氣象因子對灰面鵟鷹過境遷徙之影響
本研究主要分析氣象因子對於灰面鵟鷹春季過境八卦山區之影響。分析1994年至2004年灰面鵟鷹遷徙資料發現彰化八卦山區之微氣象與灰面鵟鷹族群遷徙波動性具有顯著的相關性，其中以日平均氣壓、日平均相對濕度、日平均風速及日平均風向等氣象因子分別對起鷹、落鷹之族群數影響最為明顯。而其遷徙週期之動態變化，明顯地集中於約16日內完成主要族群之遷移。不論是同一年度內之高峰期變化，或是高峰期與日期契合之相關性，顯示氣象因子為其遷徙影響的重要因子。然而，從各年度間的遷徙高峰期間的相關性分析結果得知，目前11年過境調查紀錄，應該無明顯的規律性動態變化模式，考量其他對於遷徙過程可能具有影響的因子，應有其他的環境或生物因素影響遷徙期間族群的波動性及週期性。對於建立其遷徙模式而言，可能需要更多且更詳盡的遷徙紀錄，以及配合遷徙過程的各過境點的氣象或其他因素合併分析，方能獲得更為明確的結果。The main purpose of this study is to find the effects of the meteorological factors on the dynamics of the migrating population observed at the Pakuashan area in spring for the gray faced buzzard. The migrating population dynamics observed at the Pakuashan area correlated significantly with the local meteorological factors noted from 1994 to 2004. The daily average atmospheric pressure, average relative humidity, average wind speed and wind direction had significant impact on the soaring and landing populations of the gray faced buzzard. Obviously the annual migrating dynamics observed at the study site was accomplished within 16 days. In addition, the similar variation pattern of the peak migrating populations in the same year as well as the consistency of the date of the peak population observed annually supports the hypothesis that the local meteorological factors have a great impact on the migrating behavior of the populations. However, the correlation analysis of the peak migrating populations among years indicated that little cyclic migrating pattern was found in the past 11 years’ observation records. Other biotic or abiotic factors might have influence on the periodicity and fluctuation of the migrating populations. In order to establish a precise population model to describe the migrating behavior of the gray faced buzzard, detailed records of the migration process and the analyses of the relationships among the meteorological data as well as other factors and the bird populations observed should be gathered and performed.
Applied Red Palm Weevil Farming
The Red Palm Weevil is a kind of pest commonly found in all coconut and palm growing areas, causing considerable damage to palm trees. The pest at larva stage was found to be a popular food dish for both local people and visitors and has been commercially bred for consumption. This project aimed to develop a farming method to increase the quantity of red palm weevil larvae for commercial use, instead of the natural farming which fed the insects on rare natural materials. Firstly, the most appropriate food formula to boost the multiplication of red palm weevil using local raw materials was determined. Four food formula were developed: 1.combination of palm leaves, coconut fibers, and pig food, 2.palm leaves, coconut fibers, and rice bran,3. palm leaves, coconut fibers and cassava,4. a combination of crushed palm leaves and coconut fibers. The mixture ration were 1:1:1 for formula1-3 and 1:1 for formula 4. Equal number of the adult weevils were raised in the different food formula, the length and weight of the larvae obtained were measured every week for seven weeks. The gross weights and the effectiveness of the red palm weevil farming were analyzed using the feed conversion ratio (fcr), the daily growth rate, and the percentage increase in weight. It was found that. the weevils raised with food formula 1 yielded the larvae which grew the fastest with highest effectiveness. The most appropriate ratio of the food mix which yielded the satisfactory larvae size was determined to be 1:1:1 3.Next, experiment was carried out to improve the quality of the insect larvae for consumption. The larvae produced had some distinct smell which some consumers do not like.To improve the smell, the larvae were fed with the selected food mix added with minced fresh Pandanus leaves 2 days prior to consumption. Food mix with coconut fibers instead of Pandanus were used as control. Consumers were most satisfied with the larvae fed with added Pandanus leaves. Analysis of the food mix, larvae and Pandanus leaves found the common compound, Coumarins. In conclusion, our project found a suitable system of red palm weevil farming an alternative to conventional method which farmed the pest on cut palm trees. The new method resulted in the best yield of insect larvae with the highest consumer satisfaction and reduce destroying natural resource.
A study to find out suitable colour to control pests of chilli plants using a colour trap
Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important condiment crops in Sri Lanka. The main constrain in chilli cultivation is the Leaf Curl Complex (LCC) which reduces the quality of the pods as well as the yield. Many researches have been proven that the problem can be controlled by Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices. Colour sticky trap is one of the mechanical methods in the IPM package which reduces the pest population successfully. Mainly three colours, namely blue, yellow and white have been identified as suitable colours for traps all over the world. This study was thus, conducted to find out the most effective colour for sticky traps to control chilli leaf curl complex in the Intermediate Zone of Sri Lanka. Traps were prepared from wooden plates of 30 x 25cm in size and the colours were applied in both sides of the plate. Both colourless and odorless vaseline was used as the sticky substance. These blue, yellow and white sticky wooden plates (traps) were fixed in 1m height from the ground level and they were used as the treatments. Six pots with 2 plants each of the variety ‘KA-2’ were used in a treatment and three replicates were sited for the experiment. All the agronomic practices were equally done for all the treatments. Number of trapped pests associated with the LCC was counted in 4, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after transplanting. The number of leaves affected by the pests in a canopy was counted in 7, 10 and 12 weeks after transplanting. The number of damaged green pods and the pod weight were taken at harvesting. The mean values of the number of pests trapped in white, yellow and blue colour traps were 162, 160 and 38 respectively. The percentages of damaged leaves in a canopy at 7, 10 and 12 weeks after transplanting in the blue trap were 89.07, 98.00 and 100.00 respectively. Those values in the white trap were 87.37, 98.90 and 93.29 and in the yellow trap were 69.03, 87.26 and 82.26. Percentages of damaged green pod weight in the blue, yellow and white treatments were 66.63, 47.06 and 45.65 respectively. These results suggest that yellow and white colours are more effective in sticky traps in pest controlling to control chilli leaf curl complex in the Intermediate Zone of Sri Lanka. Further studies are required to confirm the results.
蟲以食為天一線蟲覓食與攝食行為之探討
秀麗隱桿線蟲(Caenorhabditis elegans)為在科學界備受矚目的模式生物，對於其生殖及發育過程已有諸多研究，然而對於其覓食及攝食行為的相關研究卻仍闕如；每一種生物都有其獨特的行為模式，而為了解線蟲發展出何種覓食與攝食的行為以適應自然的環境，因此著手進行研究。本研究歸納出線蟲的七種一般行為：前進、探頭、偏移、擺頭、後退、轉向及拐彎行為，並探討其意義。其中，前進及探頭行為為恆常出現。偏移與轉向行為與攝食有關，在有菌環境中出現，可避免其遠離食物來源，而連續的後退及轉向行為也構成特殊行為之樹枝狀行為，推測應為幫助線蟲的消化所出現的行為。擺頭與拐彎行為與覓食有關，在無菌環境中出現。後退行為雖在有無菌環境中皆出現，但由後退後行為的不同可以了解後退行為在兩種環境下具有不同意義。在有菌環境中，後退後通常伴隨轉向行為；在無菌環境中，後退後通常伴隨拐彎行為，為逃離不適環境且藉以覓食的行為。經過研究，發現線蟲的覓食機制為嗅覺，且對嗅覺有依賴性及專一性，在其他氣味存在的環境下會大大降低覓食的效率，但最後仍然能正確地找到食物來源。線蟲於覓食的過程中所出現的特殊行為之混亂行為，由實驗結果發現為是E. coli 所釋放至培養基的化學物質所造成，化學物質濃度越濃，線蟲所表現出的混亂行為就越明顯。推測此種現象發生的原因，應為E. coli 釋放化學物質以干擾線蟲，以避免本身受到捕食，然而，線蟲也演化出適應的能力，因此在發生混亂行為後仍然能抵達菌落，此種特殊的交互作用表現出線蟲與E. coli 間的共演化現象。Cenorhabditis elegans has long been a model organism used for developmental biology studies. However, researches about its foraging and feeding behaviors are still limited. Every organism has its unique behaviors, and this research was conducted in order to understand more on what kind of foraging and feeding behaviors were developed by C. elegans and how they helped C. elegans to adapt to the environment in which it lives. The research concluded with seven general behaviors of C. elegans : advancing, probing, slanting, swaying, backing, turning and bending, and the meanings of it. The advancing and probing behaviors are constant. The slanting and turning behaviors, which appear in presence of food, are feeding-associated behaviors, which help C. elegans avoid leaving the food source. Continuous backing and turning behaviors also make up the branching behavior, one of the special behaviors, which help C. elegans’ digestion. Swaying and bending behaviors, which appear in absence of food, are foraging-associated behaviors. Although backing behavior appear both in presence and absence of food, the difference in post-backing behaviors show that there are distinct meanings of backing behavior in each environment. In presence of food, turning after backing is usually observed; in absence of food, bending after backing is usually observed, which indicates the act of escaping from unsuitable environment and searching for food. Studies show that the foraging mechanism of C. elegans is by olfaction, and C. elegans is highly olfaction-dependent and specific: efficiency of foraging decreases significantly under environment with scents other than that of E. coli, but C. elegans is still able to locate the food. According the experiments, the chaos behavior, one of the special behaviors, appears during the foraging process of C. elegans, and is caused by chemicals released to the medium by E. coli. The density of the chemicals and the extent of chaos behavior is in direct proportion. The theory is E. coli secrets chemicals to disturb the worm to avoid being preyed upon. C. elegans, however, also evolved the ability to adapt to the chemical so that it can still reaches the food source even after chaos behavior appeared. This unique interaction is a manifestation of co-evolution between C. elegans and E. coli.
The unknown gene interacts with dll , abdA,Ubx
We operated the misexpression screen between the EP lines and the pattern lines with the genotypes of eq1>dll, eq1>abdA, eq1>Ubx, eq1-GAL4, ey-GAL4 or dpp-GAL4. After the screening, we found that five of these 1,800 strains of filial generation had special phenotypes. It had shorter antennae and defects in the anterior equatorial region of eyes. We used plasmid rescue and IPCR to sequence the certain target gene, and found that it was escargot, abbreviated as esg. To identify when, where and how the overexpression of escargot induces such phenotype, we operated the staining of eye-antenna disc in third-instar larval period of wild type, eq> esg×UAS-GFP and eq>GFP with anti-dll, anti-caspase3 and anti-esg. The result shows that escargot cannot be detected before puparium formation. But the expression of dll, a gene controls the eye development, was reduced in the eye disc. We except the overexpression cause the defect of distal antennae and the anterior equatorial region of eyes mainly in the 3-day-long pupal life.我們用異位表現法篩選出和eq1>dll、eq1>abdA、eq1>Ubx、eq1-GAL4、ey-GAL4或dpp-GAL4 這些pattern lines有交互作用的EP lines。在這1800種的果蠅子代品系中，有五種具有特殊的性 狀。它們具有觸角短化以及複眼前緣中央區有缺刻的現象(形成心型眼)。我們使用質體救援 法以及IPCR的方法來定序這段未知基因序列，發現這是一個叫做escargot的基因(簡稱esg)。 為了了解過分表現此基因會造成何種分子影響，以至於產生此種性狀，因此我們使用 anti-dll 、anti-caspase3 和anti-esg 進行野生型、eq>esg×UAS-GFP 和eq>GFP 三齡幼蟲的 eye-antenna disc的螢光免疫染色。結果在幼蟲成蛹前都沒有偵測到esg的表現現象；不過在eye disc中，控制眼睛發育的基因dll的表現有被抑制的現象。因此我們推測過分表現esg的過程因 該是發生在為其短短三天的蛹期。也就是說，這種表型應該是在化蛹後形成。
New Evidences of Behavioral Mechanism for Discrimination and Orientation of the Orb-web Spider, Nepi
由於結網性蜘蛛視覺不靈敏，如何在網上藉振動進行獵捕，這是長久以來頗令科學家困惑的難題，當周遭環境各種振源觸網時，首先會產生不同振盪，蜘蛛是否藉由這些振盪得知獵物資訊？如何迅速準確的定位？又有那些決策條件影響蜘蛛的捕獵行為？更特別的，為何蜘蛛在捕獵過程中會“扯網”？本研究以台灣最大型結網性蜘蛛－人面蜘蛛為研究對象，並設計出一套非接觸式的測量方法，就上述謎題作深入的探討後，成功的解開人面蜘蛛的捕獵機制。簡單來說，其機制分為兩大系統：(1)當獵物擾動不明顯，人面蜘蛛會立即扯網，藉有無產生阻尼振盪，以判斷有無獵物存在；在阻尼振盪產生時，蜘蛛將感知其中具有最大阻尼振盪之放射絲為獵物所在方向，而振盪週期長短，係蜘蛛用以判斷獵物遠近之有效因素。(2)當振源明顯時，蜘蛛直接判斷各種擾動的振幅大小、頻率高低、波形模式、振源質量輕重，決定是否啟動捕獵或逃離反應，並在反應前先行定位，亦即以步足腳勾偵測並比較各放射絲之振盪大小，以振盪最大之放射絲為獵物方向，其次藉由第二對步足之位移所產生之準光角，判斷獵物之遠近。蜘蛛正確的將獵物定位後，會以適當的速度往前衝，一口咬住獵物，以蛛絲重重包裹後，拖往網中央並進行吸食。 Giant wood spider, Nephila pilipes, is the biggest orb web spider in Taiwan. The mature N. pilipes may even grow to exceed 5 cm body length. While waiting for the prey, its giant body hangs quietly on the hub of the web. Owing to its ineffective vision and sense of smell, the spider depends almost on detecting the vibration signal of the struggling of web cause by the struggling prey. When various kinds of sources from the environment contact the web, they will generate various types of vibrations which cause the spider to judge whether they represent danger, prey, or irrelevant signals. Our results suggest that if the disturbance is obvious, through discriminating the amplitude and frequency of the vibration, the spider will make a decision whether to attack or escape immediately. Yet, before any decision is made, it will need to locate the source of vibration. For example, it will locate prey correctly by comparing the vibration transmitted from the radiating strings. The radiating strings that transmitted the largest vibration are where the prey is entangled. The displacement of the second pair of legs will generate a quasi visual angle which enables it to comprehend the distance of prey. When the vibration signal is obscure, it will jerk the radiating string immediately. After jerking it, if there is damping oscillation on the web, then the spider can judge the location of the prey. When there is damping oscillation, the radiating string that transmitted the greatest damping oscillation is where the prey is entangled. Furthermore, the frequency of damping oscillation helps the spider to judge the distance of the prey. After locating the prey correctly, N. pilipes approaches the prey fast, wraps it with silk then drags the prey to the hub to feed.\r
紫蝶幻影
The main purpose of this experiment is to discuss the characteristics of iridescent colors of Taiwanese Euploea’s wings, inclusive of the relations between the colors of wings and squamas. According to the results from scanning electron microscope, we discovered that the iridescent colors had a close relation to nanostructure and arrangements of squamas. We inferred that both the nanostructure and the arrangements would influence the formation of iridescent colors and the basic colors on wings. In addition, the basic colors on wings are related to different types of scales. To compare with the diverse formations of different sorts of Taiwanese Euploea’s wings, we took SEM pictures of Elymnias hypermnestra as well, discovering that its iridescent colors had similar relation with scales. And there was the regulation that Elymnias hypermnestra had only one type of scales at iridescent area, and two different scales at not-iridescent area as well as Euploea’s. 本實驗目的為探討台灣地區紫斑蝶蝴蝶翅膀幻色的特性，以及翅膀幻色與鱗片的相關性。由結果得知，幻色實驗中利用掃描式電子顯微鏡發現紫斑蝶幻色的形成和其鱗片的細微結構與排列方式有密切相關。我們推論紫斑蝶的鱗片細微結構與排列皆會影響其幻色的形成，而顏色的不同則與不同類型的鱗片相關。除此之外，我們亦對同具幻色的紫蛇目碟進行拍照分析，發現其幻色亦與鱗片有相關性。紫蛇目蝶的幻色區具有單一種鱗片構成的規則性，非幻色區則有兩種鱗片，與紫斑蝶相同。
緩步門的木乃伊-會蟄伏的熊蟲
The study is to investigate Taiwanese tardigrades,and the research of that is few. Tardigrades are commonly called water bears and have been identified more than 750 species. Limno-terrestrial tardigrades are small, 0.2-0.5 mm in length, and mostly found in moss cushions growing on rocks, soil, or the wall of houses. When the environment dehydrates in dry weather, Tardigrades desiccate into a reversible state of metabolic suspension called cryptobiosis. We have been finding a number of tardigrades in moss at many places in Taoyuan country. First, we put the moss on the dissected microscope to seek for tardigrades, and then placed it on the microscope for photographing and observing. The study is mainly focus on Taiwanese tardigrades. we have classified 11 Taiwanese species in four families（Echiniscidae,Calohypsibiidae,Milnesiidae and Macrobiotidae）, making Chinese keys of classification. From the habitat envoriment, the species, the density and the diversity we survey as well as the most suitable pH envoriment we experiment, we approach the relationship between the distribution of tardigrades and their habitat. Besides, we also research lots of conditions which bring cryptobiosis and make culture medium in order to inspect its living. These results indicate that tardigrades desiccate into cryptobiosis in ten munites in acid rain(pH4.65). From outdoor surveys, we have noticed tardigrades can’t be found in the moss right next to road.The length of each family is: Calohypsibiidae＞Milnesiidae Milnesium＞Macrobiotidae＞Echiniscidae. 此研究是探討台灣熊蟲，而有關台灣熊蟲的文獻資料極少。熊蟲屬於緩步門，體長約 0.2-0.5 mm，熊蟲在不利的環境會蟄伏，環境有利時又會膨脹而復甦，而其構造系統不因此而破壞。 我們在桃園縣多處的苔蘚發現熊蟲，我們先將採集的苔蘚放至解剖顯微鏡下尋找熊蟲，再由複式顯微鏡觀察構造並拍照紀錄。研究主要是探討台灣本地的熊蟲，我們已分類出十一種台灣熊蟲，製作中文檢索表。藉由觀測採集環境和所測的密度、歧異度和種類，及實驗出其最適宜的 pH值，探討環境對其分布的影響。也探討各種因素與蟄伏的關係，製作培養基以觀測其生活史。研究結果顯示：1.已經分類出台灣有緩步門四科（端爪科、Calohypsibiidae科、Milnesiidae科和 Macrobiotidae科）十一種熊蟲。2. 污染嚴重或環境髒亂的地方，不會有熊蟲的存在，且熊蟲有群居性。3. 端爪科(棕色)熊蟲在 pH4.65（台灣都會區雨的酸鹼值）以下的液體環境活動力明顯降低。4.熊蟲多分布在高溼度（87.5~90.4％）的地方，不分布在中低溼度 （76％以下） 的地區。5. 各科的體長為 Calohypsibiidae科＞Milnesiidae科 Milnesium屬＞Macrobiotidae科＞端爪科。
昆蟲也會大小眼！？
本研究目的主要在瞭解昆蟲的複眼(compound eyes)結構，比較晝行性與夜行性昆蟲複眼之差異，探討其視覺遠近和複眼結構的關連，及進一步觀察其對不同波長光源反應的差異。本實驗使用反射式及倒立式顯微鏡來觀察複眼及其小眼的結構，及觀察其成像情形，並使用攝影式接觸分析儀與放大管來探討視覺遠近和小眼表面曲率之關連，另外在暗室利用不同波長的光源照射蝴蝶以觀察其反應。實驗結果顯示複眼是由數千至數萬個小眼組成，小眼表面曲率半徑隨選用物種在25.3μm 至117.6μm 之間，蜻蜓複眼上半部和下半部小眼曲率半徑分別為30.6μm、117.6μm，印證了蜻蜓複眼上看遠下看近的說法，也發現蝦子小眼是正方形，其他實驗物種則皆為六邊形，而蝴蝶對光的反應程度則是隨波長漸增而遞減。The main purpose of this study is to understand the structure of the compound eye of insects, to compare the difference between the diurnal insect’s compound eye (apposition eye) and that of the nocturnal insect (superposition eye), to explore the relationship between the vision and the structure of the compound eye, and to observe the eye’s reaction to the different light wave length. In this study, a microscope (OLYMPUS BX51M) and an inverted microscope (OLYMPUS 1X71) were used to observe the structure of the compound eye and its ommatidia, as well as the resulting image. A contact angle measuring instrument (Dataphyscis OCA 20) and a microscope (Mitutoyo NAVITAR) were used to determine the connection between the vision distance and the facet curvature of ommatidia. The butterfly’s reaction to the light source with different wave length was also observed in a darkroom. It was observed that the compound eye of insects is composed of more than a thousand ommatidia. Among the subject insects, the facet curvature radius of their ommatidia ranged from 25.3μm to 117.6μm. The radius of the top and bottom half of a dragonfly is 30.6μm and 117.6μm. It confirms a scientific finding that dragonfly’s top compound eye focuses farther than the bottom half. The facet of each ommatidium observed is hexagonal in insects compared with the square shape found in the eye structure of shrimp. Regarding the reaction to light of the butterfly eye; the reaction decreased when the light wave length increased.