行為與社會科學

動物的學習能力與思考能力為判斷動物智力重要標準。本研究利用朱文錦的制約行為探討其學習能力、記憶能力、辨色能力與數感能力。研究以自製六邊形場地訓練朱文錦辨認顏色、測量其記憶時長與辨色精確度，並訓練其辨認數量多寡，以測定朱文錦數感能力。實驗結果發現朱文錦能辨認紅色，並能被訓練使特定顏色與食物產生連結，在紅色區域滯留較長時間，證明朱文錦可被訓練產生制約反應。停止訓練後其記憶力可長達7週，記憶強度與時間成高度相關。在數感測驗中，發現朱文錦具有可分辨數量的能力，且分辨能力與數量的比值與差皆有相關。本研究證明，朱文錦具學習能力，記憶力長達七週，辨識顏色精確度可達明度差±40，並具有一定數感能力。

我們都體會過藝術所帶來的美妙感受。欣賞、細心觀察一幅畫的美，一幅畫的細節，可以被畫作中描繪的思想感動，被畫作中的「美」震撼心靈。然而，要評選畫作的優劣，似乎容易流於主觀。本研究決定探討不同美術背景經驗的人員，在評選畫作作品時是否有差異？並立基於人工智慧的想法，嘗試訓練、驗證與測試「AI 藝術畫作評選系統」，期望能降低「全國學生美術比賽」中，評審需大量評閱許多畫作的工作負擔，也能協助報名參賽的作者，提前獲知自己的畫作作品是否有機會獲獎？是否需要進一步修改？以朝向追求卓越的方向前進。 本研究蒐集2017~2021年「全國學生美術比賽」高中職組西畫類參賽作品共計155件，將這些作品轉換成為靜態影像資料後，形成本研究訓練、驗證與測試「AI 藝術畫作評選系統」模型的資料，最後，獲得預測「準確度」為93.55%、「靈敏度」為85.71%、「特異性」為 95.83%的「AI 藝術畫作評選系統」模型。本研究另外挑選20件畫作，供不同美術背景經驗的人員進行畫作評選，運用「眼球追蹤技術」比較不同美術背景人員評選行為的差異。

Conspiracy theories are generally perceived as irrational, absurd and as having a negative effect on our reputation. Yet some people do not see them as such. This may lead us to wonder why and how an individual would come to believe or support such statements. In this work, the primary goal is to obtain the level of absurdity of various conspiracy theories so that they can be used in experiments designed to test Williams' “Strategic Absurdity Hypothesis”. In addition, this study attempts to demonstrate the link between conspiracy mentality and feelings of ostracism. In this research, I analyzed a group of 47 participants recruited via social networks in May 2023. The survey collected their demographic information, their conspiracy mentality, their feeling of ostracism, their knowledge of conspiracy theories and their perception of absurdity toward them. The results were analyzed using correlations and linear regressions. The results show a negative correlation between conspiracy mentality and the perception of absurdity for most theories. In other words, the higher a participant's conspiracy mentality, the less absurd the theory is perceived to be. Therefore, hypothesis (I) is partially supported. On the other hand, hypothesis (II), which says that ostracism predicts conspiracy mentality, is not supported by the results. These results are in line with Williams' “Strategic Absurdity Hypothesis” and Sterelny's signaling theory, explaining that an individual, by expressing agreement with a conspiracy theory typically perceived as absurd, damages their reputation in the eyes of others to show that they belong to the group. However, for the theories relating to COVID-19 and climate change, the conspiracy mentality does not predict the vision of absurdity, suggesting that their currentness and media coverage influence whether they are used as signals. The literature does not fully agree with our results and still presents very divergent opinions regarding the links between feelings of ostracism and conspiracy mentality. Indeed, it remains difficult to determine whether conspiracy mentality influences ostracism or vice versa. In conclusion, this study provides new ideas for future research on the origins and impact of the conspiracy theories.

Impostor Syndrome, a psychological phenomenon where individuals doubt their abilities despite evident achievements, can hinder personal and academic development. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the interactive journal “I am Great Because of Me”, integrated with artificial intelligence (AI), in addressing Impostor Syndrome among high-performing students. The journal features innovative tools such as the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS) test accessible via QR code, self-acknowledgement pages, and virtual consultations powered by AI chatbots. These elements aim to support self-reflection, provide real-time diagnostics, and deliver actionable recommendations for users. The ADDIE model was employed for the journal's development, incorporating feedback from experts and users. Likert scales and Cohen’s D analysis were used to evaluate satisfaction, usability, and impact. Results showed that 90.1% of students expressed high satisfaction with the journal’s accessibility, interactivity, and capacity to enhance self-awareness and motivation. A pre-test and post-test conducted on the intervention group revealed a significant reduction in Impostor Syndrome by 42.5%, with an effect size of 2.84, categorized as "very large." Features such as the self-acknowledgement worksheets helped students recognize their strengths, while AI consultations offered additional psychological support. Expert validation emphasized the journal’s clarity, relevance, and objectivity, noting the absence of bias in AI-driven suggestions. The journal was praised for its accurate content, ease of use, interactivity, and the protection of user data, ensuring a safe and private environment for self-development. Students found the journal beneficial not only for addressing Impostor Syndrome but also for fostering personal growth and self-confidence. This research demonstrates the potential of combining psychological theories with AI-driven tools in education. The journal “I am Great Because of Me” effectively aids students in overcoming Impostor Syndrome and improving self-perception. It serves as a scalable solution for schools and individuals aiming to tackle similar psychological challenges. Future studies are encouraged to explore its application in broader contexts to maximize its impact.

The purpose of the project was to find out whether humans can tell the difference between human-generated text and artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots-generated text and to identify how Al-generated text differs from human-generated text. The dependent variable was the results given by the participants (whether the paragraphs were Al-generated texts or human-generated text). The Independent variable was the participants in the experiment and the controlled variable was the type of paragraphs (both the Al-generated texts and human-generated texts) and time used to test each participant. The hypothesis for this experiment was that the participants were not going to be able to differentiate between AI-generated text and human-generated text. In this descriptive and mixed-method study, participants were presented with questionnaires. Each participant needed to state whether they thought each paragraph was human-generated or AI-generated. At the end of the questionnaire, the participants were asked to briefly explain what assisted them in differentiating between the two. They were given 60 seconds to decide. A stopwatch was used to time them. A sample of 456 participants took part in this project. They were not told how many AI-generated passages and human-generated passages there were in the selection. They only knew the total number of passages. Over 99% of the participants could not correctly differentiate between AI-generated text and human-generated text in all passages. Only four participants were able to get 100% of the questions correct. All four learners attend schools located in urban areas. After I did my analysis, I discovered that my hypothesis was incorrect. Four of the participants were able to get 100% of the questions correct this indicates that not all the participants were not able to tell the difference between Al-generated text and human-generated text. This rejects my hypothesis. However, the chances of humans differentiating between the two are very low. All four learners attend schools located in urban areas; this indicates that it is easier for learners attending urban area schools to recognise AI-generated texts than learners attending schools located in rural areas.

This study dives into the benefits of a heart rate (HR) monitoring application to aid families in identifying mood changes in children diagnosed with neurodivergence. Children with neurodivergence often struggle with communicating their emotions, which often results in tantrums or emotional outbursts, and this study plans to address this by creating an app that detects users’ HR to calculate heart rate variability (HRV) and detect when the user’s heart rate variability (HRV) levels become higher than usual. Heart-rate variability is defined as a small variation of the interval between every heartbeat, it’s calculated with the formula of . By looking at the developments of these small variations, it will be 60/𝐵𝑃𝑀 × 1000 easier to notice then the interval for heartbeats are shorter, meaning the body is in need of more blood pumped quickly for support. The app is connected to a heart rate sensor that is worn by the user. The heart-rate sensor frequently uploads data to the app which the app processes and carefully observes while looking for any sudden, dramatic change. The sensor and app was tested and proved to meet the expected requirements of functionality. Four participants with neurodivergence were asked to equip the heart-rate sensor and results showed that different developments of heart-rate variability were able to be detected by the app, these participants varied in their type of neurodivergence as well as their age. As an example, the third participant showed the purpose of the app most visibly, having a resting heart-rate of 86 BPM (697.67 ms) turning into a high 107 BPM (561.68ms) after changing activities. When the user’s sensor detects a sudden spike in heart-rate variability, the app notified the parent account about this change in emotion. This study has supported the relevance of using heart-rate variability to observe changes in mood.

連結記憶(Associative Memory)為記憶兩物體之間關係的能力，會隨著年齡增加而衰退。先前研究顯示不同性別在記憶的老化程度存在差異，然而針對連結記憶在不同性別的老化未被討論。過去研究發現自我參照效應以及改變刺激材料的社會訊息程度可提升連結記憶的表現。然而缺乏同時使用兩種方法研究，兩者之間的交互作用尚不清楚。本實驗分別針對不同年齡與性別的群體進行連結記憶測驗。我們引導受試者使用自我參照記憶具有不同社會訊息程度的圖片，測量其連結記憶表現。結果顯示，女性有顯著的連結記憶衰退；而男性沒有顯著的連結記憶衰退，其記憶衰退可能與項目記憶有關。另外，我們也觀察到參照與社會訊息對連結記憶的影響具有交互作用，在未來實驗中有必要注意兩者之間的互相影響。

Vitas is a combination of binaural beats (BB) with background white noise (ASMR) as accompanying music without reducing the quality of brain stimulation and is able to stimulate the left and right brain while synchronizing brain waves so that it can be used as a media for coping with stress for Gen Z students. To find out the effect Vitas in reducing stress levels, research was conducted on high school students belonging to Gen Z. This research aims to measure the stress index of students belonging to Gen Z, then find the effect of the combination of binaural beats (BB) and ASMR on students'stress levels, and finding the best audio combination to reduce stress levels as a coping mechanism. This research uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design using a one group pre-test-post-test design scheme. The sample in this study consisted of 105 students who were divided into seven treatment groups to listen to a combination of BB and ASMR with different bandwidths. Stress levels were measured using the DASS 42 stress section questionnaire which has been tested for reliability and validity. The results of the student stress index were 16.26 in the mild stress category. There was a significant difference between the negative group, the alpha + ASMR group and the positive group with a T-Paired test result of less than 0.05. Based on the results of the Post Hoc LSD test, it was found that the combination of binaural beats alpha (12hz) + ASMR was the best combination for reducing stress in students.These findings were developed into a digital therapy application product called "Vitas" as an alternative media for coping with stress for Gen Z.

色彩偏好影響生活的許多決策，對於背景對色彩偏好的影響，現行兩個色覺理論(對比理論與生態價理論)有不同的解釋，本研究以高中生為對象，旨在探討背景對色彩偏好影響與支持理論，並提出運用方向。 之前色彩定量方式缺乏對敏感度與視錐細胞的考量，本研究發展以中性灰為基礎對不同色彩的定量方法，並以此進行色彩偏好測試。實驗結果發現：顏色偏好會受到背景影響(支持對比理論)，背景對各色彩具不同影響力，偏黃偏綠顏色受背景影響較大；綠色與藍色背景提升偏黃與偏綠之顏色偏好而紅色背景則會下降(支持生態價理論)，背景亮度不影響顏色偏好。期望研究結果有助於青少年環境與產品設計配色參考，並對未來背景影響顏色的神經機制研究提供基礎。

思覺失調症與焦慮症皆是嚴重損害病人健康且造成社會極大負擔的精神疾病，急需研發有效治療藥物。本研究以藥物及壓力引發之小鼠異常行為為模式，探討新研發的新穎腺苷調控藥物（Novel Adenosine Modulator）對於這些疾病的治療潛力。實驗一以藥物 MK-801 引發成年雄性小鼠類思覺失調症症狀，給予新穎腺苷調控藥物可緩解曠野測驗中 MK-801 引發的過度活動量，且不會造成小鼠產生失樂症狀或體重改變。但對於 MK-801 引發的感覺動作門閾過濾反應缺損則無顯著療效。實驗二以不可預測長期輕微壓力（unpredictable chronic mild stress）引發成年雄性小鼠類焦慮症與類憂鬱之行為異常，新穎腺苷調控藥物可以改善小鼠的失樂症狀。這些結果顯示這個新藥具有潛力值得後續繼續研究。