、溫度、溼度等變因進行實驗，發現牠們在陰暗、潮濕、約20℃的環境下可以分解最多的木頭。最後，牠們分解木頭形成的洞也具有其生態意義，不僅加速木頭的分解，也製造了微棲地提供藻類、真菌及小型生物的生存空間。

1. Purpose of the research While studying about insects for school club activity, we found that there are differences in several anatomical characters of the insects according their habitats. Especially, the unguis was different as whether the insect lives in water or on land. So we observed the structure of unguis of some insects by microscope, and physically analyze to relate with the habitat of each insect. 2. Procedures First, we read papers and books about insect morphology to study about insect's unguis. Then, we collected samples of Chironomus plumosus(larva), Neuronia regina(larva), and Carbula humerigera. After pretreatment of samples, we put them in the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), observed the unguis of each insect and took pictures. 3. Data First, the larva of Chironomus plumosus has prolegs with numberless hooks that has a certain arrangement and the same angle of 90º. They also has several tiny swellings around the hook. Next, the larva of Neuronia regina has pincer-like unguis which were sharp and bend, reminding the shape of a quadratic curve. Lastly, Carbula humerigera has two large, thick pincer unguis, its form same as the of Neuronia regina. The unguis are very sharp and faced towards the land. 4. Conclusions Both the aquatic insects and the terrestrial insects have structures in unguis developed to increase precision on land. Especially, the angle of unguis were all close to 90º. In addition, aquatic insects like the larvas of Chironomus plumosus or Neuronia regina have particular characters increasing friction force according to resist the flow of water.

Farmers in many countries are legally required to identify livestock with some sort of tagging system. Tagging is required for ownership, breeding and as a means of tracking livestock during a disease outbreak.\r New Zealand farmers are required to fit all livestock with two ear tags (one in each ear). Ear tags are applied in a similar way to the piercing of human ears. The two tags are of different sizes and are known as the primary and the secondary tags. The primary tag is physically bigger than the secondary tag.\r We farm deer and have noticed that after tagging some deer develop ear infections at the site of tagging.\r A randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 105 fawns to test the hypotheses:\r ‧ Pre treatment of the ear tag with liquid iodine will reduce post tagging infection.\r ‧ A reduction in ear infections as a result of tagging will lead to more rapid weight gain.\r The treatment group had iodine applied to the sharp part of both primary and secondary tags immediately prior to tagging of the fawns. The control group was tagged in the usual fashion. Fawns were then assessed for infection at 6 and 11 weeks after tagging. Each ear was individually graded for infection and recorded against the number of the animal. Grading was on a scale of 0-3: zero having no infection; 1-slight redness; 2-a larger ring of redness and possibly some dried blood; 3-as for grade 2 plus swelling of the ear around the pin.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the most favourable salt concentration that promotes growth in the Lemna minor plant. Lemna minor, commonly known as lesser duckweed, is found growing among other aquatic plants or massed together in still or slow moving fresh water, such as ponds and lakes, in warmer regions around the world.

自2004年4月29日至2004年8月30日止，研究不同食物量對於蓋斑鬥魚生殖表現之影響。自臺北縣水產種苗繁殖場取得40尾（北縣種苗場字第0930000192號），分成低、中、次高、與最高四個飼養食物量組（3, 6, 9 ,12 顆飼料/每隻魚），每一種食物量組進行四次重複實驗，每一個實驗箱飼養雌、雄魚一對，控制相同的光週期、溫度、密度等變因。結果顯示食物量為中食量組（6粒/隻）泡巢維持時間最長，與其他三組統計上有顯著差異，而其他生殖表現如雄魚的吐泡巢次數、泡巢間隔時間，以及雌魚產卵次數、產卵間隔時間，和魚卵孵化時間等四組之間皆無明顯差異。因此推測不同飼養食物量的處理對於蓋斑鬥魚生殖行為之影響不顯著。From April 29, 2004 to August 30, 2004, we studied the effects on breeding behavior of Macropodus opercularis in different quantities of food. We got forty fish from the nursery in Taipei County. We breed one male and one female in the tank, and the quantities food was set to low, middle, high, and highest groups (3, 6, 9, 12 granule forage per one fish). Every experiment group repeated three times. We also controlled the same light cycle, temperature, and density. We found that the longest maintenance time per one foam nest was breeding in middle group, and there is a statistically significant difference. But the other results had no statistically significant differences between different groups. Therefore, we inferred that the different allowance food feeding control had no significant effect to breeding behaviors of Macropodus opercularis.

To compare the habitat and physical\r differences of two burrowing scorpions, Opistophthalmus pugnax and\r the Opistophthalmus glabrifrons to be found in the Gauteng area\r (South Africa). Although these scorpions’ habitat overlaps, they don’t\r co-occur at the same site.